LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
DAVIS 


^' 


cy. 


s  ■■* 


-Digitized  by  tine  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/buildersguideestOOhodgrich 


BROOKS,  SHOOBRIDGE  &  CO., 


PORTLAND  CEMENT. 


NEW  YORK  OFFICE,  -        .        -    7  BOWLING  GREEN. 

CHENEY  &  HEWLETT, 

ARCHITECTURAL  IRON  WORKS. 

A^ronglit  and  Cast  Iron  Work 
for  Bnilding  [PLn^poses. 


Si,  Cheney,     ? 
C.  Hewlett,    5 


OFFICE  : 


<  New    "Vork. 

WORKS:     GREEN  POINT,  L,  I, 


Deafening. 


MINERAL  WOOL 


Insulating. 


is  a  building  material  made  from  the  slag  of  blast  furnaces.  There  is  na 
organic  matter  in  it,  hence  there  is  nothing  that  can  burn,  rot,  or  help  to 
generate  insects.  It  is  used  dry,  and  requires  no  additional  carpenter 
work.  In  the  walls,  floors  and  i)artitions  of  dwellings,  flats,  hospitals, 
etc.,  it  is  of  permanent  value  in  lessening  the  cost  of  heating;  reducing 
the  danger  from  fire  (and  thereby  lowering  insurance  rates);  in  deaden- 
ing all  sounds  and  doing  away  with  rats  and  mice.  Approximate  cost  at 
dock  in  New  York  City  of  100  square  feet  of  filling  one  inch  thick,  in 
small  lots,  $2.50 ;  in  lots  of  40,000  lbs.,  $1.96 ;  in  lots  of  100,000  lbs.,  $1.76 
Prices  subject  to  change  without  notice.  Sample  and  Circulai* 
Free  by  mail. 

U.  S.  MINERAL  WOOL  COMPANY, 


FIRE 
PROOFING. 


22  Cortlandt  Street, 
NEW  YORK. 


VERMIN 
PROOFING. 


N.  H.  EGLESTON,  JR., 

59  Murray  Street,  263  Fifth  Ave. 

N^EA\^    YORK    CITY. 


MANUFACTURER    OF 


Stained  (Leaded)  Glass  Windows 

FOR  chujrche:^,  puifi^ic  Bi;ii^i>i]^C}S, 

AN1>    Rl!:^Il>£.>CC]i$. 


MEMORIAL  WINDOWS,  VESTIBULE  DOOR- 
LIGHTS,  TRANSOMS,  SKY-LIGHTS. 

In   Antique,    Opa,le scent    €rla>ss,    and   •fei^vels. 

ESTIMATES   AND   DESIGNS    FURNISHED  PROMPTLY. 

BAII^El'S    PATE]\T   ADJUSX'ABL.S    PL.AWES. 

Thirty  Different  Styles. 

Smooth  Planes,  Jack  Planes,  Fore 
'iPlanes,  Jointer  Planes,  Block  Planes, 
Rabbet  Planes,  Circular  Planes. 

250,000  Already  in  Use. 

Carpenters,  Cabinet  Makers,  Car 
Builders,  Carriage  Makers,  Mill- 
wrights, Wheelwrights,  all  use  them. 

MANUFACTURED    BY 

STANLEY  RULE  AND  LEVEL  CO.,  i 

New  Britain,  Conn. 

Warerooms,  29  Chambers  Street,  New  York. 
FOR    SALE    BY    ALL.    HARDWARE    DEALERS. 

The  Carpenter's  Steel  Square 

AND  ITS  USES. 

SECOND  JtJJOITION,  GREATLY  ENLARGED, 

NEARLY   THRIY    ADDITIONAL    AND    NEW   ILLUSTRATIONS. 

CLOTH  G^ILT,  -  -  ^l.OO. 

Sent  by  Mail  on  Receipt  of  Price. 

INDUSTRIAL  PUBLICATION  COMPANY, 
49  Maiden  Lant\^  New  York. 


JESTABJLISnEn    184,';. 


W.  k  L.  E.  GURPY,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  F.  S.  A., 


MA^UFACTUEERS    OF 


Civil  EBiineers'  aal  Surveyors'  iDStrnmeits. 

Will  8eiul  an  Illustrated  Price  List  on  application,  or  will  mail  their 
Manual  ot  Civil  Enijineers'  and  Surveyors'  Instruments,  a  book  of  more 
than  300  pages,  on  receipt  of  50c. 

THE  IMPROVED  ARCHITECTS'  LEVEL     PRICE,  $45. 


The  fijnire  represents  the  level  introduced  by  us  nine  years  ago,  and 
which  has  since  been  very  largely  used  by  architects,  builders,  and  mill- 
wrights in  all  sections  of  the  coiuitry. 

It  has  a  telescojie  of  II  inches,  mounted  in.  wyes  as  usual ;  furnished 
with  the  accessories  of  the  larger  instruments,  and  adjusted  in  the  same 
manner. 

The  leveling-head  has  the  ordinary  screws  and  a  clamp  to  the  spindle, 
but  no  tamrent  movement ;  it  has  "also  a  horizontal  circle  of  3  inches 
diameter,  fitted  to  the  upi)er  end  of  the  socket  and  turning  readily  upon 
it ;  the  circle  is  graduated  to  degrees,  figured  from  0  to  90  each  way,  and 
is  read  to  five  minutes  by  a  vernier  which  is  fixed  to  the  spindle. 

The  telescope  is  directed  to  any  object  by  hand,  the  spindle  turning 
readily  in  its  socket,  but  can  be  clamped  in  any  position  by  the  clamp- 
screw' shown  under  the  circle. 

The  instrument  is  placed  either  upon  a  light  tripod  as  in  the  flgiu'e,  or 
a  small  trianirular  plate  termed  a  "trivet."  having  three  sharp  iron 
points  by  which  it  is  firmly  set  upon  any  surface  of  wood  or  stone  ;  both 
tripod  aiid  trivet  are  furnished  with  the' level. 

A  short  piece  of  tube  called  a  shade  is  also  supplied,  to  be  put  on  over 
the  object-glass  to  protect  it  from  the  glare  of  the  sun  when  the  telescope 
is  directed  towards  it. 


JOSEPH  R.  GOGGTN, 

CARPENTER  AND  BUILDER, 

35  EAST  12th  ST.,  NEW  YORK. 

Residence,  83  East  lOtU  St. 

JOBBING   IN   ALL   ITS   BRANCHES  ATTENDED  TO. 

Estimates  and  Plans  furnished  for  all  hinds  of  Buildings, 


WM.    ROBERTS' 

Designing  and  Engraving  Office, 

36  BEEKMAN  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 
H.    H.    ^V^HITE,    F»roprietor. 

ESTABLISHED     1838. 


ENGRA  VING    IN  ALL  ITS  BRANCHES. 


Catalogues f   Views  of  Buildings 9  Portraits 

Plans^    Shipping    and    Machinery, 

Show  Cards,  etc.    All  kinds  of 

Inventions  Illustrated. 

SEND  TO  ME  FOR  YOUR  ESTIMATE. 


THE  PRICE  OF   THE 

Builder  and  Wood-Worker 

—IS— 

ONE    DOLLAR    A    YEAR, 

STHICTL.Y  IIV  ADVANCE. 

The  **BuiiiDEK  AND  Wood-Workeb"  is  an  old  established  journal, 
and  has  been  held  in  great  favor  by  the  building  fraternity  for  more 
than  fifteen  years. 

It  is  a  purely  practical  journal. 

It  is  the  best  building  journal  published. 

It  contains  eight  full  page  illustrations. 

It  is  published  on  the  first  of  every  month. 

No  better  journal  exists  for  operative  workmen  in  bricks,  stone, 
mortar,  paint,  or  wood. 

All  enterprising  builders  take  it. 

Architects  keep  it  on  file,  and  consult  it  regularly.  Why? 
Because  it  is  artistic,  reliable,  thorough,  full  of  good  i)ractical 
matter,  and  up  to  the  times  in  everything  relating  to  the  **  Building 
Trades.'' 

The  best  business  firms  in  America  advertise  their  goods  in  it, 
;and  get  ample  returns  for  their  investments. 

ADDRESS 

^^ BUILDER  AND  WOOD-WORKER," 

Broailway^  ^ew  York,  ^.  Y. 

FRE1>.   A.    H01>OS0.1f,  manager. 

^P  Sample    Copies    Hent    K'ree. 


AN    ILLUSTRATED    MONTHLY.. 
Devoted  to  all  branches  of  the 

Wood-Working  and  Building*  Trades.. 

TERMS  OF  SUBSCRIPTION: 

Postpaid  to  any  address  in  this  Country  or  Dominion 

o/  Canada. 

One  Year, -        -$ioo 

Six  Months,  ----.---  50 

Three  Months,       -------  25 

Single  Numbers,    ------        10  cents. 

lu  paper,  printing  and  engraving,  Carpentrir 
mid  Building  is  first-class,  and  in  all  i  espects  a 
handsome  publication,  at  a  price  so  low  as  to- 
put  it  within  the  reach  of  all. 

It  is  eminently  practical,  treating  only  of 
those  subjects  which  interest  the  trades  ad- 
dressed, and  giving  information  which  every 
one  connected  with  the  building  industries  can- 
make  useful  in  his  dail3^  work. 

The  subjects  discussed  include  Carpentry  and 
Joinery,  Framing  and  Construction,  Masonry, 
Plastering,  Roofs  and  Cornices,  Heating  and 
Ventilation,  Plumbing,  Cabinet  Work  Paint 
ing  and  Decoration,  Architectural  Design  an^ 
Drafting. 

Its  Department  of  Correspondence  being  i 
convenient  means  of  communication  between 
mechanics  in  different  sections  of  the  country^ 
and-  presenting  a  record  of  experience  of  the 
ablest  mechanics,  has  become  a  leading  feature 
of  the  publication,  and  one  of  the  greatest  us«- 
fulness  and  interest.  This  department,  as  well 
as  the  paper  throughout,  is  amply  illustrated. 

Its  illustrations,  which  are  line  engravings^ 
are  everywhere  admired  for  their  clearness  and 
beauty,  and  are  certainly  better  suited  to  the 
purpose  than  any  ever  before  given  to  the  Car- 
pentry and  Building  trades. 

DAVID  WTLI^IAMS,  Publisher, 

83  Reade  St.,  New  York. 
Ji RANCH  OFFICES  z 
PHILADKLPHIA,  220  South  Fourth  Street. 
PITTSBURGH,  -  -  77  Fourth  Avenue. 
CHICAGO,  -  36  and  38  Clark  St.,  cor.  Lake 
CINCINNATI,  -  -  Builders'  Exchange. 
CHATTANOOGA,  Eighth  and  Market  Streets 


THE  BUILDER'S  GUIDE, 


A3!fD 


Estimator's  Price  Book. 


BEINO  A  COMPILATION  OF 

CURRENT  PRICES  OF  LUMBER,  HARDWARE,  GLASS,  PLUMBERS'  SUP- 
PLIES, PAINTS,  SLATES,   STONES,   LIMES,  CEMENTS,    BRICKS, 
TIN,  AND  OTHER  BUILDING  MATERIALS ;  ALSO,  PRICES  OF 
LABOR,    AND    COST    OF    PERFORMING    THE    SEVERAL 
KINDS  OF  WORK  REQUIRED  IN  BUILDING. 

Together  with  prices  of  Doors,  Frames,  Sashes,  Stairs,  Mouldings,  Newels^ 

and  other  Machine  Work.     To  which  is  appended  a  large  number 

of  Building  Rules,  Data,  Tables  and  Useful  Memoranda,  wttli 

a  Glossary  of  Architectural  and  Building  Terms. 

BT 

!  FRED.  T.  HODGSON. 

EDITOB    OF     "THE  BUILDEB  AND  WOOD-WOBKEB." 


NEW    YORK: 
THE    INDUSTRIAL    PUBLICATION    COMPANY. 

1882. 

Copyright  Secured^  1882,  by  John  Phin 

LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
DAVIS 


PREFAO 10. 


This  work  is  chiefly  intended  to  assist  the  Builder  and  Contractor, 
in  making  estimates  of  the  cost  of  work  they  may  be  competing  for. 
A  great  deal  of  information  often  required  by  contractors  cannot  be 
obtained  without  trouble  and  serious  loss  of  time,  consequently 
their  estimates  are  frequently  guessed  at,  and  their  tenders  for 
construction  are  either  absurdly  too  high,  or  ridiculously  low. 

This  little  book  is  intended  in  a  measure  to  remedy  this  defect 
in  estimating,  by  bringing  before  the  estimator  the  details  to  be 
estimated  as  far  as  possible,  and  their  approximate  cost.  It  is  im- 
possible, however,  to  quote  prices  that  will  suit  every  locality  or  all 
time,  but  we  have  provided  for  this  by  leaving  a  blank  column 
where  prices  may  be  entered  in  pencil,  to  suit  locality  and  time. 

The  prices  given  in  this  book  are  only  intended  to  form  a  basis 
upon  which  the  contractor  can  place  a  percentage;  they  are  ap- 
proximately correct,  but  in  all  cases  we  advise  a  comparison  with 
the  prices  current. 

Besides  the  hints  and  aids  to  the  estimator,  we  have  embodied  in 
the  book  a  number  of  valuable  tables  and  memoranda  of  a  useful 
and  scientific  kind.  These  are  taken  from  standard  works  by 
Nicholson,  Barlowe,  Tredgold,  Rankine,  Fairbairn,  Hodgkinson, 
Trautwine,  and  others,  as  well  as  a  large  amount  of  building  in- 
formation, rules,  and  recipes,  that  must  prove  of  value  to  all 
interested  in  the  construction,  repairs,  or  decoration  of  buildings. 

We  have  also  included  a  glossary  of  terms  used  in  architecture 
and  building. 

Although  many  things  in  this  work  have  never  appeared  in  book 
form  before,  we  make  no  claim  to  originality  beyond  that  of  bring- 
ing before  the  builders,  contractors,  and  artisans  of  America,  in  a 
condensed  form,  a  greater  amount  of  practical  information  than  is 
to  be  found  in  any  similar  work. 

Real  estate  owners  and  insurance  valuators,  we  think,  will  find 
this  little  work  of  great  service  in  their  every-day  transactions. 


HINTS  AND  AIDS 
IN    ESTIMATING. 


The  rules  known  to  architects,  builders,  and  contractors, 
for  obtaining  an  approximate  estimate  of  buildings  by  cubing 
the  quantities,  are  of  little  service  to  beginners,  unless  they 
possess  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  different  classes  of  build-^ 
ings  and  their  values,  and  can  make  the  proper  allowances 
for  extra  charges  to  be  added  for  costly  material  and  enrich^ 
ment,  all  of  which  have  to  be  taken  into  account.  It  is 
always  the  safer  way  to  take  trouble  and  time  in  fully  prepar- 
ing a  statement  in  brief  of  details,  both  of  work  and  material^ 
when  making  an  estimate,  then  omissions  will  likely  be 
noticed  and  adjusted. 

It  must  always  be  borne  in  mind  that  it  is  not  the  mere 
wall,  rough  carpentry,  plastering  and  roofing  that  makes  the 
great  bulk  of  the  cost  of  a  building,  unless  one  of  a  very 
plain  description.  It  is  the  decorative  part  and  interior  finish 
and  numerous  small,  but  expensive  items,  that  swell  the  bilL 

In  the  first  place,  there  should  be  a  design  of  the  building,, 
elevations,  plans  and  details;  and  no  proprietor,  builder,  or 
contractor  should  begin  work  until  these  are  supplied ;  for 
building  without  a  plan  is  like  sailing  a  ship  without  a  rud- 
der, and  is  sure  to  end  in  trouble  and  disappointment,  both 
to  contractor  and  owner.     After  a  plan  is  agreed  upon,  and 


S  THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 

the  contract  signed,  no  deviation  should  be  made,  as  very 
often  what  may  appear  a  trifling  matter  to  the  owner,  may 
involve  so  many  changes  in  other  parts  of  the  building,  as  to 
be  more  costly  than  serviceable. 

After  the  quantities  are  taken  out,  and  written  down  in  the 
form  herein  given,  and  the  prices  current  for  material  and 
labor  in  each  particular  added ;  the  prices  being  for  the  com- 
pleted work,  as,  for  instance,  the  price  of  a  door  should  mean 
the  cost  of  the  door,  frame,  casiings,  architraves,  lock,  hinges, 
mouldings,  fixing  and  hanging  complete,  including  the  paint- 
ing. By  adopting  this  system  the  estimator  will  know  that 
€ach  item  is  complete,  and  it  will  almost  be  impossible  to  err 
in  the  final  result.  When  all  the  items  are  written  up,  and 
everything  is  known  to  be  entered,  the  totals  should  be  made 
up,  and  20  per  cent,  added  to  cover  contingencies. 

It  IS  a  convenient  practice  to  those  unaccustomed  to  taking 
out  quantities,  to  note  down  on  the  plan  of  each  room 
the  quantity  of  plastering,  cornice,  flooring,  wainscoating, 
windows,  doors,  bHnds,  etc.,  contained  therein,  and  abstract 
afterwards  the  different  items  under  their  proper  headings- 

The  following  is  a  good  form  for  an  estimate.  Use  fools- 
cap paper,  and  rule  same  as  this : 


-Quan- 
tities. 


300 
40 

84 

:3000 


Description  of  Work. 


Yards,  cubic,  excavating  for  foundation  walls, 
drains,  posts,  etc.,  etc.,  and  removing  stuff. . . 

Toises  rubble  masonry  in  foundation  walls, 
including  all  materials  set  in  mortar,  pointed, 
including  moving  rubbish 

Thousand  bricks  laid  in  mortar,  in  walls  and 
partitions,  joints  struck,  including  setting  of 
all  walls,  plates,  boards  and  other  timber .... 

Feet,  lineal,  of  flooring  joists,  10x3,  fixed 
complete,  with  all  trimming  pieces,  etc 


Price. 
$  cts. 


AND  ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


16 

18 


12 


12 


10 

12 

80 

1006 

7 
2 
2 

20 


Squares  of  IJ  inch  matched  flooring,  laid  com- 
plete, including  nails 

Doors,  3x7  feet,  2  in.  thick,  in  four  panels, 
moulded  on  both  sides  with  7i  inch  moulded 
architraves,  casings,  frame  and  threshold  com- 
plete, including  3-inch  butts  and  lock  worth 
not  less  than  80  cts. ;  hung  and  trimmed  com- 
plete  

Windows  and  frames,  sashes  6  ft.  x  3  ft.,  4  in., 
in  four  lights.  Frames  to  be  prepared  lor 
weights,  sashes  to  be  double  hung  and  fur- 
nished with  proper  window  locks.  Glass  to 
be brand  and  well  glazed 

Pairs  of  inside  shutters  or  blinds,  to  open  in 
two  flaps  on  each  side,  moulded  soffit,  sills, 
etc.,  hung  complete 

Double  windows,  etc 

Summer  blinds,  etc 

Yards  of  stucco  cornice 

Yards  of  plastering,  three  coats,  hard  finish, 
including  lathing  and  all  materials 

Centre  pieces 

Stucco  brackets  in  hall 

Flights  of  stairs,  including  rails,  newels,  balus- 
ters, brackets,  and  all  complete 

Squares  of  slating,  including  all  materials 


The  foregoing  description  will  be  a  guide  for  all  other 
items.  After  making  use  of  these  forms,  they  should  be  care- 
fully laid  aside  for  future  reference. 


General  Memoranda  of  Items  for  Estimates. 

Excavations^  per  cubic  yard;  ascertain  the  quantity  of 
earth  to  be  excavated  for  foundation  walls,  drains,  fence 
posts,  etc. 

Foundation  JVa//s,  per  cubic  foot,  87  ft.  English,  to  the 
toise  of  masonry.  Find  the  number  of  cubic  feet  in  walls  and 
footing  courses,  deducting  all  openings  over  9  feet  in  width.. 


JO  THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 

Tile  Drains.  Calculate  the  number  of  lengths,  bends  and 
junctions  required,  add  cost  of  laying  and  connecting,  in- 
cluding covering  in,  etc. 

Galvanized  Iron  and  Lead  Pipes,  State  the  length  and 
•diameters  of  all  galvanized  iron  pipes  necessary,  and  the 
weight  of  lead  pipes  per  yard  lineal,  together  with  all  traps, 
overflow  pipes,  and  cocks  necessary. 

Water  Closets,  If  water  closets  are  to  be  provided,  stat( 
how  to  be  fitted  up,  and  cost. 

Bath.  State  description  of  bath,  if  of  galvanized  iron  or 
other  metal,  including  fixing  in  frame  and  casing. 

Brick  Walls  per  foot  cube.  20  bricks  (of  8  ins.  X2^)  are 
generally  allowed  to  a  cubic  foot.  Find  the  number  of  cubic 
feet  in  the  walls,  division  walls  and  chimneys,  deduct  all 
openings.     Measure  all  chimneys  as  solid. 

Carpentry.  Under  this  head  commence  with  the  heav}^ 
timbers,  such  as  flooring  joists,  roofing,  wall  plates,  lintels, 
bond  timber,  wood-bricks,  insertions  for  cornices,  projections 
for  galleries,  studding  for  partitions,  furring  for  ceilings,  skirt- 
ing, trimmers,  etc.     Framing  for  stables,  fencing  and  posts. 

yoine}  's  Work.  This  will  include  all  floors,  doors,  windows, 
blinds,  shutters,  casings,  base,  and  fittings  of  every  descrip- 
tion in  wood  work,  all  the  diflerent  sized  doors  and  windows 
must  be  kept  separate. 

Stove  Pipe  Rings.     State  number. 

Mantel  Pieces  and  Grates.  Number  mantel  pieces  and 
grates,  and  state  price,  provide  for  hearth  stones  and  fixings 
all  complete. 

Closets.  State  quantity  of  shelving  required,  cloak  nails, 
hooks,  etc.,  omit  not  to  calculate  for  plastering  and  skirt- 
ings. 

Pantry.  Describe  the  fitting  up  of  pantry  whether  with 
cupboards  or  open  shelves  and  state  if  with  sinks,  and  cost. 


AIvID    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  H 

Kitchen,  State  how  to  be  fitted  up  with  shelves,  pantry, 
closets,  etc. 

Bell  Hanging.     State  number  of  bells,  fixed  complete. 

Gas  Pipes,     State  number  of  lights  in  each  room,  etc. 

Staircases,  Describe  the  different  stairs  and  their  length, 
width  and  thickness;  state  the  kind  of  balusters  and  their 
number,  also  newels,  give  the  dimensions  of  hand  rail. 

Roof,  Describe  the  kind  of  roof,  whether  metal,  and  what 
kind.     If  slate,  number  of  piles  of  felt  under  it,  gravel — do. 

Gutters  and  Conductors,  State  the  width  of  gutters  and 
how  to  be  lined,  and  also  length  and  direction  of  gutters. 

Outside  Porches,  Provide  for  all  double  doors,  and  con- 
struction of  porches  as  described  in  s})ecifications,  as  well  as 
all  steps  leading  thereto. 

Fences,  State  the  different  kinds  of  fences  and  take  a  price 
at  per  lineal  foot,  including  gates  and  everything  necessary 
to  complete  them. 

Of  course  there  will  be  many  other  items  than  these  de- 
scribed in  a  specification,  but  sufficient  has  been  stated  to 
enable  the  builder  to  calculate  as  to  the  value  of  the  building 
he  contemplates  erecting,  before  giving  in  a  tender  for  the 
work. 

If  the  building  is  to  be  all  of  timber,  a  balloon  frame,  the 
following  hints  as  to  material  and  labor  will  be  found  very 
useful.  The  cost  of  a  building  can  closely  be  calculated, 
when  the  price  of  material  and  wages  per  day  are  known. 

Mark  on  the  plan  figures  showing  dimensions  and  measure- 
ments of  every  thing  in  the  building  on  which  you  are  to 
estimate. 

Get  the  linear  measurement  of  all  the  sills,  and  from  their 
size  estimate  the  number  of  feet,  board  measure.  Retain  the 
linear  measurement,  as  from  that  the  labor  amount  is  esti- 
mated.    The  labor  on  sills  is  confined  to   three  kinds,     ist. 


12  THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 

Framing  without  gains  for  joists  or  mortises,  for  studding  as 
in  common  building  when  the  studding  is  spiked  to  the  sills 
and  the  joists  rest  on  their  top.  2d.  With  mortises  for  stud- 
ding, gains  for  joists,  or  studding  without  mortises.  3d.  With 
both  mortises  and  gains. 

Sills,  6x8,  framed  and  placed  in  the  building  by  the  ist, 
2d  and  3d  processes,  will  cost  for  labor  about  2,  4  and  6  cents 
per  lineal  foot.  Sills,  12  x  16,  double  above  prices.  The  in- 
termediate sizes  can  be  approximated  from  the  above  figures. 

Joists  are  ordinarily  placed  16  inches  from  centre  to  centre, 
and  when  so  placed  the  number  of  joists  on  a  given  floor  can 
be  found  by  taking  ^  of  the  length  of  the  building  and 
adding  one  joist  where  they  are  placed  on  top  of  the  sill,  and 
deduct  one  where  the  end  sills  are  used  m  place  of  joist. 
First  floor  joists  usually  are  2x8  to  2x14.  Second  floor 
2x8  to  2  X  12.  Ceiling  joists,  where  no  floor  rests  thereon, 
are  2x6  to  2x8. 

Two  men  will  frame  and  place  in  a  wood  building,  not  ex- 
ceeding three  stories,  700  Hneal  feet  of  joists,  in  size  from  2x6 
to  2x14  stuff",  in  one  day. 

In  brick  buildings  not  exceeding  three  stories,  including 
anchoring  and  leveling  up,  500  feet.  Fourth  story  work,  400, 
and  fifth  story  300  lineal  feet. 

The  cost  per  lineal  foot  can  be  had  from  the  above  figures. 

When  joists  are  doubled  under  chimneys  or  partitions,  the 
number  of  joists  so  used  must  be  added  to  the  result  above 
named. 

In  balloon  frames  no  braces  are  used.  In  timber  frames 
they  are  made  as  follows : 

I  St.  Cut  off"  plain,  spiked  in,  or  "  flat  foot." 

2nd.  With  short  tenons,  and  3d,  with  long  tenons  ant 
pinned.  Braces  vary  in  size  from  4  x  4  to  6  x  6.  The  cos<^  ^^ 
labor  will  not  vary  on  account  of  difference  in  size.     The  first 


AND    ESTIMATOR'S    PRICE    BOOK.  I3 

pieces  will  cost  lyi  cents,  the  second  3  cents,  and  the  third 
4  cents  per  lineal  foot,  framed  and  placed  in  the  building. 

The  plates  in  a  balloon  frame  are  made  of  scantUng  of  the 
same  size  as  the  studding,  and  are  worth  to  get  out  and  spike 
to  the  frame  i  cent  per  lineal  foot. 

In  timber  frames  the  labor  on  plates  is:  i,  framing  with- 
out braces  or  gains  for  rafters;  2,  framing  with  braces  and  no 
gains  for  rafters ;  3,  framing  with  both  braces  and  gains.  An 
average  price  for  labor  on  plates  in  sizes  from  4x6  to  6x10 
would  be:  1st  process,  2  cents;  2d  process,  4  cents;  3d  pro- 
cess, 6  cents  per  lineal  foot.  From  8x12  to  12x1 6,  respec- 
tively 3,  5  and  8  cents  per  lineal  foot.  This  includes  placing 
them  in  the^building.  Plates  laid  on  walls  are  worth  the  same 
as  plates  spiked  on  the  joists. 

Posts  in  balloon  frames  are  merely  double-studding.  The 
cost  of  placing  them  in  position  is  the  same  as  for  studding. 

Posts  for  timber  frames  are  framed,  first,  with  tenon  top 
and  bottom.  Second,  the  same,  with  one  set  of  braces  with 
girt  or  beam  mortises ;  and  third,  the  same,  with  two  sets  of 
girt  or  beam  mortises. 

By  the  first  process  posts  from  4x6  to  8x10  would  cost 
3^  cents.  Second  process,  51^,  and  the  third  process,  8^ 
cents  per  lineal  foot  to  frame  and  place  in  the  building. 

Studding  for  balloon  frames  is  usually  placed  16  inches 
from  centre  to  centre.  They  vary  in  size  from  2  X4  to  2  x  6. 
Occasionally  odd  sizes  are  used,  as  2^  x  4,  2  x  5,  or  3  x  4.  In 
an  ordinary  size  frame  building  two  men  will  lay  out  and  raise 
800  lineal  feet  of  2  x  4  studding  per  day,  or  750  feet  of  2x6, 

At  $2  per  day  the  first  would  cost  50  cents  per  hundred 
lineal  feet.  The  latter  531^  cents.  The  labor  of  spiking  of 
joists  and  plates  being  considered  under  their  respective 
heads ;  the  work  on  studding  is  simply  confined  to  tenoning 
and  studding  on  end,  or  spiking  them  to  the  sills. 


14  THE    BUILDER'S    GUIDE, 

A  short  rule  for  getting  the  number  of  pieces  of  outside 
studding,  induding  plates,  and  allowing  for  doubling  at  all 
corners,  and  for  windows  and  doors,  is  simply  had  by  allowing 
one  piece  of  studding  for  every  foot  of  outside  measurement. 

This  rule  for  buildings  having  many  angles,  w^here  studding 
must  be  doubled  approximates  very  closely  to  the  true  result. 
In  smaller  buildings,  without  any  angles,  it  will  somewhat 
overrun. 

The  exact  number  of  pieces  of  studding  on  the  outside  of 
a  building  may  be  found  by  taking  three-fourths  of  the 
number  of  feet  in  the  outside  measurement  of  the  building; 
add  one  stud  for  each  corner  and  angle,  and  one  for  each 
door  and  window.    To  this  add  for  plate  and  gai)le  studding. 

Three-fourths  of  the  number  of  lineal  feet  of  all  partitions 
will  give  the  number  of  pieces  required.  Their  length,  of 
course,  depends  upon  the  height  of  the  rooms. 

The  cost  of  labor  is  the  same  as  for  outside  studding. 

It  frequently  happens  that  the  studding  is  not  double  for 
doors  and  windows,  and  occasionally  the  extra  stud  for  the 
corners  is  omitted. 

Ribs  for  studding  are  usually  made  from  i  \o  i}^  inch 
stuff,  and  will  cost  to  lay  out  and  nail  to  the  studding  about 
three-fourths  of  a  cent  per  lineal  foot.  The  purpose  for  these 
is  to  support  the  upper  joist. 

Three-fourths  of  the  width  of  the  building,  less  one,  gives 
the  number  of  pieces  required  for  gable ;  the  average  length 
of  each  piece  is  the  distance  from  the  plate  to  the  ridge  of  the 
roof,  or  what  is  termed  the  rise  of  the  rafter. 

Rafters  are  designated  as  main  or  principal  rafters,  hip, 
jack,  and  valley  rafters,  and  plain  rafters. 

The  long  rafters  of  a  hip  roof  are  called  the  main  or  prin- 
cipal rafters. 

The  shorter  ones  are  called  jack  rafters. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  1 5 

A  plain  rafter  is  the  ordinary  rafter  used  in  straight  gable 
roofs. 

The  projection  of  a  rafter  is  the  distance  it  extends  beyond 
the  plate — or  the  length  of  the  look-outs. 

The  rise  of  a  rafter  is  the  height  on  a  perpendicular  line 
from  the  plate  to  the  ridge  of  the  roof. 

Tlie  gai7i  of  a  rafter  is  the  difference  between  the  run  and 
its  length. 

The  run  of  a  rafter  is  the  distance  from  the  outer  edge  of 
the  plate  to  a  point  immediately  under  the  ridge  of  the  roof, 
or  one-half  the  width  of  the  building. 

For  a  common  rafter,  to  the  square  of  the  rise,  add  the  square 
of  the  run.  The  square  root  of  their  sum  is  the  length  of  the 
rafter  from  the  outer  edge  of  the  plate  to  the  ridge  of  the 
roof. 

The  rise  of  a  rafter  is  found  by  multiplying  the  number  of 
inches  rise  required  by  the  run  by  one-half  the  width  of  the 
building. 

The  rise  in  y^  pitch  is  y^  the  width  of  the  building.  In  a 
y-i  pitch,  Yi  the  width  of  the  building.  In  a  y^  pitch,  ^  the 
width  of  the  building,  etc. 

A  common  rafter  can  also  be  found  as  follows :  If  the 
roof  is  ^  pitch,  to  the  square  of  ]/^  of  the  width  of  the  build- 
ing add  the  square  of  J^  the  width  of  the  building.  The 
square  root  of  the  sum  will  be  the  length  of  rafter  required. 
If  a  roof  is  ^  pitch  square,  y^  *of  the  width  of  the  build- 
ing. If  y^  pitch  square,  y^  the  width,  etc.,  and  then  proceed 
with  the  balance  of  the  rule. 

Required  the  length  of  rafters  for  a  building  24  feet  wide, 
gable  roof,  and  y^  pitch. 

One  fourth  of  24  equals  6 — ^^  of  24  is  12.  Squaring  both 
gives  36  and  144,  or  180 — the  square  root  of  which  is  13*4^6 
feet,  or  length  of  rafter  requu-ed. 


l6  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Rule  for  estimating  the  length  of  rafters  for  hip  roofs  where 
they  are  of  equal  lengths : 

Get  the  length  of  the  main  rafter  by  using  the  rule  for  com- 
mon rafters.  Then  divide  the  length  of  the  main  rafter  into 
one  more  space  than  the  number  of  rafters  required.  The 
length  of  the  space  is  the  length  of  the  shortest  jack  rafter, 
and  the  length  of  each  studding  rafter  is  simply  the  space 
added  to  the  length  of  the  preceding  one. 

Example, — Main  rafter  24  feet.  No.  of  jack  rafters  re- 
quired, 7.  Hence  the  number  oi  spaces  would  be  7  +  i,  or  8. 
Dividing  24  by  8  gives  3  ft.  as  the  length  of  the  shortest 
rafter.  The  next  would  be  6  ft.,  then  9  ft.,  12  ft.,  15  ft., 
18  ft.,    21  ft.-,  and  then  comes  24,  or  the  main  rafter 

Cotmnofi  rafters  on  shingle  roof  are  placed  from  16  to  24 
inches  from  centre  to  centre,  according  to  the  length  and 
weight  of  roof  required ;  generally  two  feet  is  the  distance. 

The  number  of  rafters  in  a  plain  gable  roof  is  found  by  di- 
viding the  length  of  the  building  by  the  distance  the  rafters 
are  apart  from  centre  to  centre,  to  which  add  one ;  the  result 
is  the  number  of  pairs  of  rafters. 

Cost  of  framing  rafters. — Tv^o  men  in  one  day  will  frame 
and  place  in  the  building  600  lineal  feet  of  2x4  or  2x6 
rafters — roof,  plain  gable. 

In  a  hip  roof,  including  framing  for  deck,  if  any,  250  feet  is 
a  fair  day's  work. 

At  $2.10  per  day  the  former  would  cost  662/3  cents  per 
lineal  100  feet,  and  the  latter  $1.60  per  hundred  Hneal 
feet. 

The  contract  price  for  framing  one  and  a  half,  two,  and 
two  and  a  half  story  houses,  in  many  of  the  Western  States, 
averages  sixty-five  cents  per  100  lineal  feet  of  all  the  bill 
timber. 

In  all  the  framing  labor  thus  considered,  reference  is  ha ^2 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  I7 

to  soft  wood  only.  If  hard  wood  is  used  a  fair  addition  to 
the  prices  would  be  30  per  cent. 

If  any  of  the  work  is  circular  segment  or  octagonal,  an  ad- 
dition must  also  be  made  varying  from  two  to  four  times  the 
prices  herein  charged. 

Lookouts  for  Hip  Roofs, — An  average  length  would  be  20 
inches.  These  are  made  of  inch  stuff  and  nailed  to  the 
rafters.  They  are  worth,  to  get  out,  furnish  material  and 
place  in  position,  15  cents  each. 

The  siding  to  a  building  is  either  drop  siding,  lap  siding, 
dressed  barn  boards,  or  rough  barn  boards. 

I'he  number  of  feet  of  drop  or  lap  siding  is  found  by  multi- 
plying the  outside  measurement  of  the  building  by  the  height 
of  the  posts,  to  which  add  for  gables ;  if  roof  is  a  gable  roof, 
the  product  of  the  width  of  the  building  by  the  height  from 
the  plate  to  the  ridge  of  the  roof.  This  gives  the  number  of 
surface  feet,  to  which  add  one-fifth  for  lapping,  and  you  have 
the  number  of  feet  board  measure. 

Two  men  will  put  on  800  feet  in  one  day  of  drop  siding 
when  the  window-casings  and  corner-boards  are  placed  over 
the  siding.  Where  joints  are  made  against  casings  and 
corner-boards,  400  to  500  feet  is  a  day's  work. 

Of  lap  siding  650  feet.  This  includes  putting  up  staging. 
At  $2  per  day  the  following  is  the  prices  per  square:  Drop 
siding  by  the  first  method,  50  cents;  second  method,  75 
cents  to  $1.     Lap  siding,  62  cents. 

Two  men  wtII  put  on  2000  feeet  of  rough  barn  boards,  or 
1500  feet  of  surfaced  barn  boards  in  one  day,  and  will  put  on 
2000  feet  of  dressed  battens,  or  3000  of  rough  battens. 
Hence  the  i)rice  would  be:  rough  barn  boards,  20  cents  per 
100  feet  or  one  square;  surface  barn  boards,  26^  cents  per 
100  feet  or  one  square.  Dressed  battens,  20  cents  per  100 
lineal  feet.     Rough  battens,  13  cents  per  100  lineal  feet. 


1 8  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Roofs.  The  area  of  a  plain  gable  roof  is  had  by  multipU  - 
ing  the  entire  length  of  the  rafters  by  the  length  of  the  build- 
ing, including  the  projection  of  the  cornice.  This  gives  one 
side ;  doubling  it  gives  the  total  square  feet  of  roof 

Hip  Roof.  Get  the  entire  outside  measurement  of  the 
building,  including  the  projections  of  the  cornice.  Multiply 
this  by  the  length  of  the  principal  rafter  and  take  one  half; 
the  result  is  the  area  of  the  roof. 

Hip  Roof  with  Deck.  To  the  outside  measurement  of  the 
deck,  add  the  outside  measurement  of  the  building  as  above. 
Multiply  this  by  the  length  of  the  principal  rafter,  and  take 
one  half  for  the  area  of  the  roof. 

Roof  boards  for  plain  gable  roofs  are  worth  30  cents  per 
square  to  put  on  the  building,  and  for  hip  roofs  45  cents  per 
square. 

If  roof  boards  are  matched  stuff  for  tin  or  slate  roof,  charge 
70  cents  per  square  for  gable  and  $1  per  square  for  hip 
roofs. 

Shingles.  The  average  width  of  a  shingle  is  4  inches. 
Hence  when  shingles  are  laid  4  inches  to  the  weather,  each 
shingle  averages  16  square  inches;  and  900  are  required  for 
a  square  of  roofing. 

If  4^  inches  to  one  another,  800  will  cover  a  square. 

"  51    "  "        655 

This  is  for  common  gable  roofs.  In  hip  roofs,  where  the 
shingles  are  cut  more  or  less  to  fit  the  roof,  add  5  per  cent. 
to  above  figures. 

A  carpenter  will  carry  up  and  lay  on  the  roof  from  1500  to 
2000  shingles  per  day,  or  2  to  2|  squares  of  plain  gable  roof- 
ing, so  that  an  average  price  per  square  for  simply  laying  the 
shingles  would  be  95  cents.      Add  30  cents  for  laying  the 


$6 

oo 

I 

so 

I 

50 

2 

70 

AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  IQy 

rooi  .^oards,  and  tlie  labor  account  on  a  common  shingle 
roof  would  be  $1.25  per  square. 

Ti/i  Roofs.  A  sheet  of  roofing-tin  is  14  x  20  inches,  and  a 
box  of  tin  contains  112  sheets. 

Allowing  the  usual  amount  for  side  ribs  and  top  and  bot- 
tom laps,  a  box  of  tin  will  cover  182  square  feet,  and  is 
worth  about  $6  per  box.     i  C.  charcoal. 

Laying  a  box  of  tin  will  cost  as  follows : 

I  box  I  C.  charcoal  tin,  -         -         -         - 

10  lbs.  solder,  15c.,     -         -         -         - 

Preparing  tin  for  roof,     -         .'        -         - 

Laying  tin,  i  1-5  days  at  $2.25,  - 

Total, $11   70 

This  makes  the  actual  cost  of  laying  one  square  of  tin 

$6.43. 

Valleys.  Tin  valleys  for  shingle  roofs  are  generally  14 
inches,  and  for  slate  roofs  20  inches  wide.  An  average  price 
put  on  the  roof  including  material,  would  be  9  cents  per 
square  foot.  One  man  will  lay  \\  squares  per  day  of  valleys, 
in  plain  work ;  when  roof  is  steep  or  valleys  cut  up,  i  square 
is  a  day's  work. 

Flashings.  Tin  flashings  for  chimneys  and  where  one  part 
of  a  building  joins  another  are  worth,  put  on,  10  cents  per 
square  foot. 

Gutters  and  Spouts. 

Gutters,  4-inch,  are  worth,  put  up,  10  cents  per  lin.  foot. 
"5  "  "  12^         "  '* 

Down  spouts,  2 -inch,  are  worth,  put  up,  8  cents  per  Hn.  foot 

U  ^  U  U  jQ  u  u 

u  4  "  "  12',  "  " 

a  6  "  ''         2r^  "  ^' 


20  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Slate  Roofs.     The  prices  per  square  for  slate  roofs  can 
had  of  slaters  in  any  of  our  towns  and  cities. 

They  will  vary  from  $7  to  $10  or  $12  per  square. 

Cornices,  An  ordinary  plain  cornice  has  three  members, 
viz.:  frieze,  soffit,  and  facia. 

The  frieze  is  the  part  nailed  or  fastened  to  the  side  of  the 
building. 

The  soffit  is  the  part  attached  to  the  under  side  of  the 
projection  of  rafter,  or  lookout. 

The  facia  is  the  part  attached  to  the  end  of  the  rafters  or 
lookout. 

Crown  moulding  is  the  moulding  on  the  facia. 

Bed  moulding  is  the  moulding  in  the  angle  where  the  frieze 
and  soffit  join. 

In  estimating  the  amount  of  material  in  a  given  cornice  for 
a  square  roof,  multiply  the  entire  outside  measurement  of  the 
building  by  the  sum  of  the  width  of  the  soffit,  frieze,  and 
facia ;  the  result  is  the  number  of  feet,  board  measure. 

For  gable  roofs,  to  the  lengths  of  the  two  sides  of  the  build- 
ing add  the  end  projections  and  length  of  end  rafters  and 
multiply  as  before. 

Table  of  labor  account  on  cornice  w^ork. 

Number  of  feet  two  men  will  put  on  per  day  and  price  per 
foot : 


Frieze. 

—Width 

IN  Inches. — 
Soffit. 

Facia. 

No.  Feet. 

Cost  per  Foot. 

9 

10 

4 

80 

SC- 

10 

12 

4 

75 

Si      , 

12 

16 

4 

60 

6^3 

14 

20 

5 

48 

8/3 

The  above  is  for  gable  roofs  and  includes  cost  of  scaffold- 
ing. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


21 


Hip  Roofs. 

Frieze. 

18-inch. 
22     " 
28     - 
32     " 
34     - 


Soffit 
16-inch. 
20     - 
24     *' 
28     " 
32     " 


Facia. 
4-inch. 

f :: 


No.  Feet. 
75 
64 
52 
40 
32 


Cost  per  Foot 
5^c. 
6i 
7| 
10 

12i 


Cornice  Mouldings. 

Crown  moulding,  flat  2-inch. 

•♦  **        spring  4  " 

n  n  n  5  (( 

-  6  " 

*'       7  - 

-  8  " 


800  feet  per  day,  or  50c.  per  100  feet. 


500 
445 
365 
300 
250 


80 

90 

$1.10 

1.33 

1.60 


The  cost  of  cornice  moulding  is  ordinarily  ^  a  cent  per 
lineal  foot  less  than  the  number  of  inches  in  work — 2  inch 
moulding,  ij  cents;  3-inch,  2|  cents,  etc. 

Bed  moulding,  flat,  i^-inch,  800  feet  per  day,  or  50c.  per 
100  feet.  Bed  moulding,  flat,  2 -inch,  750  feet  per  day,  or 
54c.  per  100  feet.  Bed  moulding,  flat,  3-inch,  700  feet  per 
day,  or  58c.  per  100  feet.  Bed  moulding,  flat,  4-inch,  500 
feet  per  day,  or  80c.  per  100  feet. 

Cornice  Brackets.  Price  per  bracket,  soft  wood,  all  well 
worked  — cost  to  put  on  building: 


Perpendicular. 

Horizontal. 

Thickness.  Cost  Plain    Moulded. 

Plain 

Moulded 

5ize,  16-inch. 

12-inch. 

2i-inch.        25c.          32c. 

8c. 

12c. 

-      20     - 

16     - 

3      -            50             60 

10 

15 

-       24     - 

20     - 

4      "            70            85 

14 

20 

"      28     " 

24     - 

5      -            90        $1.06 

16 

25 

«*       30     " 

28     " 

6      "       $1.25          1.45 

20 

30 

Plain  panel  moulding,  two  men  will  put  on  300  ft.  per  day. 
Foot  moulding,  "  "  400  " 


FLOOES. 


Cost 
per  square. 

Soft  wood,  6  in.  wide,  without  bridging,  per  joist,  800  sq.  feet,  50c. 


6 
4 
4 

3^ 


with 

without 

with 

without 

with 


650 

"       6U 

600 

"       661 

500 

*♦       80 

400 

-  $1.00 

300 

-    1.33J 

22  THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 

Two  men  will  dress  six  squares  of  flooring  after  laying  per 
day,  or  at  a  cost  of  66^/^  cents  per  square. 

If  flooring  is  of  hard  wood,  estimate  per  day  two-thirds  of 
above. 

The  number  of  feet,  board  measure,  in  a  given  floor  is  had 
by  multiplying  its  length  by  its  width  and  adding  one-fifth  for 
lapping.  For  flooring  not  matched  omit  the  lapping.  Two 
men  will  lay  1333  feet  of  plank  flooring  per  day,  or  30  cents 
per  square,  or  will  lay  2000  feet  of  common  rough  flooring,, 
one  inch  stuff,  or  20  cents  per  square. 

Outside  ceiling  for  wood  buildings,  average  wddth,  includ- 
ing beading  and  scaffolding,  is  worth,  to  put  up,  80  cents  per 
square.  An  average  day's  work  for  two  men  is  five  squares. 
Two  men  will  dress,  after  laying  the  ceiling,  five  squares  per 
day,  or  80  cents  per  square.  Ceiling  over  head  is  generally 
of  wider  stuff  than  outside  ceiling ;  as  there  is  no  beading, 
and  the  workmanship  is  not  so  particular,  two  men  will  put 
up  the  same  amount  as  of  outside  ceiling,  including  putting 
up  and  taking  down  scaflblding,  or  five  squares  at  80  cents 
per  square. 

Wainscoati?ig.  Wainscoating  2^  to  3  feet  high,  beaded, 
with  ordinary  capping,  including  dressing  after  putting  up,  is 
worth  $2  per  square.  Two  squares  is  a  day's  work  for  two 
men. 

The  same,  3  ft.  to  4  ft.  high,  is  worth,  to  put  up,  $1,331/^ 
per  square. 

The  same,  with  shoe  and  heavy  caps,  is  worth  $2.16  per 
square.  The  capping  to  wainscoating  is  ordinary  moulding 
from  i\    in.  by  %  to  2  in.  by  i}i  in. 

Panel  wainscoating,  mill  worked,  ready  to  put  up,  including 
capping,  shoe  or  base,  is  worth,  for  labor,  $2  per  square. 

Hand-worked  panel  wainscoating  is  of  so  various  a  kind 
that  definite  prices  of  labor  cannot  be  given  without  specifica- 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK.  23. 

tions.  In  a  general  way,  the  price  per  square  for  getting  out 
and  putting  up  will  vary  from  $2  to  $16  per  square. 

The  above  prices  are  for  soft  wood.  For  hard  wood  add 
50  per  cent. 

Base-board.  Plain  base,  6  to  10  inches  wide,  put  up  before 
plastering,  is  worth  i  cent  per  lineal  foot  for  labor.  Two 
hundred  feet  is  a  good  day's  work  for  a  man  with  mill-dressed 
lumber. 

The  same,  put  on  after  plastering,  including  putting  on 
grounds,  is  worth  i\    cents  per  lineal  foot. 

Plain  base,  after  plastering,  with  moulding,  leveling,  or 
capping  by  hand — mill-dressed  stuff — is  w^orth  2  cents  per 
lineal  foot  to  get  out  and  place  in  the  building. 

Stairs.  The  wall  string  is  the  board  with  which  the  ends 
of  the  steps  are  fixed  next  to  the  wall. 

The  face-string  is  the  board  that  carries  the  outer  end  of 
the  steps  and  risers. 

The  tread  is  the  horizontal  board  of  the  step. 

The  riser  is  the  upright  board  of  the  step. 

The  7iewell  post  is  the  upright  post  at  the  lower  step  to  re- 
ceive the  hand-rail. 

The  hand-rail  is  the  rail  supported  by  balusters.  Balusters 
are  small  columns  or  pillars  to  support  the  rail. 

The  number  of  risers  is  found  by  dividing  the  distance 
from  floor  to  floor  by  the  height  of  the  rise. 

The  height  of  each  rise  is  found  by  dividing  the  distance 
from  floor  to  floor  by  the  height  of  the  rise. 

The  number  of  treads  is  one  less  than  the  number  of  risers. 

The  width  of  each  tread  is  found  by  dividing  the  risers  by 
the  number  of  treads  and  adding  the  projection. 

Risers  vary  in  height  from  4  to  8  inches.  Treads  run 
from  8  to  14  inches. 

It  will  be  impracticable  to  give  detail  prices  for  all  variety 


24  THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 

of  Stair-work  on  account  of  the  diversity  of  designs.  We 
simply  give  a  few  as  an  illustration.  The  labor  on  rough, 
open  stairs,  for  cellars  or  stables,  when  no  risers  are  used,  is 
worth  1 2  J  cents  per  tread.  Straight  stairs  between  partitions, 
2  feet  6  inches  to  3  feet  6  inches  long,  with  6  inch  to  9  inch 
tread,  and  7  inch  to  8  inch  risers,  are  worth  25  cents  per 
riser. 

Winding  stairs,  same  dimensions,  40  cents  per  riser.  Open 
straight  stairs,  risers  6|  to  8  inches,  treads  6  to  11  inches. 
Housed  in  wall  string,  mitred  to  face  string ;  moulded  nosing, 
including  putting  up  turned  balusters,  and  plain  round  or 
oval  rail,  with  6  inch  to  8  inch  turned  newell  post,  are  worth 
for  labor  90  cents  to  $1  per  riser. 

The  same  stairs,  winding,  charge  $2  per  riser  for  the  wind- 
ing steps,  and  $1  for  straight  steps.  Putting  on  brackets  out- 
side of  stringer  is  worth  from  3  to  8  cents  per  bracket. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  approximate  prices  of  stair 
material : 

Neivell  Posts.  A  turned  newell  post  of  cherry  or  black 
walnut,  5  inches  in  diameter,  with  cap,  is  worth  $2.50;  6 
inches,  $3 ;  and  8  inches,  $3.50. 

Octagon  newell  posts,  walnut,  oak,  or  cherry,  with  orna- 
mental cap,  8  inches,  $6;  9  inches,  $6.50;  and  12  inches, 
$8.50. 

Newell  posts  veneered  with  fancy  woods,  with  carving  on 
plinth  and  cap,  and  moulded  sunk  panels,  will  vary  from  $15 
to  $50  each. 

Balusters.  Turned  balusters,  walnut  or  cherry,  from  2  feet 
4  inches  to  3 feet,  are  worth,  \\  inches,  7  cents;  2  inches,  12 
cents;  and  2\  inches,  16  cents  each.  Oak  and  ash  twenty 
per  cent.  less. 

Fluted  or  octagon  balusters,  walnut  or  cherry,  2  inches,  16 
cents;    2\   inches,    20    cents;    2^  inches,  25    cents   each. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  25 

Fancy  balusters  lor  high-priced  stairs  may  run  from  30  to  50 
cents  each. 

Rails.  Walnut  or  cherry.  3^  inches,  \2\  cents;  4  inch,  15 
cents;  4|  inch,  16  cents;  and  5  inch,  18  cents  per  lineal  foot. 
Raised  back  rails,  walnut  or  cherry,  4  inch,  22  cents;  5  inch, 
27  cents;  5 J  inch,  32  cents;  and  6  inch,  34  cents  per  lineal 
foot.  Fancy  raised  back  rails  from  6  to  7  inches  will  vary 
from  40  to  60  cents  per  foot. 

Doors,  The  price  of  doors  may  be  had  from  any  dealer's 
catalogue.  The  labor  account  is  as  follows :  A  fair  day's 
work  for  one  man  is  setting  5  door  frames  a  day,  and  putting 
on  ordinary  casing.  He  will  also  hang  and  finish  5  doors  per 
day,  or  80  cents  a  door  complete.  The  above  is  for  6  feet 
to  7  feet  6  inch  doors,  and  i^  inch  thick.  From  7  feet  6 
inch  to  9  feet  doors  and  i  ^  inch  thick — a  day's  work  of  set- 
ting and  casing  3  frames  per  day,  or  hanging  and  finishing  3 
doors  per  day — $1.33^  per  door  complete. 

Moulding  Door  Casings,  For  6  feet  to  7  feet  6  inch  doors, 
and  3  inch  mouldings — one  man  will  mould  6  door  casings, 
two  sides  per  day,  or  2t2>}i  cents  per  door;  with  4^  inch 
mouldings,  5  doors  per  day,  or  40  cents  per  door.  Mould- 
ings with  two  members  about  one- half  above  number,  7  feet 
6  inches  to  9  feet  doors,  single  moulding  two  sides,  5  open- 
ings per  day.  The  same,  with  double  members  to  moulding, 
2^  openings  per  day. 

Door  frames  when  had  from  factory  are  cased  both  sides 
for  inside  doors  and  one  side  for  outside  doors. 

Sliding  Doors.  The  frames  for  a  pair  of  sliding  doors  with 
double  joint,  including  casings  each  side,  are  worth  from 
$2.50  to  $3  per  frame. 

The  same,  with  segment  top,  will  vary  from  $5  to  $7.50; 
setting  either  one  of  the  above  frames,  putting  down  the 
track,  and  lining  the  pocket  is  worth  from  $2.50  to  $3  for 


26  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

labor.  Setting,  hanging,  and  trimming  a  pair  of  sliding  doors 
will  take  a  man  about  i^  days,  or  $2.50  per  door. 

Foldifig  Doors.  The  frame  for  a  pair  of  folding  doors  with 
opening  5  feet  by  8  feet  6  inches,  with  single  joints,  including 
casing  each  side,  is  worth  from  $2.25  to  $3  per  opening. 
Segment  top,  same  size  opening,  $5  to  $7.  Setting  the 
frame  for  a  pair  of  folding  doors  will  take  a  man  three-quar- 
ters of  a  day,  or  $1.50  per  frame. 

Fitting,  hanging,  and  trimming  a  pair  of  folding  doors  will 
take  one  man  a  day  and  a  quarter,  or  $2.50  per  door. 

Moulding,  sliding  and  folding  door  casings,  square  top 
opening  5  feet  by  8  feet  6  inches  on  both  sides,  single  mem- 
ber; a  day's  work  is  4  openings  per  day,  or  50  cents  per 
door.  If  moulding  is  double  member,  two  openings  per  day, 
or  $1  per  door.  Segment  top  with  same  size  of  swing,  the 
moulding  will  cost  $2  per  opening.  Over  the  face  of  a 
square  top,  one  man  will  put  on  the  moulding  with  a  single 
member  in  one-half  a  day,  or  $1  per  opening.  Double  mem- 
ber one  day,  or  $2  per  opening. 

Setting  door  frames  in  brick  buildings  will  cost  the  same  as 
for  frame  buildings. 

Common  Door  Frames.  Outside  frames,  wdth  casings  on 
one  side  for  cloors,  from  2  feet  6  inches  x  6  feet  6  inches  to  2 
feet  8  inches  X  6  feet  8  inches,  are  worth  from  $1.75  to  $2.50 
each.  The  same  for  inside  doors,  with  casing  on  both  sides, 
are  worth  from  $2  to  $2.75.. 

Door  Trimmmgs.  Butts  ^^2>  inches,  for  cheap  trimmings, 
are  worth  6^^  cents  per  pair,  and  a  common  mortise  or  rim 
lock,  with  brown  knob,  24  cents  each ;  3  x  3^  butts,  7  cents, 
and  2>}4,  ^3}4,  10  cents  each;  4x4,  13  cents.  A  good  mor- 
tise lock,  with  brown  or  white  knobs,  brass  key,  face,  and  bolt, 
is  worth  45  cents.  Outside  door  locks  vary  from  ^S  cents  to 
$1  a  pair;  average  price  would  be  50  cents. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  27 

Sliding  door  locks  4x5,  brass  key  and  face,  $1  each.  Iron 
track  for  door  3  cents  per  foot,  brass  track,  1 6  cents.  A  very 
good  rabbited  lock,  without  night  works,  $1.15;  with  night 
works,  $2  to  $3.50  each. 

Screws  for  putting  on  above  trimmings,  15  cents  a  gross. 
The  labor  account  for  trimming  doors  will  be  found  under 
the  head  of  doors. 

Windoivs.  The  price  of  the  sash,  including  glass  and 
glazing  for  all  sizes  of  windows,  may  be  had  from  the  dealers' 
catalogues.  Window  frames,  factory  made,  simply  have  out- 
side casings  and  jambs.  One  man  will  cut  the  openings  and 
set  five  frames  per  day,  of  an  average  size,  say  2  ft.  6  in.  by 
6  ft.,  in  a  frame  building,  and  can  set  the  same  number  in  a 
brick  building,  or  40  cents  j:>er  opening. 

As  the  brick-work  goes  up  the  carpenter  must  plumb  up 
the  frames  occasionally,  so  that  a  fair  estimate  would  be  both 
alike. 

In  larger  openings,  setting  from  two  to  four  frames  per  day 
would  be  fair  work,  or  from  50c.  to  $1  per  window. 

One  man  will  case  1 2  windows  per  day  of  windows  2  ft. 
6  in.  by  6  ft.,  or  one  cent  per  lineal  foot  of  the  casing. 

Moulding  window  casings,  same  price  per  foot  as  door 
casing. 

For  wood  buildings,  plain  rail  sash,  8  or  12  lights,  wi;h  out- 
side casings,  an  average  price  would  be  as  follows : 

8x10,  $1;   10x12,  $1.35;   10x14,  $1.65;   10x16,  $2. 

With  check-rail  sash  outside,  casings:  8  x  10,  $1.65  ;  10x12, 
$1.80;  10x14,  $2;   10x16,  $2.20;    10x18,  $2.40. 

Plain  windows  frames  for  brick  buildings:  8x  lo^  $2; 
J0XI2,     $2. to;      iox]4,     $2.35;     10x16,     $2.05:      12  X 

24,    $3-50- 

Box  window  frames:  8x10,  $2.65;  10x12,  $2.80; 
.0x14,  $3;   10x16,  $3.25;  12x24,  $4. 


28  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

The  same  frames,  with  segment  outside  and  square  inside, 
are  worth  40  cents  more. 

Pantrys  and  Closets.  In  ordinary  work  of  this  kind  one 
man  will  get  out  and  put  up  50  to  75  Hneal  feet  of  shelving 
12  inches  wide  per  day,  or  will  make  and  put  up  five 
drawers  15  in.  wide  by  18  in.  deep,  including  racks  and 
fitting. 

If  the  drawers  are  dovetailed,  four  is  a  day's  work.  Strips 
and  hooks.  One  man  can  put  50  to  80  lineal  feet  of  strips, 
and  put  on  closet  hooks,  about  12  inches  apart,  in  one 
day. 

Porches.  These  differ  so  widely  in  design  that  prices  per 
foot  linear  cannot  be  given  Avithout  specifications,  as  they  will 
vary  from  $1  a  foot  upwards.  In  an  ordinary  porch  figure 
the  sills  and  joists  as  in  framing;  also  roof,  labor,  ceiling,  and 
cornice  the  same  as  in  other  parts  of  the  building,  and  charge 
for  whatever  extra  work  the  design  may  call  for. 

Blinds.  These  are  made  and  sold  by  the  foot,  measuring 
height  of  the  window  on  one  side  only ;  50  to  60  cents  per 
lineal  foot,  including  trimming  and  hanging,  is  a  fair  price. 
Inside  blinds,  O.  G.  panel  or  rolling  slats,  ordinary  width,  are 
worth  $1  per  foot,  complete  in  the  building.  If  inside  blinds 
are  of  hard  wood,  they  are  worth  from  one  and  a  half  to 
double  the  price  of  pine. 

Plastering.  The  number  of  yards  is  simply  the  area  of  all 
the  walls  and  ceilings. 

One  hundred  yards  of  plastering  will  require  1400  laths, 
4jf^  bushels  ofHme,  18  bushels  of  sand,  9  pounds  of  hair,  and 
5  pounds  of  nails  for  two-coat  work. 

Three  men  and  one  helper  will  put  on  450  yards,  in  a  day's 
work,  of  two-coat  work,  and  will  put  on  a  hard  finish  for  300 
yards. 

Retail  cost  of  three-coat  work  for  100  yards  of  plastering : 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK.  29 

Seven  bushels  of  lime  at  30  cents $2  10 

Four-fifths  of  a  load  of  sand  at  $1.25 1  00 

Nine  pounds  of  hair  at  65  cents 3  15 

Five  pounds  of  nails  at  4^  cents 22 

Lathing,  100  yards  at  2\  cents 2  25 

Plastering,  2  coats,  1  man  f  of  a  day 2  00 

Helper,  1-5  of  a  day 33 

Hard  finished,  1  day's  work  3  00 

Making  mortar  and  scaffolding 1  50 

Total  cost $16  00 

Or,  sixteen  cents  per  yard. 

Pamting,  Painting  is  done  by  the  yard,  and  at  the  present 
prices  of  lead  and  oil,  house  painting  in  plain  colors  will  cost 
on  an  average : 

For  one  coat,  7  cents  per  yard ;  two  coats,  14  cents  per 
yard ;  three  coats,  2 1  cents  per  yard. 

One  coat,  or  priming,  will  take  for  100  yards  of  painting 
20  pounds  of  lead  and  4  gallons  of  oil.  Two-coat  work,  40 
pounds  of  lead  and  4  gallons  of  oil.  Three-coat,  the  same 
quantity  as  two  coats;  so  that  a  fair  estimate  for  100  yards 
of  three-coat  work  would  be  100  pounds  of  lead  and  16 
gallons  of  oil. 

A  day's  work  on  outside  of  a  building  is  100  yards  of  first 
coat,  and  80  yards  of  either  second  or  third  coat.  An  ordin- 
ary door,  including  casings,  will  on  both  sides  make  8  yards 
to  10  yards  of  painting,  or  5ay,  5  yards  to  a  door  without  the 
casings.  An  ordinary  window  2^4  to  3  yards.  Fifty  yards 
of  common  graining  is  a  day's  work  for  a  grainer  and  one 
man  to  rub  in. 

In  measuring  up  outside  work,  use  the  rule  for  plain  sur- 
faces. In  common  painting  run  your  tape-line  over  all  the 
mouldings  in  and  out,  and  this,  with  the  width  of  the  cornice 
multiplied  by  its  length,  will  give  the  area.  It  is  customary 
to  add  from  one-third  to  one-half  for  the  bracket  painting. 
In  painting  bUnds  of  ordinary  size  12  is  a  fair  day's  work  fo: 


30  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

one  coat,  and  9  pounds  of  lead  and  i  gallon  of  oil  will  paint 
them.  In  measuring  up  inside  base,  it  is  customary  to  reckon 
9  inches  in  width  and  upwards  to  i  foot  as  1 2  inches. 

Nails.  One  thousand  feet  of  inch  stuff  will  require  10 
pounds  of  lo-penny  nails,  i  square  of  siding  or  ceiling,  2^ 
l)ounds  8-penny,  and  the  same  for  a  square  of  roof  boards  or 
sheathing,  and  1000  shingles  will  take  6  pounds  of  shingle 
nails. 

Brick  and  Stotie  Work.  A  day's  work  in  excavating  and 
filling  into  cart  or  wheelbarrow  is  1 1  or  1 2  cubic  yards  of 
common  earth,  or  7  to  8  yards  of  clay  or  coarse  gravel,  or 
12^  to  14  cents  per  yard.  In  limestone  or  sandstone  a  day's 
work  in  quarrying  will  range  from  one-half  to  one  cord  of 
stone. 

Stone  Work.  A  perch  is  i6i  feet  long,  i\  feet  wide,  and 
I  foot  high,  and  contains  241^  cubic  feet.  In  estimates  25 
cubic  feet  is  figured  as  a  perch. 

A  perch  in  the  wall  contains  about  22  cubic  feet  of  stone 
and  3  cubic  feet  of  mortar. 

The  waste  ordinarily  allowed  in  laying  stone  walls  from  the 
rock  measurement  is  one- fifth. 

A  cubic  yard  of  rubble  masonary  laid  in  the  wall  contains 
I  1-5  cubic  yards  of  undressed  stone  and  one-fourth  of  a 
cubic  yard  of  mortar. 

Four  perches  or  100  cubic  feet  of  wall  will  contain  ordin- 
arily I  cord  of  stone  or  128  cubic  feet,  i  barrel  of  lime,  or  say 
^yi  bushels,  and  5  barrels  of  sand. 

A  day's  work  for  a  mason's  helper  is  moving  4  to  5  perches 
of  stone,  and  mix  and  carry  to  the  mason  sufficient  mortar  to 
lay  them. 

A  man  will  lay  in  one  day  from  4  to  5  perches  of  rubble 
masonry  in  sandstone,  or  3  perches  in  limestone.  In  many 
locations  sandstone  is  delivered  for  $1   per  perch,  and  the 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  3 1 

labor  for  laying  in  ordinary  walls,  including  lime  and  sand, 
from  75  cents  to  $i  per  perch. 

Stone  Ashlers,  These  are  ordinarily  3  feet  to  5  feet  long, 
I  foot  high,  and  4  to  6  inches  thick. 

The  price  of  the  rough  stone  will  vary  according  to  locality. 

The  labor  on  ashlers,  including  setting,  is  per  square  foot  as 

follows : 

Fine  posts,  hammerwork,  limestone,  28  cts. ;  sandstone,  21  cts. 
Medium  ''  '♦  22  "  '*  17    *' 

Rough  ♦♦  '*  15  '*  *•  12J  '« 

Freestone  ashlers,  sawed,  are  furnished  at  the  mills  for  20 
to  30  cents  per  square  foot,  and  caps  and  sills  for  ordinary 
windows  and  doors  from  $1.15  to  $1.50  each. 

Brick-7vork,  The  labor  and  material  of  brick-work  are 
estimated  by  the  1000  brick.  In  measuring  up  brick  walls 
it  is  not  customary  to  deduct  for  openings.  To  ascertain  the 
number  of  bricks  in  a  wall:  First  obtain  the  number  of  super- 
ficial feet,  and  multiply  this  by  seven  for  a  4-inch  wall — by 
14  for  an  8-inch  wall — 21  for  a  12-inch  wall — and  28  for  a 
16-inch  wall.  If  thicker  than  16  inches,  for  each  additional 
4  inches  in  thickness  add  7  bricks  per  square  foot. 

One  thousand  five  hundred  brick  is  an  average  day's  work 
for  outside  and  inside  walls,  and  we  take  three-quarters  of  a 
barrel  of  lime  and  9  bushels  of  sand  to  make  the  mortar. 
The  number  of  brick  a  mason  will  lay  in  a  day  on  a  plain 
wall  depends  largely  upon  its  thickness.  On  8-inch  work 
1200  to,  1400;  on  12-inch  work,  1500  to  2000,  and  on 
16-inch  work,  2000  to  2500;  veneered  work  or  single-back 
walls  attached  to  wood-work  is  much  slower,  froom  400  to 
600  brick  is  regarded  a  day's  work ;  this  includes  tying  the 
brick  with  nails  to  the  framework,  or  sheathing. 

The  following  is  given  as  an  illustration  of  the  cost  of  fur- 
nishing and  laying  1500  brick,  or  one  day's  work. 


32  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

1500  brick  at  $6  per  M $9  00 

f  barrel  of  lime  at  $1 75 

y  bushels  of  sand  at  5  cents 45 

1  day's  work  for  mason 2  00 

1  day's  work  for  helper 1  25 

Total $13  45 

Or  $8.96  per  M. 

Chimiieys.  Common  flues  and  ordinary  chimneys  are 
wordi  from  40  to  75  cents  per  running  foot,  including  labor 
and  material.  In  large  chimneys  with  fire-places,  get  the 
number  of  brick,  charge  for  lime  and  sand  the  same  as  in 
brick  walls,  and  estimate  the  labor  at  double  the  price  of 
l)lain  walls  of  same  thickness. 

Plu7nbing,  In  plumbing  for  bath-rooms  and  closets 
13^-inch  pipe  is  used  for  water,  ^-inch  for  supply,  and  4 -inch 
iron  pipes  for  soil-pipe.  An  average  price  would  be  for  ma- 
terial and  putting  in  the  building:  ii^-inch  pipe,  lead 
2^7y2>  cents  per  foot ;  ^-inch  pipe,  lead,  28  cents  per  foot, 
and  soil-pipe  30  cents  per  foot. 

Bath-tubs  will  vary  in  i)rice  from  $10  to  $15;  double 
bath-cocks,  $10  to  $12.50;  single,  $1.50  to  $2.75;  wash- 
bowl cocks,  from  $1.75  to  $2.50. 

A  fair  price  for  a  cornice  wash-bowl,  marble,  with  stop- 
cocks and  enclosed  with  casings,  including  connections 
with  pipes,  will  vary  from  $9  to  $15  ;  water-closet  basins  and 
connections,  $4  to  $6. 

It  must  be  understood  that  the  foregoing  prices  are  only 
approximately  correct. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


33 


SCHEDULE  OF  BUILDERS'  PRICES. 

The  prices  given  in  this  schedule  are  as  nearly  as  possible 
correct  at  the  time  of  compilation;  but  as  prices  are  contin- 
ually fluctuating  they  are  not  to  be  relied  upon  as  absolutely 
correct.  One  column  is  left  blank,  so  that  correct  prices  can 
be  inserted  in  pencil  and  changed  to  suit  fluctuation  at  any 
time.  By  the  above  arrangement  the  prices  can  be  made 
correct  for  any  locality  at  any  time. 

The  prices  given  include  Buildet^s  Profit. 


EXCAVATORS     WOKK. 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


Correct 
Pnce. 


Including  all  necessary  plank  and  tools  required 
for  carrying  on  the  work,  shoring,  etc.,  bracing 
where  required,  and  keeping  the  excavation 
clear  of  all  surface  water  caused  by  rain  until 
the  earth,  etc.,  has  been  removed  to  the  depth 
required. 

Mccavating  for  hasemejits  and  large  areas,  and  throw- 
ing out  to  a  height  of  five  feet,  and  filling  into  har- 
rows, carts,  or  other  vehicles. 

Vegetable  earth per  cubic  yard 

Loam  (sand  and  clay  mixed) 

Clay : 

Earth  mixed  with  gravel 

Work  requiring  blasting 

Mud  in  a  slush  state 

Bemoviyig  30  yards  with  wheelbarrows  or  carts,  de- 
positing and.  returning. 

Soft  earth  or  loam per  cubic  yard,  extra 

Clay,  gravel  or  mud per  cTibic  yard 

Leveling  earth,  etc,  from  carts  or  harrows,  without 
throwing. 

Soft  earth per  cubic  yard 

Clay  or  gravel '*  ♦• 

Fding  at  hacks  of  walls  and  ramming. 

Softearth **  ** 

Olay  or  gravel "  '  * 


0.12 
0.17 
0.23 
0.30 
1.10 
1.35 


0.07 
0.09 


0.04 
0.05 

0.12 

0.18 


34 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


excavators'  work  {Continued). 


Leveling  and  trimmming  slopes,  etc. 

Soft  earth. per  cubic  yard 

Clay  or  gravel '*  " 

Bamming  loose  earth. 

Soft  earth  in  layers '  *  " 

Clay,  gravel,  etc **  " 

Clay  puddle. 

Tempering  and  spreading  9  in.  thick    "  *' 

..       12 
Removing  a  distance  of  225  yards  lineal,  and  return- 
ing after  depositing  the  load. 

Soft  earth per  cubic  yard 

Clay,  sand,  or  gravel *•  *' 

For  each  additional  225  yards,  add 


MASONb     WOBK. 


Rubble  masonry  i7i foundations. 

Built  dry  in  courses  to  foundations  etc.,  cubic  foot 
'•        with  mortar  to  •*  "       ** 

a  <«  ((      above    "  *•       " 

**        when  beds  are  horizontal  ♦•       •' 

All  work  should  be  measured  by  the  foot  cube, 
and  the  price  regulated  according  to  the  thick- 
ness of  the  wall. 

Superior  rubble. 

Built  with  large-sized  stone,  with  beds  horizontal 
and  joints  vertical,  or  oblique,  fitting  close, 
without  spawls  in  face,  rough  finished,  and 
fair  and  neatly  pointed per  cubic  foot 

Add  to  the  above,  if  executed  to  rough  arches, 
as  to  tanks,  vaults,  tunnels,  etc.,  with  radiating 
joints,  finished  fair per  cubic  foot 

Superior  face  work  to  be  measured  and  paid  for 
extra. 

Face  work  to  rubble  masonary,  per  super,  foot. 

Kough  hammer  dressed,  punched,  or  pricked 
face,  straight,  or  curved  above  10  feet  radius. 

Clear,  do.  do.  neatly  hammer  dressed, 
punched  or  pricked 


AND  p;stimator's  price  book. 


35 


masons'  work  (^Continued). 


Rough  rock  face  work  with  pitched  joints,  straight 
or  curved,  above  10  ft.  radius 

Add  to  any  of  the  above  items  for  waste  of  stone, 
for  oblique  or  battered  face,  or  curved  work 
under  10  ft.  radius 

Sinking  reveals  for  window  or  door  frames,  or 
similar  work,  actual  sinking  only  2  or  3  inches 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


Repairs,  cubic  foot,  including  all  materials  required 
and  removing  all  rubbish  arising  from  the  work. 

Taking  down  old  rubble  masonry,  cleaning  the 
stone  and  rebuilding,  under  40  cubic  feet,  in 
any  quantity 

Taking  up  old  rubble  masonry  in  foundations, 
culverts,  etc.  Cleaning,  moving,  and  piling 
the  stone  not  exceeding  30  yards  distant,  and 
removing  rubbish 

Taking  down  rubble  masonry  of  any  kind  in 
sy.pertstructure — i.e.,  not  exceeding  30  yards 
distant , 

Rebuilding  masonry  in  superstructure,  furnish 
ing  labor  and  mortar  only 

Cutting   openings  in  walls  of  rubble  masonry  ol 
any  kind  for  doors,  windows,  ventilators,  etc 
where  the  quantity  does  not  exceed  50  cubic 
feet 


Making  good  to  jambs,  sills,  and  arches  of  open- 
ings of  any  kind  with  old  stone,  labor  and 
mortar 

Ashler  work,  per  cubic  foot. 

Ashler  faced  work,  straight  or  curved,  above  10 
feet  radius  to  rubble  or  brick  walling,  in  level 
courses  from  10  to  16  inches  high,  6  inches  on 
beds,  vertical  joints  and  beds  roughly  punched 
or  pricked,  bedded  flush,  and  joints  neatly 
pointed  and  cleaned  down 

Add  to  above  if  beds  and  joints  are  to  be  neatly 
punched  or  axed  three  inches  back  from  face. . 

Add  for  curved  work  under  10  feet  radius,  labor 
only 

Add,  if  executed  in  chimney  shafts,  vaults,  and 
similar  work,  with  radiating  joints 

Stone  from  qua^iry,  carted  a  distance  of  3  miles. 

Common  rubble per  1000  lbs. 

Selected  bed  stoTie«« 


0.45 
0.15 
0.45 

0.20 

0.09 

0.06 
0.10 

0.05 
0.12 


0.65 

0.06 

0.12 

0.12 

0.55 
0.80 


Correct 
Price. 


36 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


masons'  work  {Continued). 


Suitable  for  plain  ashler,  not  over  6  inches  thick, 

per  cubic  foot 

do.        do.        12  inches  thick,  per  cubic  foot 

Above  these  sizes,  from 

to 

The  following  are  for  prices  of  labor  only,  for  straight 
or  curved  work  over  10  feet  radius,  including  setting 
and  cleaning  down,  per  foot  superficial. 

( limestone 

Plain  work  to  beds  and  joints )  sandstone 

( granite 
I  limestone 
Plain  work,  rubbed  or  combed  face.  J  sandstone 

( granite 
( limestone 
Plain  work,  sunk  1 J  inches  deep ....-)  sandstone 

I  granite 
Eough   or  rock    pitched    face-work  J  limestone 

and  horizontal  joints {  sandstone 

Kough   or  ruck  pitched  face-work,  ]  limestone 
drafted  on  face |  sandstone 

i  limestone 
sandstone 
granite 
limestone 
A  xjuo  ^KJLLXK.i±^^L  v^x  j^x ivixvc^  xciv^o N  sandstonc 

(  granite 
( limestone 
Plainly  chiseled,  or  single  axed  face.  J  sandstone 

(  granite 
( limestone 
Finely  chiseled,  or  double-axed  face .  }  sandstone 

(  granite 

Note.— (t).  When  the  work  in  a  specification  differs  in  de- 
scription to  the  work  described  in  any  of  the  above  items,  the 
necessary  allowances  must  be  made  for  the  difference  in  cost. 
The  ashler  facing  described  is  the  ordinary  plain  facing;. 

(  !.)  In  measuring  ashler  facing  the  aveiage  width  of  the  beds 
of  the  stretches  is  only  to  be  taken  for  ashler,  and  the  excess 
paid  for  as  rubble  backing.  In  ashler  facing,  if  required  to  be 
backed  by  brickwork,  the  back  joints  of  headers  and  stretchers 
are  to  be  roughly  punched  fair  and  square,  and  to  be  paid  for  as 
rough  hammer-dressed  work. 

(3).  Arches  or  lintels  over  openings  in  ashler  facing,  to  be 
paid  for  as  stone  in  block,  adding  the  work  thereon.  The  re- 
turns of  jambs  and  reveals  to  openings,  where  no  specific  dress- 
in  es  are  provided,  are  to  be  measmed  for  plain  and  sunk  work, 


0.30 
0.48 
1.00 
2.25 


0.22 
0.27 
0.55 
0.35 
0.35 
0.62 
0.62 
0.50 
1.04 
0.25 
0.25 
0.22 
0.12 
0.12 
0.10 
0.22 
0.18 
0.12 
0.44 
0.32 
0.30 
0.65 
0.42 
0.38 
0.80 


Correct 
Price. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


37 


masons'  work  {Continued). 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


Workmanship  in  cutting  {per  foot  lineal)  in  either 

limestone  or  sandstone. 
Beading,  single   quirk  up  to  4  inches  J  straight 

girth "j  circular 

Chamfering  or  weathering,  from  2  in.  ]  straight 

up  to  3  inches j  circular 

Chiseled  drafted  margins,  from  f  inch  ]  straight 

to  1  inch  wide ]  circular 

Fluting  or  reeding,    not  exceeding  3  (  straight 

inches  wide ]  circular 

Grooving,  covering  fluting   or  reeding  i  straight 

less  than  3  inches  girth |  circular 

Mouldings  less  than  4  inches  girth 

Nosings  3  inches  or  less  girth 

Throating,  angular,  semicircular  or  arris  cut 

Sunk  rebate,  not  exceeding   3   inches  j  straight 

girth "j  circular 

f  straight 
founded  corners  or  angles  in  stone,  |        or 

not    exceeding    3    inches    thick,    6  -j  sq.  edge 

inches  radius  and  under |  circ'r  or 

[ rounded 

Note. — The  prices  to  the  above  items  include  all  returned 
angles,  stoppings,  and  all  mitres,  internal  or  external,  etc, 
whenever  they  occur. 

Letting  in  with  lead,  fixing,  etc.,  each  including  all 

materials. 
Letting  in  balusters  or  other  work,  (         with 

holes  1  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  i   molten  lead 

and  from  2  to  3  inches  in  depth  ( with  cement 
Letting    in    as    above  described,  f        m.      i     -, 

bases  of     columns,    standards,  J   "^^^*^^  ^^^^ 

etc.,  2  to  4  inches  diam.  and  4  '  . 

inches  deep [  ^^^^^"* 

Letting  in  as  last  described,  holes  \   molten  lead 

from  4  to  6  inches  in  diameter.  .  }   cement 
Letting    in  as  before    described,  j   molten  lead 

holes  from  6  to  9  inches  in  diam.  |   cement 
Same,  holes  from  9  to  12  inches  in  J   molten  lead 

diameter "j   cement 

Letting  in  clamps  of  any  kind  from  j   with  lead 

1  to  1 J  inches  section,  per  lin.  in.  j   cement 
Letting    in    door    scrapers,   lamp  [  with  lead 

irons,  locks,  latches,  staples,  or^ 

similar  work,  each j   cement 


0.12 
0.18 
0.26 
0.32 
0.18 
0.22 
0.22 
0.28 
0.22 
0.28 
0.28 
0.22 
0.17 
0.22 
0.28 


0.38 
0.55 


0.12 
0-04 

0.55 

0-07 

0.70 
0.12 
0.80 
0.14 
0.95 
0.15 
0.06 
0.03 
0.25 

0.10 


38 


THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 


masons'  wokk  {Continued). 


Sinking  mortises  or  housings  to  receive  ends  ol 
door  posts,  or  sockets,  or  similar  work,  per 
lin.  inch 

Boring  rail  pipe,  or  bolt  holes  up  to  1 J  inches 
diam.,  and  6  inches  deep,  labor  only 

Letters  or  figures  neatly  and  deeply  cut,  per  lin. 
inch 

Boor  sills  and  steps,  square,  of  limestone  or  sand- 
stone not  exceeding  6  ft.  in  length,  per  foot  lineal. 
Labor  and  materials. 

Rough  punched  top  of  sill,  front  and  back  joints 
squared,  3  inches  in  depth,  bed  and  rough  ends 

Rough  punched  tread  and  riser,  bed  and  back 
joints  squared,  13  inches,  back  and  ends  rough 

Rough  punched  all  round,  including  the  ends ,  . . 

Plain  chiseled  tread  and  riser,  joints,  etc.,  as 
above  cleanly  punched 

Plain  chiseled  tread  and  riser  and  end,  the  bed 
and  back  riser  cleanly  punched 

Window  sills,  not  exceeding  6  feet  in  length,  pe^*  lin. 
foot.     Labor  and  mateiials. 

Neatly  and  finely  punched,  sunk,  weath-  (12x6 
ered,  throated  and  back  rebated,  and  \  16x7 
finished  complete (  20  x  8 

Plain  chiseled,  tooled  or  single  axed,  as  j  i  g  ^  t? 

^^o^e (  20x8 

Neatly  chiseled,  tooled,  or  double  axed.    J  ^^g^? 

do.         do.         as  above (  20  x  8 

Foundations  for  pavi^yj,  etc.,  per  superficial  yard. 
Forming  foundations  for  paving    or  for  roads, 
with  stone  clippings,   coarse  gravel,  or  other 
suitable  material,  including  spreading  and  level- 
ing surface  to  the  average  depth  of  12  inches. . . 
do.  do.  do.  9     " 

do.  do.  do.  6     " 

Concrete  foundations. 

Concrete  foundations  for  any  purpose,  filled  or 
shot  in,  raked,  bevelled,  and  rammed,  in  layers 
not  exceeding  12  inches  in  depth,  per  cub.  y'd. 

As  above,   and  not  exceeding  9  inches  in  depth, 

per  yard  superficial 

do.         do.         6  inches  deep,  per  yard  super. 


Correct 
Price. 


0.22 
0.09 
0.07 


0.65 

0.75 

0.80 

0.95 
1.05 


0.78 
1.05 
1.30 
0.82 
1.09 
1.40 
0.95 
1.15 
1.40 


0.28 
0.23 
0.18 


2.70 

3.10 
3.70 


AND    KSTIMATORS    PRICE    P.OOK. 


39 


masons'  work  {Continued). 


m«te 
Price. 


Flag  pavements  or  hearths. 

Of  the  best  quality,  not  exceeding  twenty-five  feet 

superficial  in  one  flag* per  yd.  super. 

Rough,  self.faced  or  sJrab- (  ^Ji^-tl^i^k  or  under 

bled,  and  roughly  sq'red.  "^  ^ 


Smooth,  self-faced,  or  scrab- 
bled, and  roughly  faced . 


Neatly   punched 
squared , 


face    and 


Plain    chiseled,   tdoled,    or 


single  axed,  squared |  4  to  4 


4to4J  '* 

2^  in. "thick  or  undei 

3to3i  ♦' 

4to4J  ** 

2  J  in.  thick  or  under 

3to3J  •♦ 

4to4J  " 

2  J  in.  thick  or  undei 

3to3i  " 


SUNDRIES. 


r  date, 


Stone  as  sold  in  New  York  at  cargo  rates,  at  thi 

1882. 

Amherst  freestone,  in  rough,  No.  1.  .per  cub.  fool 
•♦       No.  2.. 

No.  1,  light  drab 

Berlin  freestone,  in  rough 

Berea  freestone,  in  rough 

Brown  stone,  Portland,  Ct 

Brown  stone,  Belleville,  N.  J 

Granite,  rough 

Canaan  marble 

Carlisle,  (Corsehill)  Scotch per  foot. 

Dorchester,  N.  B.,  stone,  rough '* 

Bay  of  Fundy,  Wood  Point,  brown 

**  Mary's     "  **      

'*  •♦  olive 

Native  stone. 

Common  building  stone per  load 

Base  stone,  2 J  feet  in  length per  lin.  foot 

'*      3 


I' 

6 


1.80 
2.40 
2.90 
2.10 
2.60 
3.10 
3.05 
3.30 
4.30 
3.60 
4.10 
4.60 


1.00 
0.95 
0.95 
1.00 
1.00 
1.35 
1.35 
1.25 
1.50 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 

3.00 
0.50 
0.60 
0.80 
1.00 
1.25 
1.50 
3.00 


*NorE. — Add  to  the  above,  if  rubbed  fair  and  smooth  to  order,  according  to  the  hard- 
ness of  the  stone  and  work  to  be  done.  The  flags  to  be  of  a  uniform  thickness,  bedded 
flush,  and  solid  throughout  the  whole  area  ;  the  joints  set  close,  flushed  (with  cement  or 
mortar)  from  bottom  to  top  and  neatly  pointed,  and  the  top  surface  properly  dressed  off. 


40 


THE    BUILDER'S    GUIDE, 


MASONS*  WORK  (Continued). 


Limes  per  barrel,  cargo  rates. 

Lath,  cargo  rate per  M 

Rockland,  common 

Kockland,  finishing 

State,  common,  cargo  rate per  bbl. 

State,   finishing 

Ground 

Add  25c.  to  above  figures  for  yard  rates. 

Cements  per  barrel,  cargo  rates. 

Eosendale per  bbl. 

Portland,  Saylor's  American 

Portland  (English) 

Portland  Lafarge '. 

Portland  K.  B.  &  S 

Portland  Biirham 

Lime  of  Teil 

Lime  of  Teil per  ton 

Roman per  bbl. 

Keene's  &  Martin's  coarse 

Keene's  &  Martin's  fine 


BKICKLAYEKS     WORK, 


Materials  to  be  of  the  best  quality,  the  Contractor 

to  provide  all  labor  in  hoisting  and  setting, 

and  all  i-mplements  necessary  to  carry  on  the 

work. 

Basis  of  calculation. 

Bricks,  per  1000,  best  quality,  full  size,  per  1000 

Wages  of  a  bricklayer per  day 

Wages  of  a  laborer " 

Brickwork  in  walls  as  usually  laid  J  per  1000 

in  good  work \  per  ft.  cube 

do.  do.        laid  in  American  j  per  1000 

cement (  per  ft.  cube 

Brickwork,  etc.,  to  covering  of  arches  (  per  1000 
including  all  cutting,  etc.,  in  lime  } 

mortar (  per  ft.  cube 

do.    do.    to  ovens  and  coppers  do.       "        " 
Add  if  elliptical "        " 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


41 


bricklayers'  work  {Continued). 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


Correct 
Price. 


Gauged  arches,  rubbed  only 

do.  cut  and  set  in  putty 

Paving  with  bricks  laid  flat  in  sand.. per  ft.  super, 
do.  do.        on  edge  in  mortar      *'         '* 

do.  do.        flat  in  cement ... .      **        ** 

do.  do.        on  edge  in  mortar      "         *• 

DKAIN   PIPES. 

Mccavating  4:  feet  deep  and  filling  in — labor  only. 
4  inch  drain    pipes,  laying  and  jointing  in] 

cement per  y'd  lin.  | 

6  inch      do.         do.         do.        do.         **       "     |- 
9  inch      do.         do.         do.        do.         "       '*     | 

12  inch      do.         do.        do.        do.        **       "    J 

SUNDRIES. 

Terra  coita  chimney  tops. 

r  2  ft.  high 

Set  in  cement 1  o  .«  c  •^*     a 

2  '*  D  in.     ** 

1.3  " 
Ornamental,  Elizabethian,  and   Gothic  Chimney 
tops  charged  extra. 

Terra  cotta  wall  coping per  ft. 

do.        cresting •* 

do.        mouldings ♦♦ 

do.         diaper  tiles each 

Pointing. 

Flat  joints,  in  ash  mortar  or  cement,  per  ft.  super. 

do.         to  chimney  shafts **         " 

Stopping  and  tuck  pointing  to  old  fr'nts  "         '* 

Brickwork  colored  and  drawn •'         '* 

Tuck  pointing  new  work  before  the  scaffolding  is 

removed 

IJ  inch  wide  hoop  iron,  tarred  and  sanded,  laid 

in  walls  at  per  yard  running  for  every  dress . . . 

Cutting  to  rakes  or  ramp  in  brickwork . .  ft.  super. 

do.      to  4  inch  splays per  ft.  running 

Birds'  mouth  splays **         '* 

(Sash,  doors  ancl  frames,  bedded  and  pointed,  each 

do.  do.  do.  do.  large  size 

Taking  down  old  brickwork,  cleaning  and  piling 

the  bricks  within  a  distance  of  75  yards,  and 

removing  rubbish  50  or  75  feet per  ft.  cubic 


0.16 
0.32 
0.52 
1.05 

0.78 
1.55 


0.80 

to 

1.10 


3.00 
3.25 
3.50 
7.00 


0.60 
0.45 
1.75 
1.50 

0.05 
0.06 
0.08 
0.10 

0.06 

0.06 
0.06 
0.06 
0.07 
0.30 
0.45 


0.04 


42 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


bricklayers'  work  (Continued). 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


Hebuilding  brickwork  from   old  bricks,   mortar 
and  workmanship  only per  cub.  ft. 

Firebricks per  1000 


Wages. 
Laborer. , . 
Bricklayer. 


.  per  M. 


Brick — cargo  afloat. 

Pale 

Jerseys 

Long  Island 

Up-Rivers 

Haverstraw  Bay,  2ds 

Haverstraw  Bay,  Ists 

Favorite  brands 

Hollow  fire  clay  bricks. , , , , , , 

Fronts. 

Croton  and  croton  points — brown per  M. 

do.  do.  — dark 

do.  do.  — red 

Philadelpeia '. 

Trenton 

Baltimore 

Clark's  Ottawa  "White 

Yard  prices  50c.  per.  M  higher,  or,  with  delivery 
added,  $2  per  M  for  hard  and  $3  per  M  for 
front  brick.  For  delivery  add  $5  on  Philadel- 
phia, Tranton  and  Ottawa,  and  $6  on  Baltimore. 

Fire  brick. 

Welsh 

English 

Silica,  Lee-Moor 

Silica,  Dinas 

White  enameled,  English  size per  M 

do.         do.      domestic  size 

Warm  buff  facing,  domestic  size 

American,  No.  1 

American,  No.  2 


These  prices  are  wholesale  and  for  large  quanti- 
ties.    Builder's  profits  to  be  added. 


0.10 
35.00 

to 
50.00 


2.25 
3.50 


5.00 
9.00 
9.25 

9.37i 
9.50 

9.25 


11.25 
13.25 
13.25 
35.00 
35.00 
45.00 
25.00 


40.00 
45.00 
40.00 
65.00 
100.00 
85.00 
55.00 
40.00 
35.00 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


43 


bricklayers'  work  {Continued). 


Schedule  of  prices  of  plain,  molded,  ornamental 
and  colored  bricks,  manufactured  by  the  Peer- 
less Brick  Company,  Philadelphia,  per  100. 

Isnrpihers, 

Those  marked  thus  (*)  have  Returns. 

1*,  2*,  6*,  7*,  20,  31,  40,  41,  42,  55,  57*,    J 
58*,  58,  59,  63*,  90 ^ 


3,  4,  11,  16,  17,  49,  50,  56*,  72*,  91. . . . 

5\  12,  15,  18,  19,  20a,  22*,  23*,  24*,  29, 
30.  60,  62*,  73*,  92,  94,  95,  96*.  (Peb- 
bled)   

8,  9,  206,  21,  25,  26,  35*,  39,  47,  68*,  74 
10,  13*,  14*,  27,  28,  38,  61,  66,  70,  93, 

32,  36,  37*,  202* 

3G,  37,  with  black  bevels 


67 

80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  85,  200,  201,  203,  264, 
265,  266,  272 

86,  270,  271 


269*,  273,  complete. 


«V,  »» -j 

'Rdurns, 

8X8X4  inches each    \ 

8X8X2      *'       "     ] 

8  X  "^  X  2      "      No  extra  charge. 
Colored  and  plain. 

Buff,  plain 

Brown    *•    , 

Drab       ••    

Gray       **    

White     " 

Black     *'    

The  above  are  all  colored  throughout. 


red 

colored 

red 

colored 

red 

colored 

red 

colored 

red 

colored 

red 

colored 

red 

colored 

red 

colored 

red 

colored 

red 

colored 

red 

colored 

red 

colored 

red 

colored 
red 
colored 


.  colored 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


4.00 
5.50 
4.50 
6.00 
5.00 

6.50 

5.50 

7.00 

6.00 

7.50 

7.00 

8.50 

9.00 

10.50 

7.50 

9.00 

10.00 

15.00 

40.00 

50.00 

30.00 

40.00 

50.00 

65.00 

0.25 
0.35 
0.17 
0.20 


4.50 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
10.00 


44 


THE    BUILIJER.S    GUIDE, 


bricklayers'  work  {^Continued). 


Black — on  face colored 

"        on  face  and  head ♦ ' 

**        on  two  heads ** 

"        on  face  and  two  heads •' 

♦'       on  face  and  flat *' 

•'        on  face,  heads  and  flat, *' 

Sage,  olive,  etc.,  on  colored  body " 

Red  pressed,  10  inches  long 

Red,  extra  fine  pressed,  standard  size per  M 

Red  voussoirs,  1,  1  J,  2,  2|,  3,  3J,  and  6  feet  radius, 

plain  or  bonded " ". 

Red  voussoirs  for  flat  arch,   10  in.   deep,   3  ft. 
opening,  radius,  3 J  ft 

Red  voussoirs  No.  60,  with  skew ■!   ^qI^j.^^! 

Bricks  for  carving j   ^^^^^^^ 

Hexagonal,  8X8  (red  and  brown j   colored 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


3.00 
3.50 

3.50 
4.00 
4.00 
5.00 
6.50 
3.00 


4.00 

10.00 
7.50 
9.00 
4.00 
6.50 
4.00 
6.00 


Correct 
Price. 


7^"  The  numbers  refer  to  an  illustrated  catalogue. 
Ornamental  Bricks —Blacked  or  tinted  on  the  relief  or  inti 
parts— to  order.     See  Nos.  36,  37  and  272. 

PIASTEBEBS'   WORK. 


Includlmj  all  labor,  scaffolding,  materials,  tools,  etc. 

Lathing  only per  yard  super. 

Lath  and  plaster,  one  coat "         ** 

do.        do.     and  set  with  fine  stuff  *  *  * 

do.         do.     two  coats  and  float  do.   •*         *' 

Add,  if  work  is  gauged  in  plaster-of-Paris 

Rendering  on  brick  wall  one  coat,  per  yard  super, 
do.         do.       floating  and  set,       *'         " 
do.         do.      two   coats    and    set    with   fine 

stuff per  yard  super. 

do.         do.        with    American    cement    one 

coat per  yard  super. 

do.         do.        one  part  cement  and  one  part 

sand per  yard  super. 

do.         do.      two   parts   sand  and   one  part 
cement per  yard  super. 


Correct 
Price. 


AND  ESTIMATOR  S  PRICE  BOOK. 


45 


plasterers'  work  {Contuiued). 


Rough-casting. 

Kough-casting  on  brick  or  stone,  one  coat  with 

lime  and  fine  gravel per  yard  super. 

do.  do.  "        two  coats  with  lime  and  fine 

gravel per  yard  super. 

Cornices,  mouldingSi  etc. 

*Plain  cornices  and  mouldings,  per  inch  girth, 

and  foot  running 

Quirks  run  in  plaster  to  wood  bead,  per  inch 

girth  and  per  foot  running 

Enrichments  in  plaster. 

Members  cast  solid  and  trimmed,  per  inch  girth 

do.      undercut,  per  inch  girth 

Enriched  soffits " 

do.  very  rich  and  full 

Wreaths  of  laurel  leaves 

do.        oak  leaves  and  arrows 

Cast  flowers,  or  pater es. 

According  to  size per  inch  diam. 


Pointing  round  winter  sashes  or  doors  with  lime 

and  putty,  plaster-of-Paris each 

Coloring. 

Stone,  bufi",  or  salmon  color,  once  done,  yd.  super. 

do.  do.  twice  done,  '* 

French  grey,  blue  or  lemon  color,  once  done  " 
do.  do.  twice  done  ** 

Limewhite  and  whitewashing,  per  square  of  100  super- 
ficial feet. 

Limewhite,  once  done 

do.         twice  done 

Whiting,  with  whiting  and  size,  once  done 

do.  do.  twice  done 

Scraping  off   old   whitewash  and   stopping    old 
walls  to  receive  new  whitewash 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


0.12 

0.18 

0.2J 
0.2J 

0.04 
0.04 


0.10 

to 

0.30 


0.40 

0.10 
0.12 
0.10 
0.15 


0.10 
0.20 
0.10 
0.20 

0.15 


*  This  price  also  includes  the  dubbing  out  and  putting  up  of  rough  brackets  whenever 
these  are  necessary,  and  the  extra  lathing. 

All  mitres  over  four  in  number,  are  to  be  charged  each  at  the  price  of  a  foot  running 
of  moulding,  except  in  halls,  or  small  rooms  under  14x16,  then  all  the  mitres  should 
be  paid  for  extra. 

t  The  prices  vary  according  to  the  quantity  and  depth  of  enrichment,  and  the  nature 
of  designs. 


46 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


plasterers'  work  {Continued). 


Per  running  foot. 

Whiting,  with  whiting  and  size,  plain  cornices, 

once  done 

do.  do.  do.  twice  done 

Each. 

Stopping  holes  in  walls  under  3  inches  square, 
including  drawing  nails 

Stopping  holes  in  colored  walls,  including  color- 
ing to  match 

Bepairing  plastering  on  walls  and  ceilings  in 
patches  not  exceeding  2  feet  superficial,  includ- 
ing hacking  off  old 

do.         on  walls,  including  coloring  to  match.. 

Add  extra  for  gauging  with  plaster-of-Paris 

Hair. 

Cattle per  bushel  of  7  lb. 

Goat 


Per  yard  superficial. 

Taking    down    old    lathing  and  plastering 

walls  and  ceilings  and  removing  rubbish 

Taking  down  old  rendering  or  rough-casting  and 
removing  rubbish,  including  wetting,  dubbing 

out,  etc.,  to  receive  new  plastering 

Taking  down  old  plastering  on  lathed  walls  or 
ceilings  without  renewing  the  lathing,  includ- 
ing renailing  the  laths  where  necessary,  and 

removing  rubbish 

Materials  and  day  work— working  day  10  hours. 

Plasterer per  day 

Laborer *  * 

Boy " 

Pine  laths per  bundle 

Hair  mortar per  foot  cube 

Fine  stuff *  * 

Plaster-of-Paris per  barrel 

Whiting per  lb. 

Hair  dried  and  thrashed " 

Size. . . per  gallon 

Blue  black per  lb. 

Yellow  ochre •  * 

Venetian  red " 

Indigo ' ' 

English  umber " 

Prussian  blue •• 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


Correct 
Price. 


0.01 
0.04 


0.02 
0.03 


0.15 
0.18 
0.03 

0.18 
0.28 


0.06 
0.06 

0.05 

4.00 
2.25 
1.25 
0.30 
0.35 
0.60 
2.00 
0.03 
0.06 
0.20 
0.10 
0.04 
0.05 
1.00 
0.25 
1.20 


^ 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


47 


plasterers'  work  {^Continued). 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


Correct 
Price. 


Plaster-of-Paris — wholesale. 

Duty— 20  per  cent.  ad.   val.  on  calcined;  lump 
free. 

Nova  Scotia,  white per  ton 

Nova  Scotia,  blue 

Calcined,  Eastern  and  city per  bbl, 

Calcined,  city  casting 

Calcined,  city  superfine 


3.50 
3.25 
1.75 
1.90 
2.25 


Plastering  is  generally  measured  by  the  yard  superficial. 
Openings  of  less  extent  than  seven  yards  are  not  deducted. 
Returns  of  chimney  breasts,  pilasters,  or  angles  less  than  1 2 
inches  wide,  measure  1 2  inches.  Baseboards,  6  or  less  inches 
wide,  are  not  deducted.  In  closets,  add  one-half  to  the 
measurement.  Circular  or  elliptical  work,  charge  two  prices, 
and  for  domes  or  groined  ceilings,  three  prices.  For  each  1 2 
feet  in  height  above  the  first  12  feet  add  6  per  cent,  extra. 
Cornices  and  centre-pieces  in  buildings  more  than  18  feet 
high  in  the  first  story,  should  have  five  per  cent,  added  to 
cover  scaffolding  etc.  Centre-pieces,  panelling,  and  extra 
stucco  work  will  be  charged  as  may  be  agreed  upon. 


CABPENTERS'    AND    JOINERS'    WORK. 


Average  wages  in  th©  United  States  and  Canada 
in  1882 per  day 

Wages  in  New  York ** 

Price  of  Lumhe7\ 

Prices  for  yard  delivery,  average  run  of  stock. 
Allowance  must  be  made  on  one  side  for  special 
contracts,  and  on  the  other  for  extra  selections. 

Pine,  very  choice  and  ex.  dry per  M.  ft. 

*•     good 

**    shipping  box 


Correct 
Pnce. 


48 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


carpenters'  and  joiners'  work  {Continued). 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


Pine,  common  box 

"    common  box,  | 

'*    tally  plank,  IJ,  lOin.,  dressed each 

' '    tally  plank,  \\  2d  quality 

'*    tally  planks,  IJ,  culls 

"    tally  boards,  dressed,  good 

'*    tally  boards,  dressed,  common 

'*     strip  boards,  culls,  dressed ... 

'  *    strip  boards,  merchantable 

'*    strip  boards,  clear 

"    strip  plank,  dressed  clear 

Spruce  boards,  dressed 

*  *      plank,  1\  inch each 

*•     plank,  2  inch each 

•*     plank,  1\  in.,  dressed 

**     plank,  2  in.,  dressed 

'*     wall  strips 

•*      timber per  M  ft. 

Hemlock  boards each 

**        joist,  2Jx4: 

"        joist,  3x4 

"        joist,  4x6 

Ash,  good per  M  ft. 

Oak 

Maple,  cull 

•'     good  

Chestnut 

Cypress,  1,  1  J,  2  and  2J  in 

Black  walnut,  good  to  choice 

I 

*'  selected  and  seasoned 

**  counters per  ft. 

6x5 

6x6 

7x7 

8x8 

Cherry,  wide per  M  ft. 

'  *      ordinary 

Whitewood,  inch 

"  I  inch 

'  *  I  panels 

Shingles,  extra  shaved  pine,  18  in per  M 

*  *        extra  shaved  pine,  16  in 

"        extra  sawed  pine,  18  in 

"        clear  sawed  pine,  16  in 


20.00 

18.00 

0.50 

0.38 

0.30 

0.32 

0.28 

0.25 

0.20 

0.26 

0.35 

0.25 

0.26 

0.40 

0.30 

0.45 

0.16 

25.00 

0.18 

0.17 

0.20 

0.44 

55.00 

65.00 

30.00 

50.00 

52.00 

40.00 

125.00 

100.00 

175.00 

0.28 

160.00 

160.00 

180.00 

180.00 

120.00 

80.00 

50.00 

40.00 

50.00 

6.00 

4.00 

5.00 

4.00 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


49 


carpenters'  and  joiners'  work  {Continued), 


Shingles,  cypress,  24  x  6 

*  *        cypress,  20  x  6 

Yellow  pine  dressed  flooring per  M  ft. 

Yellow  pine  girders 

Locust  posts,  8  feet  . .  per  foot 

'  *        posts,  10  feet 

'  •       posts,  12  feet 

Chestnut  posts 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  »P6r  ft- 

Cargo  rates  10  per  cent.  oflf. 

rOKEIGN   WOODS — DUTY  FREE. 

Cedar. 

Cuba  and  Mexican  small per  super,  ft. 

♦ '  •  *  medium 

**  "  large 

Florida per  cubic  foot 

Mahogany. 

Cuba,  small 

*'      medium 

*  *      large 

'  •      shaded  or  figured 

St.  Domingo,    crotches,    ordinary  to    good,    per 

superficial  foot 

St.  Domingo,  crotches,  fine 

"  logs,  small 

"  logs,  large 

Mexican,  large 

"        medium 

* '        small 

Honduras 

Eosewood,  ordinary  to  good per  lb. 

'  *  good  to  fine 

Honduras per  ton 

Satinwood per  superficial  foot 

Tulipwood per  lb. 

Lignumvitae,  8  and  11  inch per  ton 

"  other  sizes .,,,,,.... 


DOORS,    WINDOWS  AND   BLINDS. 

Doors,  raised  iMnels,  two  sides. 

2.0  X  6.0 n  inch 

2.6x6.6 1}     " 

2.6x6.8 ij     ♦' 

2.8x  6.8 ■: Ij:     '* 


20.00 

12.00 

40.00 

40.00 

0.20 

0.25 

0.34 

0.03i 


0.07 
0.09 
0.11 
0.15 

0.20 
0.30 
0.08 
0.14 
0.15 
0.11 
0.08 
0.12  J 
0.04^ 
0.08" 
20.00 
0.75 
0.07 
50.00 
25.00 


1.04 
1.38 
1.44 
1.50 


50 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


carpenters'  and  joiners'  work  (^Continued). 


DoorSf  moulded, 

2.0  X  6.0 11  inch 

2.0x6.6 \   H 


2.6x6.8.. 
2.6x6.10. 


2.6x7.0. 


2.8x6.8. 


2.8x7.0. 


2.10x6.10. 


1^ 
li 
ij 
li 
li 

it 

li 
If 
li 
l| 
.  l| 
Outside  blinds. 

Per  lineal  foot,  up  to  2.10  wide 

Per  lineal  foot,  up  to  3.1  wide 

Per  lineal  foot,  up  to  3.4  wide 

Inside  blinds. 

Per  lineal  foot,  4  folds,  pine , 

Per  lineal  foot,  4  folds,  ash  or  chestnut 

Per  lineal  foot,  4  folds,  cherry  or  butternut . 
Per  lineal  foot,  4  folds,  black  walnut 


3.0x7.0. 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


1.70 
1.79 
2.24 
2.07 
2.62 
2.11 
2.68 
2.27 
2.71 
2.16 
2.75 
3.84 
2.35 
2.83 
3.99 
2.28 
2.92 
4.00 
2.54 
3.09 
4.39 

0.25 
0.27 
0.30 


0.60 
0.96 
1.28 
1.36 


Correct 
Price. 


The  foregoing  prices  are  wholesale  quotations;  the  following, 
unless  otherwise  specified,  are  manufacturers'  prices.  A  liberal 
discount  is  always  allowed  to  contractors. 

It  is  usual  in  estimating,  to  charge  retail  prices,  and  then  add 
contractor's  percentage  on  whole  amount. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


5' 


DOORS,    SASHES  AND   BLINDS. 

The  following  are  Factory  jDrices,  and  will  be  found  approximately 
correct  for  any  part  of  the  tjnited  States  or  Canada : 

Prices  and  Sizes  of  Windows. — Plain  Bail  Sash. 
Eight  Lighted  Windows. 


Size  of  Glass. 

Thickness. 

Price  per 
Window. 

Price  per 
Window, 
Glazed. 

S 

ize  of  Window, 
ij^inch  Bar. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

Ft. 

In.          Ft.     In. 

8x12 

13-16 

.36 

.95 

8J  x  4      6 

8x14 

.41 

1.10 

8^  X  5      2 

8x16 

.48 

1.30 

8i  x  5     10 

9x12 

.36 

1.05 

10^  X  4      6 

9x14 

.41 

1.20 

lOJ  X  5      2 

9x16 

.48 

1.45 

lOj  X  5     10 

9x18 

.56 

1.60 

1 

lOJ  X  6      6 

10x12 

.36 

1.10 

2 

OJ  X  4      6 

10  X  14 

.41 

1.30 

2 

OA  X  5      2 

10x16 

.48 

1.55 

2 

0,1  X  5     10 

10x18 

.56 

1.75 

2 

OJ  X  6      6 

10x20 

.64 

1.95 

2 

Oi  X  7      2 

8x12 

13-8 

.43 

1.05 

8i  X  4      6 

8x14 

.51 

1.20 

8J  X  5      2 

8x16 

.57 

1.35 

8A  X  5     10 

9x12 

.43 

1.10 

lOi  X  4       6 

9x14 

.51 

1.30 

lOj  X  5      2 

9x16 

.67 

1.50 

10|  X  5     10 

9x18 

.63 

1.60 

lOJ  X  6       6 

10x12 

.43 

1.20 

2 

OJ  X  4       6 

10x14 

.51 

1.40 

2 

OJ  X  5       2 

10x16 

.57 

1.65 

2 

Oi  X  5     10 

10x18 

.63 

1.80 

2 

Oi  X  6       6 

10x20 

.73 

2.05 

2 

0.V  X  7      3 

Twelve  Lighted  Windows. 


Size  of  Glass. 

Thickness. 

Price  per 
Window. 

Price  per 

Window, 

Glazed. 

Size  of  Window. 

Inches. 

7x    9 
8x10 
8x12 
8x14 
8x16 

Inches. 
1  3-16 

$    cts. 
.25 
.25 
.36 
.40 
.47 

$    cts. 

•80 
•90 

120 

1.35 

1.60 

Ft.     In.       Ft.     In. 

2      1x3      4J 
2      4x3      9| 
2      4x4      6 
2      4x5      2 
2      4  X  5     10 

THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


Twelve  Lighted  Windows  (Continued). 


Size  of  Glass. 

Thickness. 

Price  per 
Window. 

Price  per 
Window, 
Glazed. 

Size  of  Window. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

$      CIS. 

$    cts. 

Ft. 

In.      Ft. 

In. 

9x12 

1  3-16 

.36 

1.30 

2 

7x4 

6 

9x13 

.40 

1.40 

2 

7x4 

10 

9x14 

.40 

1.50 

2 

7x5 

2 

9x15 

.47 

1.65 

2 

7x5 

6 

9x16 

.47 

1.80 

2 

7x5 

10 

9x18 

.51 

1.90 

2 

7x6 

6 

10x12 

.36 

1.40 

2 

10  X  4 

6 

10x14 

.40 

1.60 

2 

10  X  5 

2 

10x15 

.47 

1.75 

2 

10  X  5 

6 

10x16 

.47 

1.95 

2 

10  X  5 

10 

10x18 

.51 

2.15 

2 

10  X  6 

6 

8x10 

l\ 

]-S 

.32 

1.00 

2 

4x3 

10 

8x12 

.45 

1.30 

2 

4x4 

6 

8x14 

.51 

1.50 

2 

4x5 

9. 

8x16 

.57 

1.60 

2 

4x5 

10 

9x12 

.45 

1.40 

2 

7x4 

6 

9x13 

.51 

1.45 

2 

7x4 

10 

9x14 

.51 

1.65 

2 

7x5 

2 

9x15 

.57 

1.80 

2 

7x5 

6 

9x16 

.57 

1.95 

2 

7x5 

10 

9x18 

.63 

2.05 

2 

7  X  6 

6 

10x12 

< 

.45 

1.50 

2 

10  x  4 

6 

10x14 

. 

•51 

1.75 

2 

10  X  5 

2 

10x15 

* 

.57 

1.90 

2 

10  X  5 

6 

10x16 

.57 

2.05 

2 

10  X  5 

10 

10x18 

.63 

2.30 

2 

10  X  6 

6 

10x20 

.73 

2.60 

2 

10  X  7 

2 

10x22 

.83 

2.90 

2 

10  X  7 

10 

10x24 

.95 

3.15 

2 

10  X  8 

6 

12x14 

.64 

2.15 

3 

4x5 

2 

12x16 

•70 

2.40 

3 

4x5 

10 

12x18 

•83 

2.80 

3 

4x6 

6 

12x20 

•95 

3.15 

3 

4x7 

2 

12x22 

1.05 

3.45 

3 

4x7 

10 

12x24 

1.20 

4.00 

3 

4x8 

6 

AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


S3 


Check  Bail  or  Lip  Sash. 
Four   Lighted    Windows. 


Price  per 

Size  of  Glass. 

Thickness. 

Price  per 
Window. 

Window, 

Glazed  and 

Bedded. 

Size  of  Window. 
lys  Inch  Bar. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

Ft.     In.     Ft.     In. 

12  X  20 

1  3-8 

.46 

1.35 

2    5  X  3     10 

12  X  22 

.52 

1.55 

2    5x4      2 

12  X  24 

.57 

1.65 

2    5x4      6 

12  X  26 

.64 

1.80 

2    5  X  4    10 

12  X  28 

.67 

1.95 

2    5x5      2 

12  X  30 

.70 

2.10 

2    5x5      6 

12  X  32 

.75 

2.30 

2    5  X  5     10 

12  X  34 

.80 

2.35 

2    5x6      2 

12  X  36 

.85 

2.50 

2    5x6      6 

12  X  38 

.90 

2.65 

2    5  x  6    10 

14  X  24 

.81 

2.10 

2    9x4      6 

14  X  26 

.84 

2.20 

2    9  x  4    10 

14  X  28 

.87 

2.40 

2    9x5      2 

14  X  30 

.90 

2.55 

2    9x5      6 

14  X  32 

.92 

2.65 

2    9  X  5     10 

14  X  34 

.95 

2.80 

2    9x6      2 

14  X  36 

.98 

2.95 

2     9x6      6 

14  X  38 

1.00 

3.10 

2    9  X  6    10 

14  X  40 

1.05 

3.30 

2    9x7      2 

16  X  36 

1.05 

3.30 

3    1x6      6 

16  X  38 

1.10 

3.35 

3     1  X  6    10 

16  X  40 

1.15 

3.75 

3     1x7      2 

16  X  42 

1.20 

3.80 

3     1x7      6 

16  X  44 

1.25 

4.10 

3     1  X  7    10 

12  X  30 

1 

3-4 

.82 

2.40 

2    5x5      6 

12  X  32 

.85 

2.55 

2    5  X  5     10 

12  X  34 

.90 

2.65 

2    5x6      2 

12  X  36 

.95 

2.80 

2    5x6      6 

12  X  38 

1.00 

2.90 

2    5  X  6    10 

12  X  40 

1.05 

3.10 

2    5x7      2 

14  X  30 

1.00 

2.80 

2     9x5      6 

14  X  32 

1.00 

2.90 

2     9x5     10 

14  X  34 

1.05 

3.05 

2    9x6      2 

14  X  36 

1.10 

3.25 

2    9x6      6 

14  X  38 

1.10 

3.40 

2     9  X  6    10 

14  X  40 

1.15 

3.60 

2     9x7      2 

14  X  42 

1.20 

3.80 

2    9x7      6 

14  X  44 

1.25 

3.85 

2    9  X  7    10 

14  X  46 

1.30 

4.10 

2    9x8      2 

14  X  48 

3.35 

4.50 

2     9x8      6 

54 


THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 


Four  Lighted  Windows  {Continue^l). 


Price  per 

Size  of  Glass. 

Thickness. 

Price  per 
Window. 

Window, 

Glazed  and 

Bedded. 

Size  of  Window. 
ij/s  Inch  Bar. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$  cts. 

Ft.       In.       Ft.     In. 

16  X  36 

13-4 

1.20 

3.65 

3     1x6       6 

16  X  38 

1.25 

3.75 

3     1  X  6    10 

16  X  40 

1.30 

4.05 

3     1x7      2 

16  X  42 

1.30 

4.10 

3     1x7      6 

16  X  44 

1.35 

4.35 

3     1  X  7    10 

16  X  46 

1.40 

4.90 

3     1x8      2 

16  X  48 

1.45 

5.50 

3     1x8      6 

Segment  Face,  i^  thick,  add  30c.;  i^  thick,  add  40c.     Half  Circle  Face,  1} 
add  75c.;  I  ^  thick,  add  $1.00.     Price  same  as  Common  Bar. 


Eight  Lighted  Windows. 


Price  per 

Size  of  Glass. 

Thickness. 

Price  per 
Window. 

Window. 
Glazed  and 

Size  of  Window. 
iH  Inch  Bar. 

Bedded. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

Ft. 

In.     Ft.    In. 

9  X  12 

13-8 

.52 

1.25 

1 

11  X  4      6 

9  X  14 

.62 

1.50 

1 

11  X  5      2 

9  X  16 

.66 

1.70 

1 

11  X  5     10 

9  X  18 

.72 

1.80 

1 

11  X  6      6 

10  X  12 

.52 

1.30 

2 

1x4      6 

10  X  14 

.62 

1.55 

2 

1x5      2 

10  X  16 

.66 

1.75 

2 

1  X  5     10 

10  X  18 

.72 

1.95 

2 

1x6      6 

10  X  20 

.85 

2.25 

2 

1x7      2 

12  X  14 

.68 

1.80 

2 

5x5      2 

12  X  16 

.73 

2.00 

2 

5  X  5     10 

12  X  18 

.85 

2.30 

2 

5x6      6 

12  X  20 

.95 

2.55 

2 

5x7      2 

14  X  16 

.80 

2.30 

2 

9  X  5    10 

14  X  18 

.95 

2.60 

2 

9x6      6 

14  X  20 

1.10 

2.90 

2 

9x7      2 

14  X  22 

1.25 

3.40 

2 

9  X  7     10 

14  X  24 

1.45 

3.80 

2 

9x8      6 

10  X  16 

13-4 

.84 

2.10 

2 

1  X  5     10 

10  X  18 

.88 

2.30 

2 

1x6      6 

10  X  20 

.98 

2.55 

2 

1x7      2 

12  X  14 

.82 

2.15 

2 

5x5      2 

12  X  16 

.88 

2.30 

2 

5  X  5     10 

12  X  18 

.98 

2.60 

2 

5x6      6 

AND  ESTIMATOR  S  PRICE  BOOK. 


55 


Eight  Lighted  Windows  {Continued), 


Price  per 

Size  of  Glass. 

Thickness. 

Price  per 
Window. 

Window, 
Glazed  and 

Size  of  Window, 
ij^  Inch  Bar. 

Bedded. 

Inches 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

Ft. 

In.       Ft.     In. 

12  X  20 

1  3-4 

1.10 

2.90 

2 

5x7      2 

12  X  22 

1.25 

3.20 

2 

5  X  7    10 

12  X  24 

1.40 

3.70 

2 

5x8      6 

U  X  16 

.95 

2.60 

2 

9  X  5     10 

U  X  18 

1.10 

2.90 

2 

9x6      6 

14  X  20 

1.25 

3.25 

2 

9x7      2 

14  X  22 

1.40 

3.75 

2 

9  X  7     10 

14  X  24 

1.60 

4.15 

2 

9x8      6 

Segment  Face,  i^  thick,  add  30c.;  1%  thick,  add  40c. 
Half  Circle  Face,  1%  thick,  add  75c.;'  i^  thick,  add  $1.0 
Sizes  not  given  above,  extra  price. 


Twelve  Lighted  Windows. 


Price  per 

Size  of  Glass. 

Thickness. 

Price  per 
Window. 

Window, 

G!azeci  and 

Bedded. 

s 

ze  of  Window 

Inches. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

Ft. 

In.       Ft.     In. 

8  X  10 

1  3-8 

.43 

1.20 

2 

4J  X  3      10 

8  X  12 

.54 

1.45 

2 

4A  X  4      6 

8  X  14 

.58 

1.60 

2 

4i  X  5      2 

8  X  16 

.67 

1.85 

2 

4J  X  5     10 

9  X  12 

.54 

1.55 

2 

7i  X  4      6 

9  X  13 

.58 

1.70 

2 

7^  X  4    10 

9  X  14 

.58 

1.80 

2 

7A  X  5      2 

9  X  15 

.58 

1.85 

2 

7A^  X  5      6 

9  X  16 

.67 

2.10 

2 

7i  X  5     10 

9  X  18 

.72 

2.20 

2 

7J  X  6      6 

10  X  12 

.54 

1.60 

2 

10^  X  4      6 

10  X  14 

.58 

1.85 

2 

lOJ  X  5      2 

10  X  15 

.67 

2.05 

2 

lOJ  X  5      6 

10  X  16 

.67 

2.25 

2 

lOj  X  5    10 

10  X  18 

" 

.80 

2.60 

2 

10^  X  6      6 

10  X  20 

«« 

.85 

2.85 

2 

102^  X  7      2 

10  X  22 

♦* 

.92 

3.10 

2 

102^  X  7    10 

10  X  24 

«« 

1.00 

3.30 

2 

10^  X  8      6 

12  X  14 

«♦ 

.68 

2.30 

3 

4j  X  5      2 
4^  X  5     10 

12  X  16 

'• 

.80 

2.60 

3 

12  X  18     1 

.93 

3.00 

3 

4j  X  6      6 

12  X  20 

1 

.98 

3.25 

3 

4^  X  7      2 

56 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


Twelve  Lighted  Windows  {Continued). 


Price  per 

Size  of  Glass. 

Thickness. 

Price  per 
Window. 

Window, 
Glazed  and 

Size  of  Window. 

Bedded. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

Ft. 

In.       Ft. 

In. 

12  X  22 

13-8 

1.05 

3.55 

3 

4i  X  7 

10 

12  X  24 

*« 

1.10 

4.00 

3 

4J  X  8 

6 

9  X  12 

13-4 

.69 

1.90 

2 

7J  X  4 

6 

9  X  13 

.73 

2.00 

2 

7i  X  4 

10 

9  X  14 

.73 

2.10 

2 

7i  X  5 

2 

9  X  15 

.78 

2.25 

2 

7J  X  5 

6 

9  X  16 

.84 

2.50 

2 

7J  X  5 

10 

9  X  18 

.89 

2.65 

2 

7J  X  6 

6 

10  X  12 

.70 

1.95 

2 

10^  X  4 

6 

10  X  14 

.73 

2.25 

2 

10|  X  5 

2 

10  X  15 

.84 

2.40 

2 

lOj  X  5 

6 

10  X  16 

.84 

2.60 

2 

lOJ  X  5 

10 

10  X  18 

.89 

2.85 

2 

10^  X  6 

6 

10  X  20 

1.00 

3.15 

2 

10^  X  7 

2 

10  X  22 

1.10 

3.45 

2 

10^  X  7 

10 

10  X  24 

1.20 

3.70 

2 

10|  X  8 

6 

12  X  14 

.85 

2.65 

3 

4j  X  5 

2 

12  X  16 

.89 

2.90 

3 

4^  X  5 

10 

12  X  18 

1.00 

3.30 

3 

41x6 

6 

12  X  20 

1.20 

3.65 

3 

4^  X  7 

2 

12  X  22 

1.30 

4.00 

3 

4^  X  7 

10 

12  X  24 

1.35 

4.50 

3 

4J  X  8 

6 

Transom  Sash. 
Two  Lights. 


Size  of  Glass. 

Thickness. 

Price. 

Price, 
Glazed. 

Size  of  Window. 

Inches 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

Ft.      In.            In. 

8  X  13 

1   3-8 

.25 

.55 

2      6    X     12 

10  X  13 

.25 

.60 

2      6    X     14 

12  X  13 

.25 

.65 

2       6    X    16 

8  X  14 

.32 

.65 

2      8    X    12 

10  X  14 

.32 

.75 

2      8    X    14 

12  X  14 

.32 

.75 

2      8    X     16 

10  X  15 

.32 

.75 

2     10    X    14 

12  X  15 

.32 

.80 

2     10    X    16 

14  X  15 

.32 

.95 

2     10    X    18 

10  X  16 

.32 

.80 

3      0    X    14 

12  X  16 

.32 

.85 

3      0    X    16 

14  X  16 

.32 

.95 

3      0    X    18 

16  X  16 

.38 

1.05 

3      0    X    20 

AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


57 


Paiitr-y  Check  Rail  or  Lip  Sash. 
Four  Lighted  Windows,  one  light  wide. 


Price  per 

Size  of  Glass. 

Thickness. 

Price  per 

Window. 

Window, 

Glazed  and 

Bedded. 

Size  of  Window. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

Ft.    In.      Ft.     In. 

9  X  12 

1  3-8 

.50 

1.00 

11x4      6 

9  X  14 

«< 

.55 

1.25 

11x5       2 

9  X  16 

«♦ 

.60 

1.50 

1     1  X  5     10 

Fifteen  and  Eightetn  Light  Windows. 

For  15  Light  Windows,  add  to  price  of  12  Light  Windows  \. 

"    18         ''  "  "  '*  12      ♦♦  '♦  J. 

Segment  Transom  Sash. 
One  Light  for  Double  Doors. 


Size  of  Sash. 

Thickness. 

Price. 

Price,  Glazed. 

Ft.    In.            In. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

4     0      X      18 

1  3-4 

1.10 

2.40 

4    4    X    20 

1.25 

3.10 

4    6    X    18 

1.30 

3.00 

4    6    X    20 

1.35 

3.25 

4    6    X    24 

1.40 

3.75 

5    0    X    22 

1.50 

4.00 

6    0    X    24 

1.60 

4.50 

Hot  Bed  Sash. 
Made  for  6  or  7  inch  Glass.     Odd  sizes  extra  price. 


Size  of  Sash. 

Thickness. 

Price,  each 
Sash. 

Price, 

each  Sash, 

Glazed. 

Ft.     In.     Ft.   In. 

3    0x60 
3    0x60 

Inches. 

1  3-8 
1  3-4 

$    cts. 
1.00 
1.30 

$  cts. 

2.25 
2.75 

Four  Light  Bam  Sash. 


Size  of  Glass. 

Thickness. 

Price  per  Sash. 

Price,  per  Sash 
Glazed. 

Inches. 

8  X  10 

9  X  12 
9  X  14 
9  X  16 

Inches. 

13-16 

$    cts. 

.25 
.30 
.35 
.35 

$     cts. 

.65 

.75 

.95 

1.05 

58 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


Cellar  Sash. 
Three  Lights. 


Size  of 
Glass. 


Inches. 

7x    9 

8x10 

9x12 

9x13 

9xU 

9x15 

9x16 

10x12 

10x14 

10x15 

10x16 

12x12 

12x14 

12x16 

12x18 


Thick- 

Price, 

Price, 

Price. 

Single 

Double 

Glazed. 

Glazed. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

13-8 

.16 

.40 

.50 

.20 

.45 

.60 

.22 

.55 

.80 

.22 

.60 

.85 

.25 

.65 

.90 

.25 

.70 

1.00 

.30 

.75 

1.10 

.25 

.60 

.85 

.25 

.70 

1.00 

.25 

.75 

1.10 

.30 

.80 

1.15 

.25 

.70 

1.05 

.30 

.80 

1.20 

.32 

.95 

1.40 

.35 

1.05 

1.60 

Size  of  Sash. 


Ft.     In.      Ft.     In. 


8 

10 


0.  G.  Four  Panel  Doors. 
Eaised  Panels  both  sides. 


Size. 

Thickness. 

Price, 
First  Quality. 

Price, 
Second  Quality. 

Ft.     In.     Ft. 

In. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

2    0x6 

0 

13-16 

1.50 

1.30 

2    4x6 

4 

1.70 

1.45 

2    0x6 

6 

1.70 

1.45 

2    2x6 

6 

< 

1.70 

1.45 

2    4x6 

6 

1.70 

1.45 

2     6x6 

6 

1.70 

1.45 

2    0x6 

8 

1.85 

1.60 

2    2x6 

8 

1.85 

1.60 

2    4x6 

8 

1.85 

1.60 

2     6x6 

8 

1.85 

1.6C 

2     8x6 

8 

1.85 

1.6( 

2    0x6 

10 

2.00 

i.r 

2     2x6 

10 

2.00 

1.7f' 

2    4x6 

10 

2.00 

l.li 

2     6x6 

10 

2.00 

1.75 

2    8x6 

10 

2.00 

1.75 

2  10  X  6 

10 

<< 

2.00 

1.75 

AND  estimator's   PRICE    BOOK. 


59 


Raised  Panels  both  sides  {Continued) 

Price, 

Price, 

Size. 

Thickness. 

First  Quality. 

Second  Quality. 

Ft.     In.     Ft.     In. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

3      0x7      0 

13-16 

2.15 

3.90 

2      4x6      4 

13-8 

1.85 

1.50 

2      0x6      6 

1.85 

1.50 

2      2x6      6 

1.85 

1.50 

2      4x6      6 

1.85 

1.50 

2      6x6      6 

1.85 

1.50 

2      0x6      8 

2.00 

1.65 

2      2x6      8 

2.00 

1.65 

2      4x6      8 

2.00 

1.65 

2      6x6      8 

2.00 

1.65 

2      8x6      8 

2.00 

1.65 

2      0x6    10 

2.15 

1.80 

2      2x6    10 

2.15 

1.80 

2      4x6    10 

2.15 

1.80 

2      6  X  6    10 

2.15 

1.80 

2      8x6    10 

2.15 

1.80 

2     10x6    10 

* 

2.15 

1.80 

2      0x7      0 

2.30 

2.00 

2      2x7      0 

2.30 

2.00 

2      4x7      0 

i 

2.30 

2.00 

2      6x7      0 

2.30 

2.00 

2      8x7      0 

2.30 

2.00 

2    10x7      0 

2.30 

2.00 

3      0x7      0 

2.30 

2.00 

2      4x7      6 

2.50 

2.20 

2      6x7      6 

2.50 

2.20 

2      8x7      6 

< 

2.50 

2.20 

2     10x7      6 

2.50 

2.20 

3      0x7      6 

2.50 

2.20 

3      0x8      0 

2.65 

2.30 

2      8x6      8 

1  , 

3-4 

3.00 

2.55 

2     10  X  6    10 

I 

3.40 

2.85 

2      6x7      0 

3.50 

3.00 

2      8x7      0 

3.50 

3.00 

2     10x7      0 

3.50 

3.00 

3      0x7      0 

3.^0 

3.00 

2      8x7      6 

3.75 

3.20 

2     10x7      6 

3.75 

3.20 

3      0x7      6 

3.75 

3.20 

2      8x8      0 

4.00 

3.35 

2     10  X  8      0 

4.00 

3.35 

3      0x8      0 

4.00 

3.35 

3      0x8      6 

4.50 

3.80 

3      0x9      0 

4.75 

4.20 

6o 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


The  prices  on  the  preceding  page  are  for  Wedged-up  Doors. 
Sizes  not  given,  extra  price.     No  deductions  for  Doors  not  Wedged. 

Sash  Doors. 
Same  price  as  Four  Panel  Doors,  same  size  and  thickness. 

Four  Panel  Moulded  Doors. 
Flush  or  Sunk  Moulding. 


Price, 

Price, 

Size. 

Thickness. 

Moulded  i  side. 

Moulded  2  sides. 

Ft. 

In.     Ft. 

In. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

2 

4x6 

4 

13-8 

2.80 

3.25 

2 

0x6 

6 

2.80 

3.25 

2 

2x6 

6 

2.80 

3.25 

2 

4x6 

6 

2.80 

3.25 

2 

6x6 

6 

2.80 

3.25 

2 

0x6 

8 

3.00 

3.50 

2 

2x6 

8 

3.00 

3.50 

2 

4x6 

8 

3.00 

3.50 

2 

6x6 

8 

3.00 

3.50 

2 

8x6 

8 

3.00 

3.50 

2 

0x6 

10 

3.20 

3.70 

2 

2x6 

10 

3.20 

3.70 

2 

4x6 

10 

3.20 

3.70 

2 

6x6 

10 

3.20 

3.70 

2 

8x6 

10 

3.20 

3.70 

2 

10  X  6 

10 

3.20 

3.70 

2 

0x7 

0 

3.40 

3.90 

2 

2x7 

0 

3.40 

3.90 

2 

4x7 

0 

3.40 

3.90 

2 

6x7 

0 

3.40 

3.90 

2 

8x7 

0 

3.40 

3.90 

2 

10  X  7 

0 

3.40 

3.90 

3 

0x7 

0 

3.40 

3.90 

2 

4x7 

6 

3.60 

4.10 

2 

6x7 

6 

3.60 

4.10 

2 

8x7 

6 

3.60 

4.10 

2 

10  X  7 

6 

, 

3.60 

4.10 

3 

0x7 

6 

3.60 

4.10 

3 

0x8 

0 

3.80 

4.30 

3 

0x8 

6 

4.00 

4.50 

2 

8x6 

8 

1 

3-4 

3.80 

4.40 

2 

10  X  6 

10 

4.20 

4.80 

2 

6x7 

0 

4.40 

5.00 

2 

8x7 

0 

4.40 

5.00 

2 

10  X  7 

0 

4.40 

5.00 

3 

0x7 

0 

4.40 

5.00 

AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


6£ 


Flush  or  Sunk  Moulding  ( Continued). 


Size. 

Thickness. 

Price, 
Moulded  i  side. 

Price, 
Moulded  2  sides. 

Ft.     In.     Ft 

In. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

2      8x7 

6 

13-4 

4.60 

5.20 

2    10  X  7 

6 

4.60 

5.20 

3      0x7 

6 

4.60 

5.20 

2      8x8 

0 

4.80 

5.40 

2     10  X  8 

0 

4.80 

5.40 

3      0x8 

0 

4.80 

5.40 

3      0x8 

6 

5.25 

5.85 

3      0x9 

0 

5.65 

6.25 

Add  to  price  of  Moulded  Dours  for  Circle  Top  Panels  or  Segment,  $1.00  for  each 
side.     Sizes  not  given  above,  extra  price. 

Kaised  Moulding. 


Price, 

Price, 

Size. 

Thickness. 

Moulded  i  side. 

Moulded  2  sides. 

Ft. 

In.       Ft. 

In. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

2 

4x6 

4 

13-8 

3.25 

4.25 

2 

0x6 

6 

3.25 

4.25 

2 

2x6 

6 

3.25 

4.25 

2 

4x6 

6 

3.25 

4.25 

2 

6x6 

6 

3.25 

4.25 

2 

0x6 

8 

3.50 

4.45 

2 

2x6 

8 

3.50 

4.45 

2 

4x6 

8 

3.50 

4.45 

2 

6x6 

8 

3.50 

4.45 

2 

8x6 

8 

3.50 

4.45 

2 

0x6 

10 

3.70 

4.65 

2 

2x6 

10 

3.70 

4.65 

2 

4x6 

10 

3.70 

4.65 

2 

6x6 

10 

3.70 

4.65 

2 

8x6 

10 

3.70 

4.65 

2 

10  X  6 

10 

3.70 

4.65 

2 

0x7 

0 

3.90 

4.85 

2 

2x7 

0 

3.90 

4.85 

2 

4x7 

0 

3.90 

4.85 

2 

6x7 

0 

3.90 

4.85 

2 

8x7 

0 

3.90 

4.85 

2 

10  X  7 

0 

3.90 

4.85 

3 

0x7 

0 

3.90 

4.85 

2 

4x7 

6 

4.10 

5.05 

2 

6x7 

6 

4.10 

5.05 

2 

8x7 

6 

4.10 

5.05 

2 

10  X  7 

6 

4.10 

5.05 

C2 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


-Raised  Moulding  (Continued). 


Price, 

Price, 

S  ize. 

Thickness. 

Moulded  I  side. 

Moulded  2  sides. 

Ft.     In.       Ft. 

In. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

3      0x7 

6 

1  3-8 

4.10 

5.05 

3      0x8 

0 

" 

4.30 

5.25 

3      0x8 

6 

♦* 

4.60 

5.55 

2      8x6 

8 

13-4 

4.40 

5.60 

2     10  X  6 

10 

«« 

4.80 

6.00 

2      6x7 

0 

«* 

5.00 

6.20 

2      8x7 

0 

'< 

5.00 

6.20 

2     10  X  7 

0 

(( 

5.00 

6.20 

3      0x7 

0 

tt 

5.00 

6.20 

2      8x7 

6 

'< 

5.20 

6.40 

2     10  X  7 

6 

<( 

5.20 

6.40 

3      0x7 

6 

<' 

5.20 

6.40 

2      8x8 

0 

** 

5.40 

6.60 

2     10  X  8 

0 

(( 

5.40 

6.60 

3      0x8 

0 

(( 

5.40 

6.60 

3      0x8 

6 

(( 

5.85 

7.05 

3      0x9 

0 

" 

6.25 

7.45 

Add  to  price  of  Moulded  Doors  for  Circle  Top  Panels  or  Segment,  $1.00  for  each 
side.     Sizes  not  given  above,  extra  price. 

Inch  Doors. 
Four  Panel  O  G.     Kaised  Panels  both  sides. 


Price, 

Price, 

Size. 

First  Quality. 

Second  Quality. 

Ft.     In.     Ft. 

In. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

2    0x6 

0 

1.05 

.90 

2    0x6 

4 

1.05 

.90 

^4x6 

4 

1.20 

1.05 

2    0x6 

6 

1.20 

1.05 

2    2x6 

6 

1.20 

1.05 

2    4x6 

6 

1.20 

1.05 

2    6x6 

6 

1.35 

1.15 

2    0x6 

8 

1.20 

1.05 

2    2x6 

8 

1.20 

1.05 

2    4x6 

8 

1.35 

1.15 

2    6x6 

8 

1.50 

1.30 

2     8x6 

8 

1.50 

1.30 

Inch  Doors  are  made  out  ot  inch  lumber,  and  finish  up  full  %  inch  thick. 
These  paces  a  e  for  Wedged-up  Doors. 
No  deductions  made  for  Doors  not  Wedged. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


63 


Store  Doors. 
Heavy  Raised  Mouldings  Outside. 


With  Sash 

With  Shutters 

Size. 

Thickness. 

Rabatted  on 
fur  Shutters. 

fitted  and 
trimmed. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

$    cts. 

4    6x7 

0 

13-8 

7.20 

10.40 

5    0x7 

0 

(( 

8.00 

11.20 

5    0x7 

6 

*< 

8.80 

12.00 

5    0x8 

0 

({ 

9.60 

12.80 

5    0x7 

0 

13-4 

8.80 

12.00 

5    0x7 

6 

♦' 

9.60 

12.80 

5    0x8 

0 

" 

10.40 

13.60 

5    0x8 

6 

** 

11.20 

14.40 

5    0x9 

0 

" 

12.00 

15.20 

6    0x9 

0 

" 

12.80 

16.00 

Double  thick,  add  50  to  100  per  cent     All  heavy  raised,  moulded  on  one  side. 

Double  Front  Doors. 
Heavy  Baised  Moulding  Outside,  Circle  Top  Panels. 


Size. 

Thickness. 

Price  per  pair. 

Ft.    In.      Ft. 

In. 

Inches. 

$      cts. 

4    0x7 

0 

13-4 

12.00 

4    4x7 

0 

12.00 

4    6x7 

0 

12.80 

4    6x7 

6 

13.60 

4    6x8 

0 

14.40 

5    0x7 

6 

14.40 

5    0x8 

0 

15.20 

Outside  Blinds. 
Twelve  Light   Windows. 


Size. 

Thickness. 

Price, 

Stationary 

Rolling  Slats. 

Slats. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

$    cts 

8  X   10 

13-16 

1.00 

8  X  12 

«« 

1.25 

«iS 

8  X  14 

'« 

1.40 

.OC/} 

9  X  12 

*« 

1.25 

p.  ^ 

9  X  13 

«• 

1.40 

1*9 

9  X  14 

«« 

1.40 

wp^ 

9  X  15 

" 

1.50 

c« 

64 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 
Twelve  Light  Windows  {Continued). 


Size, 


Thickness. 


Price, 
Rolling  Slats. 


Stationary 
Slats. 


Inches. 

9  X  16 
9  X 

X 
X 
X 


18 
12 
14 
15 

16 
18 
20 


Inches. 

13-16 


$      CIS. 

1.50 
1.70 
1.25 
1.40 
1.50 
1.50 
1.70 
1.60 


Eight  Light  Windows. 


Size. 

Thickness. 

Price, 

Stationary 

Rolling  Slats. 

Slats 

Inches. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

9  X  12 

13-16 

1.25 

9  X  14 

1.40 

i2 

9  X  16 

1.50 

m 

9  X  18 

1.70 

b« 

10  X  12 

1.25 

a 

10  X  14 

1.40 

Pi 

10  X  16 

1.50 

10  X  18 

1.70 

P. 

10  X  20 

1.90 

'S. 

12  X  14 

1.40 

V 

12  X  16 

1.50 

12  X  18 

1.70 

w 

12  X  20 

1.90 

Four  Light  Windows. 


Size. 


Inclic. 

12  X  20 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 


22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 


Thickness. 


Inches. 

1  3-16 


Price, 
Rolling  Slats. 


$     cts. 

1.00 
1.25 
1.25 
1.40 
1.40 
1.50 
1.50 


Stationary. 
Slats. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


6s 


Four 

Light  Windows  {Continued). 

Size. 

Thickness. 

Price, 
Rolling  Slats. 

Stationary 
Slats. 

Inches. 

12  X  34 
12  X  36 
12  X  38 

Inches. 

13-16 

$    cts. 

1.70 
1.70 
1.90 

Same  price 
as  Rolling  Slats. 

i}i  thick,  add  to  price  of  i  3-16,  per  window,  25c.  Segment  Head  Blinds,  add  35  to 
40  cents.     Half  Circular  Head  Blinds,  add  75c.  to  $1.00. 

Size  of  Blinds  measure  same  as  Check  Rail  Window,  with  the  addition  of  one  inch  to 
the  bottom  Rail,  for  Sub  sill  Window  Frames. 

Inside  Blinds, 

O  G  Panel  or  Rolling  Slats,  four  fold,  measuring  height  of  window, 

ordinary  width,  per  foot 70  cents. 

Thickness,  IJ  inch. 

The  above  prices  are  for  Pine.  If  hard  wood,  such  as  Cherry,  Ash,  Maple  or  Black 
Walnut,  charge  about  double  the  price  of  Pine. 

Window  Frames  for  Wood  Buildings. 
For  Plain  Rail  Sash,  with  Outside  Casings. 


Size. 

Price. 

Size. 

Price. 

I  nches. 

$    cts. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

8  X  10 

1.00 

9  X  15 

1.80 

9  X  12 

1.35 

9  X  16 

1.80 

10  X  12 

1.35 

10  X  15 

2.00 

9  X  14 

1.65 

10  X  16 

2.00 

10  X  14 

1.65 

Frames  for  Check  Rail  Sash,  with  Outside  Casings. 


Size. 

Price. 

Size. 

Price. 

Inches. 

8  X  10 

9  X  12 
10  X  12 

9  X  14 

10  X  14 

9  X  15 

$    cts. 

1.65 
1.80 
1.80 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 

Inches. 
10  X  15 

9  X  16 
10  X  16 

9  X  18 
10  X  18 
10  X  20 

$    cts. 
2.20 
2.20 
2.20 
2.40 
2.40 
2.40 

Frames  with  Pulleys  for  Weights,  add  60c. 
Segment  Frames,  add  35c. 


Frames  with   Mouldings,   add  60c 


66  THE  builder's  guide, 

Plain  Door  Frames  for  Frame  Buildings. 


Price. 

.$2.50 


S'ze. 

2  ft  8x 6  ft'  8  1  0"'s''i«  Frames,  Casing  1  side 

2ft:8x6ft:8|-I°«>*l«  "  "        '^^'des 2.25 


Window  Frames  for  Brick  Buildings. 
Plain  Window  Frames. 

Made  for  either  Plain  or  Check  Rail,  same  price. 


Size. 

Price. 

Size. 

Price. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

Inches. 

$     Cts. 

8  X  10 

2.00 

10  X  16 

2.65 

9  X  12 

2.10 

9  X  18 

3.00 

10  X  12 

2.10 

10  X  18 

3.00 

9  X  14 

2.35 

10  X  20 

3.25 

10  X  14 

2.35 

10  X  22 

3.50 

9  X  15 

2.35 

10  X  24 

3.50 

10  X  15 

2.65 

12  X  22 

3.50 

9  X  16 

2.65 

12  X  24 

3.50 

Box  Window  Frames. 

Size. 

Price. 

Size. 

Price. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

Inches. 

$    cts. 

8  X  10 

2.65 

10  X  16 

3.25 

9  X  12 

2.80 

9  X  18 

3.25 

10  X  12 

2.80 

10  X  18 

3.25 

9  X  14 

3.00 

10  X  20 

3.65 

10  X  14 

3.00 

12  X  20 

4.00 

9  X  15 

3.25 

12  X  22 

4.00 

10  X  15 

3.25 

12  X  24 

4.00 

9  X  16 

3.25 

Segment  outside,  Square  inside,  add  40  cts. 

Boped,  Bihhon,  Spiral  and  Beaded  Mouldings. 
Price  List — Net  Prices. 

*PINE  OR  WHITE   WOOD. 


per  ft.  (lineal). 

|,  J  and  f  inch 5c 

1  inch 6c 


7c 

8c 

10c 


per  ft.  (lineal). 

2^  inch 15c 

3*^  "  18c 

3ir  "  25c 

4"  "  30c 

5   "  40c 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


67 


*\VALNUT   OR   HARD   WOOD. 


per  ft.  (lineal). 

|,  J  and  I  inch 8c 

1  inch 10c 

IJ  "  12c 

IJ  "  Uc 

2  '*  18c 


per  ft.  (lme;il)_ 

2J  inch 25c; 

3   '*  30? 

Sh     "  35'? 

4"  "  45(? 

5   "  60(j 


*Circles  from  three  to  four  times  the  price  of  straight;  cut  right  and  left.     Prices  not 
subject  to  regular  discount. 

Approximate   Weights. 


Weight  of  Doors. 


Weight  of  8  Light  Windows. 


4  panel,  2-6x6-6 
4  "  2-8x6-8 
4  "2-10x6-10 
4      "       3x7 


1  3-16     1   3 


32  lbs. 
34    " 
36    - 

38    - 


Size. 


35  lbs. 

38    " 
42    " 

48    " 


Add  12  lbs.  for  1%  thick,  to 
i^inch. 
4  panel  2-6  x  6-6,  inch.  26  lbs. 

weight  of 

Weight  of  Blinds. 

8x10 

13-16 

14  lbs. 

9x12 

17    •♦ 

10x14 

20    " 

10x16 

10x18 

22    " 
24    " 

10x20 

27    - 

Thick- 

Glazed. 

ness. 

1  3-8 

17  lbs. 

«« 

19    - 

'« 

22    - 

'< 

23    - 

«« 

24    - 

«< 

27    - 

•« 

32    - 

Un- 
glazed. 

8  lbs. 

11  •* 

12  ♦* 

11  '• 

12  " 

13  •* 

14  ♦* 


Weight  of  12  Light  Windows. 


Size. 

Thick- 
ntss. 

Glazed. 

8  X  10 

13-16 

14  lbs. 

9  X  12 

*' 

18    " 

9  X  12 

13-8 

21    - 

10  X  14 

" 

26    " 

10  X  16 

" 

27    - 

10  X  18 

" 

33    " 

Un- 
glazed. 

6  lbs. 

8    •• 


9 
11 
12 
13 


Weight  of  Mouldings. 
1  inch  X  1  inch,  108  feet  lineal,  15  lbs. 


Weight  of  Lumber,  etc.,  Dry. 

Flooring,  Dressed  and  Matched,  per  1,000  feet 1,800  pounds. 

Siding,  Dressed,  "  *'     800 

Ceiling,  |  inch  thick,  '*  ♦'     800 

"J  "  ♦'  "     900 

Boards,  Dressed  1  side,  "  "     2,100 

"       and  Dimension,  Bough,  •*  **     2,500 

Shingles,  "  '*     275 

Lath,  "  pieces  500 

Pickets,  Dressed,  "        '•       1,800 

Bough,  "        "       2,500 


6S 


THE    builder's    CJUIDE, 


inate 
Price. 

Correct 
J'rice. 

STAIRCASES. 

Stair  builders  generally  furnish   their  prices   at 
so  much   per  step,   including  rails,  balusters, 
newels,  etc.,  all  complete  and  fixed  in  accord- 
ance with  plans  and  specification  furnished  to 
them  by  Architects. 

The  following  are  approximate  prices: 

Plain  staircases  of  pine,  3  feet  wide,  with  returned 
nosings   and   scroll   brackets,  hard  wood  rail, 
turned  newel  and  balusters at  per  step 

It  is  found   impossible,    however,   to  give   in   a 
work  of  this  kind  prices  for  the  various  kinds 
of  carpenter's  work,  which  vary  in  dimensions, 
material  and  finish;  enough  information,  how- 
ever, it  is  hoped,  has  been  furnished  to  be  of 
service  in  making  out  approximate  estimates. 

3.50 

Fancy  Turned  Balusters. 

Prices  for  Fancy  Turned  Cherry  or  Black  Walnut 

Balusters: 
1^  inch  balusters 

0.08 
0.10 
0.12 
0.14 
0.16 

1|     -             " 

2'  -      -    :::::;:::;::.:;;;:::;::;:;;.. 

21  ♦'      - 

2I  -      - 

With  neck  moulding,  add  2  cents  each. 

Prices  for  Oak  or  Ash  Balusters: 

1^  inch  balusters 

0  06 
0.08 
0.10 
0.12 
0.14 

2      "          "           

21    "          "            

2I   -        "         ..: 

Fancy  Turned  Newel  Posts. 

Prices  for  Black  Walnut  or  Cherry: 

5  inch  newel  posts,  with  cap,  each. . . . 

2.00 
2.50 
3.25 
4.00 

()    "         «'          «'              '*            «'     

7  **         "           *•              "            "    walnut  only. . . 

8  "         "          -              "            "           "       ''      ... 

Fluted  or  Octagon  Balusters. 
Prices  for  Fluted  or  Octagon   Cherry 
Walnut  Balusters: 

1 J  inch  fluted  or  octagon 

2       "         **                 "       

or  Black 
each 

0.16 
0.18 
0.20 

2-1     "        ♦'                "         " 

AND    ESTIiMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


69 


Approxi- 
mate 
I 'rice. 

Correct 
Price. 

2|  inch  fluted  or  octagon 

. . each 

0.22 
0.24 

0.14 
0.16 
0.18 
0.20 
0.22 

5.00 
5.25 
5.50 
5.75 
6.00 

8.00 
8.50 
9.00 
9.50 
10.00 
1.00 
2.00 
i.25 
1.00 

8.50 
9.00 
9.50 
10.00 
10.50 
2.50 
3.50 
4.00 
1.50 

Mahogany  costs  about  double  price. 
Prices  for  Oak  or  Ash  Balusters: 

If  inch  fluted  or  octagon, ... 

2       '*         '♦                ''          

. . each 

2^     '*         "                '*          ...    " 

2^     "         "                ''          " 

2|     -         -                -          - 

P/ai?i  Octagon  Staved  Xewel  Posts. 
Prices   for  Plain   Octagon   Staved   Newel 
Black  Walnut,  Cherry,  Oak  or  Ash. 
8  inch  octagon  newel  posts,  with  cap 

Posts, 

9     "         "              '«          '*             **       

10     "         "              "          "             "       

11     "         "              -          "             "       

12     -         **              ♦*          «'             "       

For  mahogany  posts,  add  $3.00  each;  for  raised 
0  G  panel,  add  $1.25  each. 
Octagon  i^unk  Panel  Newel  Posts. 
Prices    for    Sunk    Panel    Newel     Posts,    Fancy 

Moulded,  Black  Walnut,  Cherry  or  Oak: 
8  inch  sunk  panel  posts,  with  cap 

9     -         "          "         "              ♦•      

10     "         "          "         •'              "      

11     "         "          "         "              "      

12     "         -          '«         "              *'      

For  circle  top  panel 

* '    mahogany 

**    circle  top  panel 

...add 

* '    full  veneered '  ■ 

Sunk  Panel  Newel  Posts,  Panels  Veneered. 

Prices  for  Sunk  Panel  Newel  Posts,  Black  Walnut, 
Cherry  or  Oak,  with  Panels   Fancy  Moulded, 
and  Veneered   with  Mahogany,  Rosewood   oi 
Bird's-eye  Maple: 

8  inch  posts,  with  cap 

9  "         *♦              "        

10     ♦«         ««               ♦*          

11     "         "               "        

12     "         "              **        

Full  veneered 

"             •  *         with  French  burl 

...add 

"            ••                  •'          "        extra 

•'             **                  •*           "     double  extra 

. . .    *' 

Note. — The  above  are  wholesale  factory  prices  ;  add  profits. 


^o 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


TABLE  FOR   DETERMINING   THE   NUMBER   OF 


1 

0.6" 

0.  6%" 

0.  e%" 

0.  6^" 

0.   7" 

0.  7K" 

0.   7/' 

0.  7^" 

0.   7M" 

0.  im' 

3 

I.O 

I.    0)4 

I.  I 

I.  iK 

I.  2 

I.    2^ 

I.   21^ 

I.  2^ 

I.  3 

I-  3^ 

3 

1.6 

I.  eyi 

'.  7K 

I.  8)^ 

1.  9 

1.9% 

I.  9K 

i.io/s 

i.ioK 

1.10% 

4 

2.0 

2.    X 

2.    2 

2.  3 

2.  4 

2.    4M 

2.  5 

2.   55^ 

2.  6 

2.  6^ 

5 

2.6 

2.   7K 

2.   8K 

2.  9^ 

2. 1 1 

2.11^8 

3.  oy^ 

3.  0% 

3.  iK 

3-  2/8 

6 

3-0 

3-    1^ 

3-  3     ■ 

3.  4K 

3.  6 

3.   Wx 

3.  7K 

3-   8^ 

3-  9 

3.  9% 

7 

3.6 

3    7% 

3.  9^ 

3.IIK 

4.   I 

4.  iK 

4.    23/^ 

4-  3/8 

4.  ^y^ 

4.  5^ 

8 

40 

4.  2 

4.  4 

4.  6 

4.  8 

4.  9 

4.10 

4.11 

5-  0 

5-   I 

}♦ 

4.6 

4.  8X 

4io>^ 

5.  oK 

5.   3 

5.    4/8 

5.   5X 

5.  6^ 

5-   7M 

5.  8^ 

10 

50 

5.  2K 

5-  5 

5.  I'A 

5.10 

5.11^ 

6.  014 

6.    I3/^ 

6.   3 

6.  4K 

11 

5.6 

5.  834 

5.11M 

6.  1% 

6.  5 

6.  6% 

6.   7K 

9.  9^ 

6.10^ 

6.11^ 

12 

6.0 

6.  3 

6.  6 

6.  9 

7.  0 

7.  iM 

7-   3 

7.  4M 

7    6 

7-  7M 

13 

6  6 

6.  9J< 

7.  oi^ 

7-  3K 

7-   7 

7.    8^8 

7.10^ 

7.11/8 

8.   iK 

8.  3H 

14 

7.0 

7.  3^ 

7-   7 

7.10^ 

8.  2 

8.  8% 

8.  5/ 

8.   1% 

8.  9 

8.10^ 

15 

l^ 

7-  9^ 

?•  i^ 

8.  sK 

8.  9 

8.10K 

9.  034 

9.     2f^ 

9-  4^ 

9-  6^ 

16 

8.0 

8.  4 

8.  8 

9.  0 

9.  4 

9.  6 

9.  8 

9.10 

10.  0 

10.  2 

17 

8.6 

8.105^ 

9.  2^ 

9.    63/^ 

9. 1 1 

10.   1/8 

lo-   3K 

.0.    53/^ 

10.   7K 

10.  9^ 

18 

9.0 

9-  4K 

Q.    9 

10.  iM 

10.  6 

10.  8K 

10. 10 14 

11.  0% 

II.  3 

II.  5^ 

19 

9.6 

9.10X 

lo-   3K 

10.  8K 

II.  I 

IT.  3% 

II-   5K 

II.    8/8 

II. 10^ 

12.  0% 

*^0 

10. 0 

10.  5 

10.10 

I'.   3 

II.  8 

ii.ioK 

12.    I 

>2.   3K 

12.  6 

12    8M 

31 

10  6 

lo.iiK 

II.  4M 

ir.  9K 

12.  3 

t2.     5^8 

12.   8X 

12.10^ 

13.  iK 

13.  4H 

22 

1 1.0 

'I-   5K 

II. II 

12.  4'/^ 

12.10 

13-  0^ 

13-   3K 

13.  6K 

'3-  9 

f3."K 
14-  7^ 

23 

II. 6 

11  iiK 

'2.  sK 

.2.11^ 

13-  5 

13.    7/8 

13.10^ 

M.   1/8 

14-  4K 

24 

12.0 

12.  6 

13.  0 

13.  6 

14.  0 

14.  3 

14.  6 

14.  9 

15-  0 

•5.  3 

25 

12.6 

13.  oK 

13-  6K 

14.  oK 

14.   7 

i4.io>^ 

15-   iK 

15.   4% 

15-  iVz 

15  "^ 

26 

13.0 

•3-  6^ 

14.   I 

14.  1% 

15-  2 

15.   5/ 

15.   81^ 

1511^ 

16.   3 

16.  6J^ 

27 

13-6 

M.  oK 

M-   7K 

15.   2K 

15    9 

16.    0|/8 

16.   3K 

16.    7/8 

16.10^ 

17-   iji 

28 

14.0 

14.   7 

15.  2 

15-  9 

.6.  4 

16.   7K 

i6.ii 

17.    2K 

17.  6 

17-  9M 

29 

14.6 

15-   iK 

15.  8K 

16.   3K 

i6.it 

16.    2^ 

17.  6i< 

17-  9% 

18.  iK 

18.  sH 

30 

150 

15.  7M 

16.  3 

i6.ioi^ 

.7.  6 

17-  9K 

18.  iK 

18.   5K 

18.  9 

19.  0^ 

Explanation. —In  column,  beginning  with  rise  of  step 
column  of  Risers,  will  be  the  No.  In  column  of  Treads,  the 
column   beginning    with    width   of  tread   desired,   will    be   the 


AND  ESTIMATOR  S  PRICE  BOOK. 


7^ 


TREADS  AND    RISERS   FOR  GIVEN    HEIGHTS   AND    RUNS. 


o.   7K" 

0.  7K" 

0 

8" 

0.  8X" 

0.  zy^" 

0.9' 

0.    9%" 

0. 10" 

0.101^" 

O.Il" 

0.13" 

0. 14" 

"i 

w 

H 

1 

».   1% 

I.  3^ 

I 

4 

I.  4H 

^-  5   , 

1.6 

^'  7   , 

I.  8 

I.  9 

I  10 

2.  2 

2.     4 

» 

i.iij< 

I.Xl^ 

2 

0 

2.  oK 

2.  iK 

2.3 

2.  4K 

2.  6 

2.   7M 

2.  9 

3-  3 

3-   ^ 

3 

2.    7 

2.   7M 

2 

8 

2.  9 

2.10 

30 

3-   2 

3-  4 

3.  6 

3.  8 

4.  4 

4.  8 

4 

3-    2^ 

3.    3^8 

3 

4 

3.  sK 

3.  6K 

3-9 

3."M 

4.  2 

4.  4K 

4.   7 

5-   5 

5.10 

5 

3-ioM 

3-"K 

4 

0 

4.   i>^ 

4-   3 

4.6 

4.  9 

5.  0 

5-  3 

5-  6 

6.  6 

7.   0 

6 

4-   6K 

4.    7/8 

4 

8 

4.  9K 

4.T1K 

5-3 

5.  6K 

5.10 

6.   iM 

6.  5 

7-   7 

8.  2 

7 

5-    2 

5-   3 

5 

4 

5.  6 

5-   ^  , 

6.0 

6.  4 

6.  8 

7.  0 

7-  4 

8.  8 

9-  4 

8 

5.  9-% 

5-»o% 

6 

0 

6.  2^ 

6.  4K 

6.9 

7.  iM 

7.  6 

7.10K 

8.  3 

9.  9 

10.  6 

i» 

6.  SK 

6.   63^ 

6 

8 

6.10K 

7-   I 

7.6 

7.  II 

8.  4 

8.  9 

9    2 

IO.IO 

11.   8 

10 

7-   ^K 

7-   2^ 

7 

4 

7.  6K 

7.  9K 

8.3 

8.  8K 

9.  2 

9.  1% 

10.  I 

II. II 

12.10 

11 

7-  9 

7iof^ 

8 

0 

8.  3 

8.  6 

9.0 

9.  6 

10.  0 

10.  6 

II.  0 

13.  0 

14.  0 

12 

8.  4K 

8.   6^8 

8 

8 

S.iiH 

9.  2K 

9.9 

»o.  3^ 

iO.IO 

II.  4K 

II. 11 

14.   I 

15-   2 

13 

9-  o>^ 

9-    2^ 

9 

4 

9-  1% 

9.11 

10.6 

It.   I 

11.  8 

12.  3 

12.10 

15.   2 

16.  4 

14 

9-  8^ 

g.ioYs 

10 

0 

IO-   3^ 

ro.   7K 

'1-3 

ii.ioK 

12.  6 

13.  iM 

•3-  9 

16.  3 

17.  6 

15 

lo,    4 

10.  6 

10 

8 

II.  0 

II.   4 

12.0 

12.  8 

13-  4 

14.  0 

14.  8 

17.  4 

18.   8 

16 

io.ii% 

.1.    Ij^s 

II 

4 

II.  %y^ 

12.   0%. 

12.9 

13.  sK 

14.  2 

.4.10K 

15-   7 

18.  5 

19.10 

17 

11-    1% 

II.  9K 

12 

0 

12. 4K 

12.  9 

.3.6 

M-   3   , 

15.  0 

k;.  9 

16.  6 

19.  6 

21.  0 

18 

12-  sK 

12.  5^ 

12 

8 

13.  oK 

13-  sV^ 

M-3 

15-  oK 

«5  10 

16.   7^ 

»7-   5 

20.  7 

22.  2 

19 

12.11 

13.  iK 

13 

4 

13.  9  , 

14.  2 

15-0 

15.10 

16.  8 

17.  6 

18.  4 

21.  8 

23-  4 

30 

13.  63^ 

13.  9^ 

14 

0 

14.   5J< 

1410K 

15-9 

16.   7K 

17.  6 

18.  4K 

'9-   3 

22.  9 

24    6 

31 

14.    2^ 

H-  5K 

14 

8 

15.    1^ 

^5-  7 

16.6 

»7.   5 

18.  4 

19-   3 

20.  2 

23.  IC 

25.  8 

33 

i4.ioK 

'5-   1/8 

'5 

4 

15.  9K 

.6.  sK 

17.3 

18.    2^ 

19.  2 

20.  iK 

21.   I 

24.11 

26.10 

33 

,5.  6 

15-  9 

16 

0 

16.  6 

17.  0 

18.0 

19.  0 

20.  0 

2T.    0 

22.  0 

26.  0 

28.  0 

34 

16.    l3/< 

16.  4% 

16 

8 

X7.   2K 

17.  8>^ 

18.9 

19.  9K 

20.10 

2I.I0K 

22.11 

27.  I 

29.  2 

35 

16.    9^ 

17-  oK 

»7 

4 

17.10K 

18.  5 

19. 6 

20.   7 

21.  8 

22.    9 

23.10 

28.     2 

30-  4 

36 

17.  5J< 

17.    85/8 

18 

0 

18.   63/ 

19.   xYt. 

20.3 

21.   4H 

22.  6 

23.   7^ 

24.  9 

29-  3 

31.  6 

37 

18.   I 

18.  4K 

18 

8 

'9-  3 

19  10 

21. 0 

22.   2 

23-  4 

24.  6 

25.  8 

30-   4 

32.  8 

38 

18.  8^ 

T9.  oH 

^9 

4 

TQ.II^^ 

20.  6^ 

21    9 

22.11^ 

24.  2 

25-  4K 

26.   7 

31-   5 

33.10 

39 

io    4^ 

T9    81/ 

20  0 

20.    7^/^ 

2T.     3 

22   6 

23.   q 

25    0 

26.   ^ 

27.  6 

■^2.     6 

35    0 

30 

desired,  find  height  of  story,  top  to  top.  On  a  line  with  this,  in 
No.  is  one  less  than  the  No.  of  Risers.  On  a  line  with  this,  in 
length  of  run. 


72 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


Nails,  per  keg. 

Common  fence  and  sheathing  nails. 

8dand  9d 

6d  and  7d,  common 

4d  and  5d,  common 

3d.  and4d.,  light 

3d.,  fine 

2d 


Cut  spike,  all  sizes 

Floor  casing  and  box  75c.  aboTe  the  same  sizes 

of  common. 
Finishing,   $1   above,    and   fine    finishing    $1.25 

above. 
Clinch  Nails,  per  keg. 
If  inch  to  1^  inch 

2  -      2f     "    

2J         "      2|     -    

3  inch  and  longer 

Door  Butts. 

Size,  42  X  42  5  X  5. 

Japanned  acorn per  doz.  pairs 

Plain  bronzed  iron per  pair 

Ornamental  bronzed  iron ** 

Ornamental  bronzed  metal *• 

Sash  Weights per  lb. 

Sash  Line. 

Best  Hemp per  lb. 

Best  linen ' * 

Silver  Lake " 

Mortise  Locks — brass  face  and  b^dt,  easy  spring. 

3  J  to  4 J  inch per  doz. 

Do.,  for  front  doors. 

Factory  make,  plain  front each 

Factory  make,  bronze  front ** 

Boston  make,  plain  front ** 

Door  Knobs. 

Solid  glass per  set 

Silvered  glass • ' 

Cut  glass * ' 

Nickel  plated " 

Bronze  metal * ' 

Sashfasts. 

Plain  brass per  doz. 

Plain  brass,  self-locking " 


Approxi- 
mate 
J  Vice 


2.30 
2.45 
2.70 
2.95 
3.70 
4.45 
4.45 
2.30 


5.00 
4.50 
4.25 
4.00 


4.15 
1.00 
1.38 
2.75 

o.ii 

0.30 
0.62 
0.65 

20.00 

2.50 
4.50 

8.00 

0.50 
1.00 
3.00 
2.00 
3.00 

2.50 
7.50 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


73 


Nickel  plated,  self-locking per  doz. 

Bronze  metal,  self-locking " 

Screws. 

Round  head,  nickel  plated,    for  window  J  1^  in. 

beads per  gross  (  IJ  '• 

Store  Door  Handles — with  mortise  latch. 

Lacquered  brass per  set 

Bronze  metal '  * 

Lead. 

Lead  pipe per  lb. 

Sheet  lead *♦ 

Block  tin  pipe " 

Iron. 

Wrought  iron  I  beams,  4  to  10 J  in per  lb. 

Wrought  iron  I  beams,  12  in •* 

Wrought  iron  I  beams,  15  in " 

Wrought  iron  channel  beams,  4  to  12  in. .. .     *' 

Wrought  angle  iron « 

Wrought  T  iron «< 

Wrought  girder  plates " 

Wrought  girder  rivets ** 

Hyatt  light per  ft. 

Sheet  Iron. 

Common 

Russia  iron 

American  planished  A 

B 

Galvanized  iron 

Coppe7'. 

Sheathing  copper 

Sheet  Zinc. 

Full  casks 

Loose 


4.50 
12.00 

1.25 
1.50 

3.50 
7.00 

0.7^ 
0.08 
0.35 

0.04 
0.04 
0.04 

0.3^ 
0.04 
0.04 
0.05 
4.00 

0.5J 

0.13 

O.IOJ 

0.9^ 

0.13 

0.28 

0.08 
0.8^ 


PAINTING   AND    GLAZING. 

Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 

Correct 
Price. 

Including  labor  and  materials  of  the  best  quality, 
and  finding  all  ladders,  scaffolding,  and  other 
appliances  necessary  for  carrying  on  the  work. 

74 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


PAINTING  AND  GLAZING  {Continued). 


Painting  on  flat  surfaces  any  common 
color 


coat 


Per  Yar'd  Superficial. 

1  coat 

2  '* 

3  '• 
[4    - 

Add  for  extra  colors,  to  be  added  to  the  price  of 
common  colors. 

Drabs,  French  gray,  salmon,  fawn,  3  cts. ;  Bruns- 
wick green,  4  cts.;  peach  blossom  and  lilac, 
12  cts.;  patent  greens,  yellow  and  blue  ver 
diter,  15  cts.;  Chinese  vermilion  or  lake, 
50  cts. ;  Chinese  or  lake,  twice  done  on  a  scarlet 
ground,  75  cts. 

Flatted  work  also  charged  extra. 

Painting  common  color  on  sashes,   for 

each  side 

do.  do.  cornices,  facias  and^ 

soffits  of  projecting  roofs,    or  similar 

work 

do.  do.  common  color  in  iron 
railings,  gates,  etc.,  with  plain  or 
spiked  tops,  including  details,  mea- 
sured net 

do.  do.  common  color,  on 
window  guards  or  other  wire  work, 
both  sides 

Painting  common  color,  on  jalousie  or  f  1 
Venetian  shutters,  including  frames,  I  2 
measured  from  out  to  out,  without  1  3 
measuring  laths [4 

r  1 


do       in  green. 


do. 


do. 


do.     -I 


do.     in  common  colors,  on  sash  frames  -j   « 

lilNEAL   WOEK. 

In  common  colors,  except  where  expressed  other- 


Per  Lineal  Yard. 

Bars,  iron  or  other  kind,  plain  work.  •  •  •  ]  o 


coat 


0.08 
0.12J 
0.17 
0.20 


0.10 
0.14 

0.18 
0.20 

0.11 
0.16 
0.20 
0.22 

0.16 
0.20 

0.16 
0.19 
0.24 
0.27 
0.16 
0.20 
0.23 
0.28 
0.09 
0.12 
0.15 
0.18 


0.03 
0.04 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


75 


PAINTING   AND   GLAZING    (Cotltimted). 


Chains, 


any  medium  size j  q 

Chain  rail  or  siirbase,  bandrnils  or  pin-  j  o 
rails,  exclusive  of  pin,  or  bands 1  « 

Eave   gutters  and    rain  water   conduc-  i  2 
tors,  including  heads,  shoes,  brackets,  }  3 

bands  and  holdfasts (4 

Oas  or  iron  water  pipes 2 

Mouldings  under  3  inches  girth,  where  (  2 
detached  from  painted  work,  or  when  -J  3 

painted  a  different  color (4 

Ladders,  including  rungs 2 

Skirtings,  square  or  moulded,  under  9  \  2 

inches  wide "j  3 

Hand  rails,  plain  or  moulded 2 


coat 


String  course,  or  edge  of  coping -   o 

Reveals    of    doors    or   \  4J  inches  wide  \  2 
windows ]  9         •'  "    "12 

Letters   or    figures,    black    or    white,  i  ^„„  •   ^i, 
painted  in  oil.... ■  j  per  mcb 


NUMERICAL   WORK. 

Balusters,  wood  or  iron per  doz. .  .2  coats 

Brackets  or  cantilevers,  wood  or  iron,  each,  2     " 
Chimney  pots,  iron  or  other do.   2     ** 


Chimney  pieces  of  any  plain  kind,  each  \  o 

Door  scrajjers  or  knockers do. . .  2 

Hinges,  hook  and  eye  strap,  and  similar  j  n 

work  under  12  inches  in  length,  .each  \ 
Hinges,  hook  and  eye  strap,  and  similar  j  n 

work,  above  12  inches  in  length .  .  each  \ 
Hooks,    pins,  staples,    knobs,    buttons,  I 

bolts,  nuts,  holdfasts,  butt  hinges,  or  -!  2 

similar  work per  dozen  ( 

Lamps,  street— mineral  green each  2 

do.  bronzed do.   2 

Lamp  irons do.    2 

Lamp-posts,  including  lamp  frames,  heel  i 

posts,  saddle,  brackets  and  other  fit--|  2 

ments each  ( 

Locks  of  any  kind,  including   staples,  ]  « 

etc each  \ 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


0.04 
0.05 
0.04 
0.05 
0.06 
0.08 
0.10 
0.12 
0.04 
0.03 
0.04 
0.05 
0.10 
0.07 
0.09 
0.09 
0.08 
0.10 
0.05 
0.07 

0.03} 


0.36 
0.07 
0.24 
0.25 
0.30 
0.08 

0.05 

0.08 


0.10 

0.25 
0.40 
0.12 

0.40 
0.05 


70 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE. 


PAINTING  AND  GLAZING  {Continued). 


2  C0at8 


Mangers  of  any  kind,  including  rings  j 
and  bolts each  \ 

Newels,  plain each  1   coat 

Running  bolts,  any  size  above  12  inches  ( 
in  length,  including  hasps  and  sta-  \ 
pies each  ( 

Stay  bars  to  chimney  shafts,  or  similar  S 
work each  \ 

Ventilators,   including  frames  for  each 
side,  painted each 

Gratings,  do.  do.  do. 

Window  sills do. 


KEPAIRS   TO   OLD   WORK,    ETC. 


Painting  in  common  colors  in  repairs  to  { 
patches,  not  exceeding  one  foot  super-  i 
ficial each  ( 

Painting  in  common  colors  in  repairs  to 
patches,  exceeding  one  foot,  and  not 
exceeding  half  a  yard  superficial,  each 

Painting  in  common  colors  in  repairs  to  I  h 
patches,  exceeding  half  a  j^ard,  and  not  \  o 
exceeding  six  yards  superficial .  .  .  each  ( 

Add  25   per   cent   to    the   above   if   in    superior 
colors. 


MISCELLANEOUS   WORK. 


Fer  Yard  Superficial. 
Painting  with  mineral  or  anti-corrosive 
paint 


coat 


1 


with  fire-proof  paint \  a 

or  paying  over  with  best  vege- 
table tar  mixed  with  ochre 
or  Spanish  brown  and  pitch 
in  such  proportions  as  may 
be  directed,  and  thoroughly 
mixed  and  boiled  together 

with  coal  tar,  mixed  with  1  lb.  ^ 
pitch,  and  1  lb.  rosin  to  6 
gallons  coal  tar,  boiled  to- 
gether  

Sanding   in   imitation  of  stone,    or   splashed  in 
imitation  of  granite,  add  to  common  painting.  . 


do. 
do. 


do. 


1^  1 


0.10 
0.10 


0.30 

0.04 
0.05 
0.60 


0.05 
0.07 

0.15 
0.18 

0.15 
0.18 


0.08 
0.10 
0.06 
0.10 


0.10 


0.05 


0.10 


Correct 
Price. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOO" 


77 


i-AiNTiNG  AND  GLAZING  (^Continued). 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


GBAINING    AND    VABNISHING. 

Fev  Yard  Superficial. 

Common  graining,  in  oil  or  water  colors,  as  may 
be  ordered,  in  imitation  of  oak,  maple,  rose 
wood,  walnut,  or  mahogany,  including  glazing 

Superior  do.  do.  do. 

Per  Foot  Lineal. 

Graining,  in  imitation  of  any  wood  on  hand  rails 

or  similar  work 

NUMEBICAL   WORK. 

Graining  in  imitation  of  any  wood  on  plain 
newels  or  similar  work each 

Graining  in  imitation  of  any  wood  on  balusters, 
plain  or  turned,  or  similar  work each 

VARNISHING. 

Per  Yard  Superficial. 

Varnishing  with  best  copal  on  new  or  j  1  coal 

old  painted,  or  grain  work 1  2     '* 

Varnishing    on    hard   wood,   including]  1     *• 

sandpapering  and  oiling (2     •• 

Per  Foot  Lineal. 

Varnishing  with  best  copal  on  hand-rails  J  1     " 
or  similar  work (  2     ** 

NUMERICAL   WORK. 

Varnishing  with  best  copal  on  newels,  j  1  ** 

plain  or  turned,  or  similar  work j  2  '* 

Varnishing  with  best  copal  on  balusters,  J  1  " 

plain  or  turned,  or  similar  work |  2  ** 

Glazier's  work  varies  in  prices  so  much  that  it  is 
considered  best  not  to  quote  any  price.  As  a 
general  rule,  the  painter  takes  the  contract  to 
perform  all  the  work  in  this  department,  along 
with  the  painting,  but  it  is  much  better  to  let 
the  contract  of  glazing  and  furnishing  glass, 
independently,  and  prices  for  the  work  can  be 
obtained  in  any  locality  from  resident  painters. 


0.12 
0.22 


0.08 

0.15 
0.04 


0.08 
0.15 
0.10 
0.18 


0.05 
0.10 


0.20 
0.30 
0.06 
0.08 


78 


THE    BUILDER'S    GUIDE 


'Window  Glass,  Prices  Curreyit  per  box  of  6  feet. 
Single. 


Sizes. 

I  St. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

6x    8—10x15 

$8.00 

$6.75 

$6.25 

$5.00 

11x14-16x24 

8.75 

0.00 

7.50 

7.00 

11x22—20x30 

11.25 

10.50 

9.75 

8.00 

15x36—24x30 

12.75 

11.50 

10.00 

26x28—24x36.... 

13.50 

12.25 

11.25 

26x36—26x44 

14.75 

13.75 

11.75 

26x46—30x50.... 

16.25 

15.00 

13.00 

30x52—30x54 

17.25 

16.00 

13.50 

30x56—34x56 

18.75 

16.75 

15.00 

34x58—34x60 

19.50 

18.00 

16.00 

36x60—40x60 

21.00 

19.50 

18.00 

Double. 


Sizes. 

I  St. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

6x    8-10x15 

$12.00 

$11.00 

$10.00 

$  9.25 

11x14-16x24 

14.75 

13.75 

12.75 

11.75 

18x22—20x30...    . 

19.00 

17.75 

16.00 

15x36—24x30 

21.50 

19.25 

16.50 

16x28—24x36 

23.00 

20.75 

18.25 

26x36-26x44 

25.00 

23.00 

19.25 

26x46-30x50 

27.00 

25.00 

21.25 

30x52—30x54 

28.50 

26.00 

22.25 

30x56-34x56 

30.00 

.  27.75 

24.75 

32x58-34x60   .... 

31.75 

30.00 

27.00 

34x60-40x60..  . 

35.50 

32.50 

30.25 

Sizes  above  — $10  per  box  extra  for  every  five  inches. 

An  additional  10  per  cent,  will  be  charged  for  all  glass  more 
than  40  inches  wide.  All  sizes  above  52  inches  in  length,  and  not 
making  more  than  81  inches  will  be  charged  in  the  84  united 
inches'  bracket. 

Per  square  foot,  net  cash. 


Greenhouse,   Skylight,  and  Floor  Glass, 

J  Kough  plate 30@35 

I  Rough  plate 60@65 

I  Rough  plate 70@75 

1     Rough  plate 80@85 

1}  Rough  plate 1.3001.35 


i  Fluted  plate 18@20 

1-16  Fluted  plate 20@22 

\   Fluted  plate 25@27 

i  Rough  plate 22@24 

I  Rough  plate 


AND  ESTIMATOR  S  PRICE  BOOK. 


79 


PAINTING  AND  GLAZING  {Continued). 


Wholesale  Prices  of  Paints  and  Oil  in  New  York. 

Chalk  block per  ton 

Chalk  in  bbls per  100  lb. 

China  clay. per  ton 

Whiting,  gilders,  etc per  100  lb. 

Whiting,  common •♦ 

Paris  white,  Eng ...    •* 

Paris  white,  American 

Lead,  white,  American,  dry 

Lead,  white,  American,  in  oil  pure 

Lead,  English,  B.B.,  in  oil 

Lead,  red,  American 

Litharge,  American 

Litharge,  English 

Ochre,  French,  dry 

Venetian  red,  American 

Venetian  red,  English 

Tuscan  red,  English 

Turkey  red,  English 

Indian  red 

Vermilion,  Am.  lead 

Vermilion,  English 

Carmine,  American,  No.  40 

Chrome  yellow,  in  oil 

Orange  mineral 

Paris  green 

Sienna,  raw  (American) 

Sienna,  Italian  lump 

Sienna,  Italian  powdered 

Umber,  American  raw  and  powdered 

Umber,  Turkey,  lump 

Umber,  Turkey,  powdered 

Drop  black,  English 

Drop  black,  American 

Prussian  blue 

Ultramarine  blue 

Chrome  green 

Oxide  zinc,  American 

Oxide  zinc,  French,  V  M  G  S 

Oxide  zinc,  French,  V  M  R  S 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


3.50 
0.40 
22.00 
0.75 
0.55 
2.00 
1.00 
0.06J 
0.07i 
0.09 
0.064 
0.06| 
0.09J 
O.OIA 
O.OIJ 
O.OIJ 
0.18 
0.15 
0.07 
0.12 
0.52 
4.25 
0.20 
0.10 
0.18 
0.03 
0.04 
0.08 
0.02J 
O.OIJ 
0.05 
0.15 
0.14 
0.60 
0.25 
0.16 
0.04f 
0.09 
0.07i 


Correct 
Price. 


8o 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


BELIi   HANGEK. 


Materials  to  he  of  Vie  very  best  description. 

Bell  hanger per  day 

Assistant •' 

Bell,  house per  lb. 

i  Single .each 

Cranks,  flat,  mortise      \  Double 

(Treble 

Cranks,  brass,  including  brass  i  Single , 

headed  nails  or  screws,  all  }  Double .... 

complete (  Treble 

Cranks,  brass,  plain,  driving  any  kind 

Bell  pulls,   brass    or  bronzed,    including  / 

plate  and  screws,  all  complete j" 

do.  do.        with  sunk  plate 

Strong  brass  slide  pull. , 

Bell  springs,  steel,  with  carriages  j  Single . . 

complete,  including  screws ....  \  Double  . 

Bell  staples,  strong  wire,  any  size per  doz. 

Bell  wire,  copper,   any  gauge per  lb. 

Hanging  bells,  complete,  labor  only,  (  First  floor 

including  fixing  wire,  check  springs  -|  Second  *' 

and  staples (  Third     * ' 

Church  and  turret  bells per  lb. 


Correct 
Price. 


EOOFING   MATERIALS,    INCLUDING   LAYING,    LABOR,    AND    ALL   NECESSARY 
SCAFFOLDING. 


Price  per  Square  of  100  feet  Super. 

Slating,  not  less  than  three  inches  cover,  with 
annealed  wrought  iron  nails 

Interlining  between  slating  and  boarding  with 
plies  of  felt 

Bedding  slates  in  lime  and  hair  mortar 

Covering  with  best  IC  tin,  laid  and  nailed  com- 
plete, with  tinned  nails 

Extras  for  cutting,  fixing  and  securing  to  gables, 
chimney  shafts,  hips,  valleys  and  ridges,  round 
dormers,  skylights  and  similar  work. per  ft.  lin. 

Allow  extra  for  standing  groove,  flat  or  soldered. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


8l 


KOOFING  MATERIALS  {Continued). 


Covered  with  best  galvanized  iron,  laid  and 
nailed  complete,  with  galvanized  iron  nails, 
and  painted  under  and  over  with  one  coat  of 
anti-corrosive  paint 

Extra  for  cutting,  fitting  and  making  fast  to 
gables,  etc per  foot  lineal 

Shingles,  well  laid,  4 J  inches  to  the  weather. . . 
do.        do.        if  laid  in  mortar 


Covering  to  Flat  Roofs  with  Felt.    Composition  and 

Gravel^per  100 feet  Superficial, 
Laid  complete  in  the  best  manner,  and  ~1    2  plies 

with  the  best  materials;  in  any  situa-  [   3     •' 
ion,  and  not  less  than  10  gallons  of  [   4     * 

composition  to  the  square J    5     • 

Extra    to    be    allowed   for  buildings    over  four 

stories  in  height 

Stripping  oflf  old  gravel,  repairing  with  felt  and 

coating  anew  with  composition  and  gravel 


Plastic  Slate  Boofing. 

Laid  complete  in  the  best  manner,  and  ]    3  plies 
with  the  best  materials,  in  any  situa- 1-4     " 
tion )    5     ** 

Note. — If  work  is  under   500  feet  superficial   the  prices  for 
roofing  must  be  increased. 

Sundries. 

Kepairing  round  chimneys,  dormers,  skylights, 
or  against  gables,  with  new  fillets,  felt  and 
ccya^position per  yard  lineal 

Prepared  felt per  lb. 

Composition  for  Coating per  bbl. 

do.  do.  per  gal. 

Gravel,  fine  clear  grit per  bush. 

Boofer  and  laborer  included per  day 

Eaves,  (gutters  and  Conductors — all  materials  and 
fixed  complete.     Per  Foot  Lineal. 

Eaves  gutters,  semi-circular,  of  best^ 

tin  (26  oz.   per  foot  super.),  with     3  in.  diam. 
rollor  wired  edges,  soldered  joints,  ,4    **      " 
stopped   ends,  nozzled    junctions  (  5    '*      '• 
for    conductors,    etc,,   above    500     6    "      ** 
feet  lineal J 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


Correct 
Price. 


12.00 

0.07 
4.00 
5.00 


4.00 
4.75 
5.25 
6.00 


4.00 


4.25 
5.00 
5.50 


0.25 
0.03 
3.00 
0.20 
0.50 
3.75 


0.20 
0.23 
0.25 
0.30 


82 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


ROOFING  MATERIALS  {Continued). 

Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 

Correct 
Price. 

Eaves,  gutters,  semi-circular,  of  best ' 
American   galvanized    plate  iron, 
executed  as  above,  including  gal- 
vanized iron  brackets 

Rain  water  conductors  of  best  tin '' 
(26  oz.  per  foot  super. )  with  lapped 
and    soldered     joints,    including 
tack  bands,  bends,   elbows,  shoes 
and  galvanized  iron  fastenings ... 

Rain  water  conductors  of  cast  iron, 
including  bends,    elbows,    shoes, 
wrought  iron  hold  fasts,  etc 

Stripping  off  and  taking   down   olc 
clearing  out  old  nails,  and  removin 
the   stuff  within  a  distance  of  2( 
100  feet  super 

6  in.  diam. 

7  "     '* 
■8    -     - 

9    -      - 
3    "      " 

.f:  :: 

5  -     - 

6  ♦♦      - 

3  *  *    bore 

4  *♦      '* 

5  -     - 

6  -     - 

.   coverings, 
g  and  piling 
)  yards,  per 

0.30 
0.35 

0.40 
0.45 
0.15 
0.17 
0.20 
0.25 
0.30 
0.60 
0.70 
0.80 
0.85 

1.00 

6.75 
7.50 
11.7^ 
4.50 
0.25 

6.50 

5.75 

8.50 

6.50 

8.50 

5. 62  J 

5.25 

5.75 

0.07i 

6.75 
8.75 
6.75 

WHOLESALE  PRICES  OF  SOME  ROOFING  MATERTiU:.S. 

Slate— Delivered  in  New  York. 

Purple  roofing  slate per  sq. 

Green  slate 

Red  slate 

Black  slate,  Penn.  (Jersey  City) 

Tiles,  1\  in.  rubbed , , , , 

.  .per  SQ.  ft. 

Tin  Plates— Duty  1  1-lOc.  per  lb, 

I.  C.  charcoal,  10x14 

I.  C.  coke,         10  X 14     

per  box 

I.  X.  charcoal,  10  x  14 

^ 

I.  C.  charcoal,  14x20 

I.  X.  charcoal,  14  x  20 

I.  C.  coke,         14  X  20 

• 

I.  C.  coke,  terne,  14  x  20 

I.  C.  charcoal,  terne,  14  x  20  . , , 

Zinc— Duty,  Sheet,  2^0.  per  lb. 

Sheet  

r)er  lb. 

Tinners'  Stock. 

Tin  plate,  I.  C,    10 x  14,  charcoal 

Tin  plate,  I.  X.,    10  x  14,      "         

Tin  plate,  T.  C  ,     12x12,       "         

AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


83 


ROOFING  MATERIALS  {Continued). 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


Correct 
Price. 


Tin  plate,  I.  X.,    12  x  12,  charcoal. 

Tin  plate,  I.  C,     14  x  20,       "         

Tin  plate,  I.  X.,    14x20,       '«         

Tin  plate,  I.  XX.,  14  x  20,       '«         

I.  C.  roofing,  14  x  20,  charcoal 

I.  X.  rooting,  14  X  20,       "  

I.  C.  roofing,  20x  28,       "  

I.  X.  roofing,  20  X  28,       ♦'  

10  X  20  coke  (for  gutters),  250  sheets. , , , , , 

Lead. 

Pig,  SJc. ;  bar,  6Jc. ;  lead  pipe,  6|c. 

Roofing  Felt. 

No.  1  tarred  roofing  felt per  lb. 

No.  2      "  ''  •'      •' 

Rosin  sized  sheathing " 

Common  dry     *•  " 

Carpet  felt " 

Roofing  pitch per  gall. 

Extra    heavy  tarred   roofing  or  sheathing  felt, 

per  100  square  feet 

Anchor    brand      ••natural     asphalt"     sheathing 

felt per  roll  of  320  sq.  feet. 

Extra    heavy  Anchor  brand  sheathing,  per  100 

square  feet 


Miscellaneous. 


.per  lb. 


Roofing  nails,  wrought  iron,  clout  plain. 

do.        do.  do.      galvanized -  • 

do.         do.  do.       tinned *' 

Sheet  iron,  any  gauge,  for  roofing per  100  lbs. 

do.  do.  galvanized •• 

do.  do.  corrugated. ...  ** 


8.75 

6.75 

8.75 

10.75 

6.25 

8.25 

13.00 

17.00 

9.50 


0.02 

O.Olf 

0.03| 

O.O2I 

0.03| 

0.06 

0.75 

1.75 

1.10 


0.17 
0.20 
0.30 
5  50 

6.00 
8.00 


Sa 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


Prices  of  Miscellaneous  Sundries  Required 
about  Buildings. 

STANDAED  WROUGHT  IRON  LAP  WELDED   STEAM  AND   GAS   PIPE. 


Inside 

Plain 

Enameled  or 

Outside 

Weiglit 
per  Foot. 

Diameter 

Price  per  Ft. 

Galvanized,  Price 

Diameter 

Inches. 

per  Foot. 

Inche.. 

$0.08 

.40 

.24 

08 

$0.11 

.54 

.42 

1 

09 

12 

.67 

.56 

1 

11 

15 

.84 

.85 

1 

13| 

19 

1.05 

1.13 

1 

19 

28 

1.31 

1.67 

1} 

27 

40 

1.66 

2.2(5 

h 

33 

47 

1.90 

.     2.6Q 

2' 

46 

64 

2.37 

3.60 

2J 

75 

1.00 

2.87 

5.77 

3 

95 

1.30 

3.50 

7.55 

^ 

1.25 

1.70 

4.00 

9.05 

i 

1.50 

2.05 

4.50 

10.73 

^\ 

1.75 

2.40 

5.00 

12.49 

5 

2.25 

3.00 

5.56 

14.56 

6 

2.75 

4  00 

6.62 

18.76 

7 

3.75 

7.62 

23.00 

8 

4.75 

8.62 

28.00 

9 

6.50 

9.68 

34.40 

10 

8.00 

10.75 

40.64 

12 

12.00 

54.65 

CORRUGATED   SHEET  IRON. 


Wire  gauge 16  to  20 

Black,  per  lb 5| 

Galvanized,  per  lb 8| 


2^os.  16  to  20, 
liist,       12 


GALVANIZED  JUNIATA  IRON. 

22  and  24,  25  and  26, 

13  14 

Discount,  30  per  cent. 


22 

6 
9i 


24 
6 

9i 


27 
15 


26 
9^ 


28 
16 


RUSSIA  IRON. 

Perfect,  in  full  packs,  8  and  9 13 

10  •••• 13 

11 Vl\ 

12  and  13 12V 

Less  than  full  packs,  add  ^c. 


vND    ESTliMATUR  S    PRICb:    BOOK. 


85 


PATENT   PLANISHED   IRON. 


'  A  "  Wood's  i^at.,  planished,  Nos.  24  to  27 

'B"       "  "  ♦*  -      24  to  27 

Broken  packs,  i}c.  per  lb.  extra. 


.10} 


Extras  in  following  list  are  to  show  the  difference 
in  cost  of  different  sizes,  and  should  be  added 
to  the  rates  quoted,  or  price  of  lOd.  to  60d. 

lOd.,  to  60d.  nails,  fence  and  brads per  keg 

Above  lOd.  Xails. 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


and  9d.  nails add  to  each  keg 

and  7d      " 


8d 

ca 

4d.  and  5d 

3d. 

2d. 

4d 

3d.     "  "      

2d.     "  '♦       

Clinch,  all  sizes 

Cut  spikes,  3  to  8  inch 
Lining  nails,  ^  inch.  .  . 


fine 


Barrel 


Above  Common  Nails  of  same  Size. 

Cut  boat  spikes 

Tobacco,  6d.  to  lOd 

Casing  and  box,  4d.  to  20d 

Finishing,  4d.  to  20d 

Slating,  2d.  to  5d 

Each  half  keg,  10  cents  extra. 


3.50 


0.25 
0.50 
0.75 
1.50 
2.75 
1.75 
3.00 
3.75 
1.75 
0.35 
4.50 
G.OO 
0.75 
1.00 
1.50 
1.75 
2.50 
3.00 
4.00 


0.75 
0.50 
0.75 
1.25 
0.25 


Correct 
Price. 


S6 


THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 


VERTICAL   WHEEL.   HOT   AIR  REGISTERS   AND   VENTILATORS. 


Size  of 
Opening. 

No.  I 
Best  Black 
Register. 

Ventilator 

White  or 

Black  fur 

Cords. 

Register 
Without 
Valves. 

Register 

Face 
Japanned. 

Iron  Border 
Frames. 

4x10 

$2.00 

$2.25 

$1.20 

$0.60 

6x    8 

2.10 

2.35 

1.20 

0.75 

$1.05 

6x10 

2.40 

2.65 

1.50 

0.85 

1.20 

8x10 

2.90 

3.15 

2.10 

1.20 

1.50 

9x12 

3.85 

4.10 

2.40 

1.40 

1.55 

10x14 

4.80 

5.05 

3.30 

2.10 

1.90 

12x15 

6.00 

6.25 

3.70 

2.35 

2.10 

14x22 

9.60 

9.90 

6.00 

3.80 

3.15 

Intermediate  sizes  at  intermediate  prices. 


ANTI-FRICTION   SLIDE   CENTRE   ROUND   REGISTERS. 


Size 
of  Opening. 

No.  I 
Best  Black 
Register, 

Ventilator 

White  or 

Black  for 

Cords. 

Register 
without 
Valves. 

Register 

Face 

Japanned. 

Iron  Border 
Frames. 

8  iE 
10 
12 

14 

16 

18 

ich. 

$2.00 

2.95 
3.85 
4.75 
6.35 
7.65 

$2.30 
3.25 
4.15 
5.05 
6.65 
8.00 

$1.32 
1.70 
2.30 
3.00 
4.15 
4.95 

$0.75 
1.15 
1.45 
1.75 
2.65 
3.30 

$1.00 

1.30 
1.55 
1.95 
2.35 
3.15 

Round  ventilators  or  Registers  for  side  walls,  7  inch. .  .each  $1.45 

Smoke  pipe,  7  inch  hole '♦      3.00 

Cast  iron  stove  pipe  thimbles,  variety  of  sizes per  lb.     0.04J 


SQUARE   KITCHEN   SINKS. 

Sizes. 

Plain. 

Galvanized. 

Enameled. 

16i  X  12i  5  in  deep 

18    X  12      6       "       

$0.C0 
1.10 
1.20 
1.30 
1.35 
1.40 
1.25 
1.30 
1.40 

$2.00 
2.30 
2.80 
2.90 
3.00 
3.15 
2.80 
2.90 
3.30 

$4.50 
4.75 

16    X  16      6       '♦       

5.25 

22    X  14      6       '*       

5.75 

23    X  15      6       "       

6.25 

25^  X  151    6       .«       

6.50 

20"  X  12j    6       "       

5.25 

20    X  14"    6       '*       

6.25 

24    X  14      6       "       

6.50 

AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


87 


SQUARE  KITCHEN  SINKS  (Continued). 

Sizes. 

Plain. 

Galvanized. 

Enameled. 

24^  X  16      6  in.  deep 

$1.50 

1.60 

1.60 

1.65 

2.00 

1.90 

2.00 

1.90 

2.10 

2.40 

2.50 

2.60 

2.60 

3.00 

3.30 

3.50 

4.30 

4.50 

2.25 

4.00 

5.75 

6.00 

9.00 

13.50 

14.00 

17.00 

20.00 

25.00 

28.00 

$3.50 

3.75 

3.75 

3.75 

4.50 

4.25 

4.70 

4.25 

4.70 

5.60 

5.60 

6.20 

6.00 

6.80 

7.00 

8.00 

9.75 

10.50 

4.75 

9.50 

13.00 

14.00 

18.50 

28.00 

31.00 

33.00 

42.00 

50.00 

$6  75 

24"  X  18      6       "         

7  00 

25^  X  17i    6       "         

7  50 

27    X  15      6       •♦         

7  75 

24    X  20      6       '♦         

8  00 

28    X  17      6       *♦         

8  00 

28    X  20      6       "         

8  50 

30    X  16      6       **         

8.50 

30    X  18      6       ''         

8.75 

30    X  20      6       ''         

9.50 

32J  X  18      6       "         

9.50 

32^  X  21      6       «*         

10.00 

se''  X  18     6      "        

10.00 

36    X  2U    6       **         

11.00 

38    X  20      6       ♦*         

11.50 

42    X  22      6       '•         

12.50 

48    X  20      6       ''         

14  00 

48    X  23      6       •*         

15  00 

24    X  14      8       "         

8  00 

30    X  24      8       "         

13  00 

50    X  24      6J     "         

18  00 

50    X  26      6J     **         

20.00 

62    X  22      8       "         

26  00 

76    X  22      7       "         

32.00 

56    X  32      9       '*         

32.00 

60    X  28    10       "         

35.00 

78    X  28    10       '*         

45.00 

94    X  24    10       •*         

120x22      6       •'         

SOAP    STONE 

TUBS. 

Appioxi- 
mate 
Price. 

Correct 
Pnce. 

2  parts, 
2      - 

2  - 

3  - 
3      " 
3      '« 

3  '' 

4  '' 

length  4  feet;   width  2  feet; 
"       4    '•  6  in.  "    2     " 

-  5    "            -    2     - 

-  6    -            -    2     - 
6    "  6  in.  "     2     '* 

-  7    "            •*    2     - 
"       7    *•  6  in.  *♦    2     - 

-  8    -            -    2     - 

depth  16  in. 

-  16  - 

-  16  ♦• 

-  16  " 

-  16  " 
"      16  •' 

-  16  " 
"      16  " 

26.00 

29.00 
32.00 
40.00 
43.50 
47.00 
55.00 
65.00 

88 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


BATH   TUBS. 


Length  5  feet;  width  2  feet;  depth  18  in 
-      6     *'  "2    "  "       20  " 


2  feet  long;  18  in.  wide;   7  in  deep 

2  "   6  in.  long;  19  in.  wide;  7  in.  deep 

3  ..  M       20  "       *'       7  ♦*       " 

3  "   6  ♦*       22  "       "       7  *'       •* 

4  ,;  .«       24  "       "       7  "       " 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


10.00 
11.00 
12.00 
13.00 
16.00 


Correct 
Price 


STANDARD   HOISTINCi   ROPES   FOR   ELEVATORS   WITH   19   WIRES  TO   THE 
STRAND. 


9 
10 

10* 
10| 


Circum- 
ference 


Inche; 


Weight 
per  foot  in 
,bs.  of  rope 

with 
'lemp  Cen 


7.80 
6.02 
5.08 
4.10 
3.10 
2.44 
1.95 
1.50 
1.14 
0.83 
0.65 
0.44 
0.35 


Breaking 
strain  in 
tons  of 

2,  GOO 

pounds. 


74 

65 

54 

44 

35 

27 

20 

16 

111 

8.64 

5.13 

4.27 

3.48 


Proper 
working 
load  in 

tons  of 
2,ooo  lbs. 


15 
13 
11 

9 

7 

I' 

3 

2i 
If 

H 
i 
i 


Circumfer- 

Min. 

ence  of 

size  of 

bemp  rope 

drum  or 

of  equal 

sheave 

strength. 

in  feet. 

15i 
14i 

8 

7 

13 

6* 

12 

5 

lOf 

H 

n 

4 

8 

3* 

7 

3 

6 

2i 

5 

^ 

H 

2 

4 

If 

H 

H 

Price 
per  foot, 


98 
76 
60 
50 
41 
33 
27 
22 
19 
15 
13 
12 
10 


Tiller  rope  f  inch  diameter,  16  cents  per  foot. 
'      J     "  "  12     - 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


89 


CAST    STEEL. 


d 

12; 

-a 

Circum 
ference 

Weight 
per  foot  in 
lbs.  of  rope 

Breaking 
strain  in 
tons  ot 

Proper 
working 
load  in 

Circumfer- 
ence of 
hemp  rope 

Min. 
size  of 
drum  or 

Price 

per  foot. 

2 

inches. 

.2 

viih 

2  000 

tons  of 

of  equal 

sheave 

'  ^ 

H 

p 

Hemp  Cen 

pounds. 

107 

2,000  lbs. 

strength. 

in  feet. 

cents. 

1 

6| 

2t 

7.80 

22 

9 

165 

2 

6 

2 

6.02 

97 

20 

8 

128 

3 

^ 

ja 

5.08 

78 

17 

15| 

7h 

100 

4 

5 

4.10 

64 

13 

14^ 

6" 

83 

5 

41 

I9 

3.10 

52 

11 

13' 

5i 

66 

6 

4 

2.44 

39 

8 

Hi 

5- 

57 

7 

^1 

■*  s 

1.95 

30 

6 

10 

4;^ 

42 

8 

1.50 

24 

5 

n 

4- 

34 

9 

2f 

1 

1.14 

20 

4 

8 

3f 

28 

10 

2i 

t 

0.83 

13 

3 

6^ 

H 

23 

m 

2 

0.65 

0 

2 

51 

3 

20 

lOi 

If 

9-1 C 

0.44 

H 

n 

4f 

2f 

17 

lOf 

IJ 

i 

0.35 

^ 

1 

4^ 

2 

15 

Bessemer 

and 

Siemens 

— Martin 

steel  rop 

es  at  same  price 

as  iron 

ropes. 

JVofe. — The  prices  given  are  for  Hemp  Centre  Ropes.  When  made  with  Wire  Centre, 
the  price  per  foot  is  10  per  cent,  extra.  'I'he  weight  of  Wire  Centre  Ropes  is  10  per 
cent,  more  than  that  of  Ropes  with  Hemp  Centres. 


^  Notes  on  the  Uses  of  Wire  Rope. — Two  kinds 
of  wire  rope  are  manufactured.  The  most  pliable  variety 
contains  wires  in  the  strand,  and  is  generally  used  for  hoisting 
and  running  rope.  The  ropes  with  12  wires  and  7  wires  in 
the  strand  are  stiffer,  and  are  better  adapted  for  standing 
rope,  guys  and  rigging.  Orders  should  state  the  use  of  the 
rope,  and  advice  will  be  given.  Ropes  are  made  up  to 
3  inches  in  diameter,  both  of  iron  and  steel,  upon  special 
application. 

For  safe  working  load,  allow  one-fifth  to  one-seventh  of 
the  ultimate  strength,  according  to  speed,  so  as  to  get  good 
wear  from  the  rope.  When  substituting  wire  rope  for  hemp 
rope,  it  is  good  economy  to  allow  for  the  former  the' 
same  weight  per  foot  which  experience  has  approved  for 
the  latter. 


90  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Wire  rope  is  as  pliable  as  new  hemp  rope  of  the  same 
strength ;  the  former  will  therefore  run  over  the  same  sized 
sheaves  and  pulleys  as  the  latter.  But  the  greater  the  di- 
ameter of  the  sheaves,  pulleys  or  drums,  the  longer  wire  rope 
will  last.  In  the  construction  of  machinery  for  wire  rope,  it 
will  be  found  good  economy  to  makes  the  drums  and  sheaves 
as  large  as  possible.  The  minimum  size  of  drum  is  given  in 
a  column  in  the  preceding  table. 

Experience  has  demonstrated  that  the  wear  increases  with 
the  speed.  It  is  therefore  better  to  increase  the  load  than 
the  speed. 

Wire  rope  is  manufactured  either  with  a  wire  or  a  hemp 
centre.  The  latter  is  more  pliable  than  the  former,  and  will 
wear  better  where  there  is  short  bending.  Orders  should 
specify  what  kind  of  centre  is  wanted. 

Wire  rope  nmst  not  be  coiled  or  uncoiled  like  hemp  rope. 
When  mounted  on  a  reel,  the  latter  should  be  mounted  on 
a  spindle  or  flat  turn-table  to  pay  off  the  rope.  When  for- 
warded in  a  small  coil  without  reel,  roll  it  over  the  groun^ 
like  a  wheel,  and  run  off  the  rope  in  that  way.  All  untwist- 
ing or  kinking  must  be  avoided. 

To  preserve  wire  rope,  apply  raw  linseed  oil  with  a  piece 
of  sheepskin,  wool  inside;  or  mix  the  oil  with  equal  parts  of 
Spanish  brown  or  lamp-black. 

To  preserve  wire  rope  under  water  or  under  ground,  take 
mineral  or  vegetable  tar,  and  add  i  bushel  of  fresh  slaked 
lime  to  I  barrel  of  tar,  which  will  neutralize  the  acid.  Boil 
it  well,  and  saturate  the  rope  with  the  hot  tar.  To  give  the 
mixture  body,  add  some  sawdust. 

In  no  case  should  galvanized  rope  be  used  for  running  rope. 
One  day's  use  scrapes  off  the  coating  of  zinc,  and  rusting 
proceeds  with  twice  the  rapidity. 

The  grooves  of  cast    iron  pulleys  and  sheaves  should   be 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


91 


filled  with  well  seasoned  blocks  of  hard  wood  set  on  end,  to 
be  renewed  when  worn  out.  This  end  wood  will  save  wear 
and  increase  adhesion.  The  smaller  pulleys  or  rollers  which 
support  the  ropes  on  inclined  planes,  should  be  constructed 
on  the  same  plan.  When  large  sheaves  run  with  great 
velocity,  the  grooves  should  be  lined  with  leather,  set  on  end, 
or  with  India  rubber.  This  is  done  in  the  case  of  all  sheaves 
used  in  the  transmission  of  power  between  distant  points  by 
means  of  rope,  which  frequently  run  at  the  rate  of  4,000  feet 
l^er  minute.  Full  information  may  be  obtained  on  the  size  of 
rope  and  the  size  and  speed  of  sheaves  to  be  used  for  trans- 
mitting power,  where  the  ropes  are  made. 

Steel  ropes  are,  to  a  certain  extent,  taking  the  place  of  iron 
ropes,  where  it  is  a  special  object  to  combine  lightness  with 
strength. 

But  in  substituting  a  steel  rope  for  an  iron  running  rope, 
the  object  in  view  should  be  to  gain  an  increased  wear  from 
the  rope  rather  than  to  reduce  the  size. 


STEAM   PRESSED    VITRIFIED   DOUBLE   GLAZED   DRAIN   PIPES. 

Bends 

Branches. 

I'T' 

Pipe,  per  r  oot. 

and  Elbows. 

Each. 

Single. 

Double  . 

.nd  v. 

Each. 

2  inch,  $  .13 

$  .40 

$   .48 

$ ^ 

It 

$1.00 

3 

.16 

.50 

.61 

*:""pu 

1.25 

4 

.20 

.65 

.75 

1.30 

JS 

1.75 

5 

.25 

.85 

.90 

1.55 

2.50 

6 

.30 

1.15 

1.05 

1.80 

--Si 

3.50 

7 

.35 

1.50 

1.20 

2.05 

5.00 

8 

.45 

2.00 

1.45 

2.45 

&^ 

6.00 

9 

.55 

2.50 

1,70 

2.85 

I2 

7.00 

10 

.70 

3.00 

2.00 

3.30 

11 

8.00 

12 
15 

.80 
1.25 

3.75 
5.00 

2.52    '      4.24 

^  0 

10.00 

18 

1.60 

7.50 

House  Branches 
per  lineal  ft. 

Sewer  Branches, 
per  lineal  ft. 

15x6    $1.75 

15  in.    $2.^£> 

18x6 

2.50 

18    ' 

3.00 

92 


THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 


Reducers  and  Increasers — Price  of    Bends   measured  at  largest 
opening. 
Syphons — Price  of  Bend  and  one  foot  of  Pipe  added. 
Offsets — One-half  the  price  of  Traps. 
Slants — Price  of  one  and  one-half  feet  of  Pipe. 
Collared  Pipe,  in  lengths  of  2  feet,  from  2  to  12  inches  inclusive. 
Pipe  with  Rings,  in  lengths  of  3  feet,  from  10  inches  upwards. 


DESCRIPTION. 

Iron  Cistern  Pitche?'  Spout  Pump.     Suitable  for  Iron 
or  Lead. 

Boxes  from  2 J  to  4 J  in.      Suitable  for  1  to  IJ 
in.  pipe each 

Iron  Close  Cistern  Pump. 

Boxes  from  2  to  3  in.,  suitable  for  1  to  IJ  in. 
pipe each 

Douglass  Cistern  Pump. 

Boxes  from  2  to  3  in.,  suitable  for  1  to  IJ  in. 
pipe each 

New  Style  Side  Cistern. 

Boxes  from  2  to  3  in.,  suitable   for  1  to  1^  in.  j 
pipe each   1 

Cistern  and  Well  Pump. 

From   2J  to  4  inch  cylinders,  bored  and  pol-  j 
ished each  ) 

Tight  Top  Cistern  and  Well  Pump.     With  Cast  Iron 
Set  Lengths. 

From  2J  to  3J  inch  cylinders,  bored  and  pol- 
ished   each 

Extra  long  sets each 

Braced  Deep  Well  Pump, 

From  2J  to  3J  in.  cylinders,  bored  and  pol- 
ished   each 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


4.00 

to 

6.00 

3.50 

to 

5.50 

3.50 

to 

5.50 

3.50 

to 

5.50 

10.00 

to 
15.00 


12.00 

to 
13.50 

0.50 


20.00 

to 
28.00 


Correct 
Price. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 
PUMPS  (Continued). 


DESCRIPTION 


Engine  Well  Pump.      With  Cast  Iron  Set  Length. 

From  2J  to  4  inch  cylinders,  bored  and  pol- 
ished   each 

Engine  Well  Pump.      With  Gas  Pipe  Set  Length 

From  2J  to  4  inch    cylinder,  bored  and  pol- 
ished   each 

Double  Acting  Force  Pump.     For  Pailroads,  Dis- 
tilleries, itc. 

For  Hand  and  Power. 

From  4  to  8  inch  cylinder.     Stroke  8,  Gallons 
per  minute,  40  to  80 each 

Hydraulic  Rams. 

Four  Sizes. 

From  2  to  14  gallons  per  minute,   drive  25  to  J 
50  feet  where  desired  etc each   1 

C7^een  House  Engines. 

For  garden  use each 

For  green  house,  including  pail,  3  ft.  hose  and 

discharge  pipe each 

Less  pail each 

Base  Force  Pumps.     Bored  and  Polished. 

No.  1  from  2J  to  j  Iron  cylinder each 

4  in.  bore.       1  Brass 


Approxi- 
mate 
Price. 


93 


Correct 
Price. 


22.00 

to 
27.00 

21.00 

to 
26.00 


75.00 

to 

135.00 


9.00 

to 

20.00 


25.00 

10.00 
8.00 


$9  to  14 
14  to  28 


94  I'HE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 


REMARKS. 

It  must  be  understood  that  the  foregoing  prices  are  only 
approximately  correct,  and  are  subject  to  market  fluctuations 
and  local  demand.  They  are  only  given  as  a  guide  to  the 
estimator  where  the  actual  current  market  prices  are  not  ob- 
tainable. 

The  most  successful  contractors  are  those  who  ^'  figure  " 
close,  not  overlooking  a  single  item,  and  then  adding  from 
15  to  30  per  cent,  to  the  aggregate  for  profits  and  contin- 
gencies. 

The  amount  of  percentage  added,  depends  in  a  great 
measure  on  circumstances.  Sometimes  a  contractor  may  be 
so  full  of  work  that  he  does  not  care  to  take  more  unless  he 
gets  an  extra  good  price  for  it;  then  he  will  add  on  his  esti- 
mate a  large  percentage.  Again,  it  may  be  that  he  has  little 
to  do  and  will  be  compelled  to  take  work  at  the  lowest  pos- 
sible paying  prices. 

In  these  days  of  keen  competition  men  are  often  led  to 
accept  contracts  much  lower  than  the  work  can  possibly  be 
comjDleted  for;  then  they  will  endeavor  to  make  up  the  dif- 
ference by  either  overworking  their  employees,  reducing 
their  wages,  or  "  scamping "  the  work.  The  adoption  of 
either  of  these  expedients  will  surely  end  in  ruin  and  de- 
struction to  the  contractor ;  better  not  take  the  work  at  all, 
if  a  good  paying  price  cannot  be  obtained  for  it. 

Builder's  Bookkeeping. — Builders^  generally  should 
habituate  themselves  to  reduce  their  buWiless  to  a  reliable 
system  of  accounts,  and  accustom  themselves  to  regard  their 
operations  from  the  standpoint  of  close  and  careful  calcula- 
tion. 

The   simplest  phase   of  the  building   business  is.  that  in 


AND    estimator's   PRICE    BOOK.  95 

which  the  master  builder  acts  merely  as  an  overseer  or  super- 
intendent of  the  work,  and  does  not  undertake  to  perform  in 
person  any  specific  task.  Where  all  the  different  items  of 
work,  including  mason's  and  carpenter's  work,  are  given  out 
in  contracts,  the  arrangement  of  these  items  of  detailed  cost 
in  a  consolidated  result  is  a  simple  matter  of  arithmetic. 
The  work  becomes  more  complicated  where  either  the  ma- 
son or  carpenter  work,  or  both,  is  undertaken  in  person  by 
the  master  builder  operating  through  foremen  and  employed 
mechanics.  To  make  the  cost  of  such  works  tally  with  the 
other  items  of  cost,  it  becomes  necessary  to  keep  a  very  close 
watch  over  expenditures,  or  there  will  be  many  and  large 
discrepencies. 

Some  builders  undertake  to  perform  with  their  own  hired 
mechanics  a  great  variety  of  work  connected  with  house 
building,  such  as  the  painting,  plastering,  brick  and  stone 
work,  and  carpenter  work.  In  these  cases  the  accounts  be- 
come very  voluminous  and  complicated,  and  the  employ- 
ment of  a  skilled  book-keeper  becomes  imperative. 

The  items  of  work  which  are  given  out  in  separate  con- 
tracts present  little  difficulty,  as  these  may  be  readily  for- 
mulated. A  strict  record  should  be  kept  of  payments  made 
to  the  several  sub-contractors  on  account  of  their  contracts. 
An  ordinary  memorandum  book,  such  as  may  be  purchased 
on  the  streets  or  at  the  stationer's,  will  suffice  for  this  pur- 
pose. One  page  in  such  a  book  should  be  devoted  to  each 
individual  contract,  and  should  be  headed  with  the  name  of 
the  sub-contractor.  On  such  a  page  should  be  entered  the 
date  and  amount  of  each  partial  payment  of  the  contract 
price.  This  will  enable  the  builder  to  see  at  a  glance  how 
mych  has  been  paid  and  how  much  is  due  upon  a  given 
contract.  We  may  add,  that  such  an  account  faithfully  kept 
will  constitute  acceptable  evidence  in  any  court  of  law. 


96  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

The  accounts  of  mason  and  carpenter  work  call  for  greater 
minutiae  and  particularity.  Separate  and  accurate  pay-rolls 
should  be  kept  for  each  job,  whether  the  work  performed 
may  be  done  on  the  premises  where  the  improvement  is  being 
made,  or  away  from  them.  In  carpenter  work,  especially, 
the  pay-roll  of  all  shop  work  should  be  properly  apportioned 
and  distributed  among  the  several  jobs,  and  each  sub-divi- 
sion charged  under  its  appropriate  head  in  the  book  of  each 
job.  The  rule  should  be  rigidly  enforced  of  requiring  all 
material  men  to  furnish  separate  itemized  bills  for  material 
sent  to  any  particular  job,  or  intended  to  be  used  for  a  spe- 
cific job.  As  these  bills  are  received  their  totals  s;hould  be 
entered  on  the  account  book  under  the  appropriate  heading, 
whether  for  carpenter  or  mason  work. 

A  page  in  the  memorandum  book  should  be  devoted  to 
all  the  incidental  expenses  not  appertaining  to  the  mechanical 
portion  of  the  work,  such  as  interest,  taxes,  legal  and  archi- 
tectural fees,  brokerages,  etc. 

Such  a  system  of  accounts  really  embraces  all  that  is 
necessary  to  furnish  a  builder  with  an  intelligible  view  of  the 
cost  of  his  work  as  it  progresses.  It  would  be  well  to  devote 
a  page  in  this  book  to  a  record  of  any  notes  which  may  be 
given  out,  indicating  their  dates  of  maturity  and  amounts. 

The  only  further  suggestion  to  make  is  that  a  monthly 
balance  sheet  should  be  taken  off  in  a  form  which  we  will 
indicate.  This  balance  sheet  will  consist  of  an  enumeration 
of  the  headings  of  all  these  accounts.  Three  parallel  columns 
will  be  required  to  display  the  needful  data.  In  the  first 
column,  opposite  its  appropriate  heading,  may  be  stated  the 
total  amount  of  each  contract  as  made,  or  the  assumed  cost 
of  the  item  of  work.  In  the  second  column  may  be  given 
the  amount  paid  on  account  of  each  item.  In  the  third 
column  may  be  stated   the  difference  between  the  respective 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


97 


amounts  in  the  second  and  first  columns — which  will  be  the 
amounts  unpaid  and  due  on  each  item  of  work,  and  the  total 
of  these  differences  will  be  the  whole  amount  unpaid  on  the 
job.  This  balance  sheet  will  enable  the  builder  to  perceive 
at  a  glance  the  precise  financial  position  of  his  job,  and  will 
constitute  besides  a  faithful  monitor  of  the  accruing  costs  and 
their  distribution. 

We  submit  this  form  of  balance  sheet  without  any  further 
explanation,  believing  that  it  will  commend  itself  to  the  ap- 
proval of  painstaking  builders,  and  as  here  presented  will  be 
self-explanatory. 


BUILDER  S   BALANCE   SHET. 


Heads  of  Accounts. 


Brown  stone  work 

Bells  and  tubes 

Blinds,  inside  and  outside 

Blue  stone  work 

Carpenter  work,  including — 

Hardware 

Labor 

Timbers 

Trimmings 

Dumb  waiters 

Framing 

Sash  and  sylights 

Glass,  plate— sheet  and  fancy. 

Doors — hardwood  and  pine. . . 

Hardwood  mantels 

Mirror  frames  and  cornices . . . 

Wainscoating 

Iron  work, 

Plasterer's  work 

Boofer's  work 

Furnace  work 

Stair  work 

Gasfitting  work 

Plumbing  work 

Marble  work 

Grate  work 


Amounts  ot 

Contracts 

md  estimated 

cost. 


Amounts 
paid  on 
Account. 


Balances 
due. 


98 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


builder's  balance  sheet 

(Continued) 

. 

Heads  of  Accounts. 

Amounts  of 

Contracts 

and  estimated 

cost. 

Amounts 
paid  on 
Account. 

Range  work 

Painting 

$ 

$ 

Mason  work,  including — 

Excavating 

Bricks. .           .    . 

Labor  

Building  stone 

Lime  and  cement 

Interest  account 

Taxes  (if  any) 

Surveyor's  fee   

Architect's  fee 

Counsel's  fee 

Insurance 

Coal 

Permits 

Watching 

Brokerage 

Totals 

Balances 
due. 


It  will  be  seen  by  the  foregoing  lists  that  the  prices  given 
are  not  always  the  same  for  the  same  class  of  work  or  ma- 
terials ;  this  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  first  figures 
given  are  gathered  from  Southern  and  Western  sources,  while 
the  latter  are  taken  from  Eastern  and  Middle  State  price 
lists ;  but  the  estimator  should  in  no  case  rely  on  these  rates 
alone  if  he  can  possibly  obtain  the  local  current  prices. 

We  now  enter  in  another  department,  and  one  that  should 
be  thoroughly  understood  by  the  estimator  and  contractor, 
to  enable  him  to  arrive  at  something  like  correct  quantities. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  99 


Measurement  of  Artificers'  Work. 

We  lay  down  certain  general  rules  for  the  measurement  of 
Artificers'  work  as  generally  practiced  by  experienced  sur- 
veyors. There  are,  however,  certain  local  customs  which 
prevail  in  different  places  which  have  always  been  found  diffi- 
cult to  overcome.  No  doubt  but  that  measurement  simply 
by  the  cubic,  superficial,  or  lineal  foot  is  the  fairest  way — irre- 
spective of  customs  to  the  contrary — and  if  architects  would 
commence  the  practice  of  inserting  in  their  specifications  and 
contracts  that  the  work  should  be  thus  measured  and  paid 
for,  it  would  soon  become  a  recognized  custom.  All  sur- 
veyors do  not  take  their  measurements  in  the  same  order,  or 
keep  their  books  in  the  same  form.  The  following  rules, 
however,  will  be  convenient  to  observe : 

Take  the  several  parts  of  the  work  in  the  order  most  con- 
venient, observing  always  to  enter  the  length  first,  next  the 
width,  and  lastly  the  depth  or  thickness. 

Describe  the  nature  of  the  material  and  workmanship,  and 
the  exact  situation  of  the  work.  A  strict  observance  of  these 
rules  will  facilitate  the  future  identification  of  the  dimensions 
with  the  work  from  which  they  have  been  taken,  should  a 
reference  be  required  to  them  in  case  of  dispute. 

excavators'  work. 
At  per  cubic  yard. 
If  paid  for  according  to  the  schedule,  keep  the  work  under 
the    different    items    separate.      Trenches  are    usually   kept 
separate. 

drains,  including  pipes,  etc. 
At  per  yard  rnnmiig. 
State  the  depth  and  size  of  pipe  or  drain. 


lOO  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

ALLOWANCE    FOR    SLOPES. 

Where  the  sides  of  an  excavation  will  not  stand  vertically, 
allow  3  inches  on  each  side  for  every  foot  in  depth. 

For  pipes  take  the  bottom  of  the  trench  about  9  inches 
wider  than  the  diameter  of  the  pipe. 

SHORING    AND    STRUTTING,    ETC. 

It  is  better  that  when  shoring  or  strutting  becomes  neces- 
sary, the  contractor  should  provide  for  this  in  his  estimate. 

PUMPING. 

When  necessary,  to  be  paid  for  per  day  labor. 

CLAY    PUDDLE    OVER    VAULTS    AND    ARCHES. 

At  per  yard  superficial. 
State  height. of  arches,  and  thickness  of  puddle  required. 

PILE    DRIVING. 

Number  the  piles,  scantling,  and  length  of  feet  to  be 
driven,  number  the  ringing,  pointing,  shoeing,  and  state  the 
weight  of  the  rings  and  shoes. 

CONCRETE. 

In  thickness  of  12  inches  and  o\qv,  per  yard  cubic,  under 
pavings  or  hearths,  or  less  than  1 2  inches  thick,  per  yard 
superficial. 

When  concrete  is  lifted  above  ground,  state  the  height. 

MASON  AND  STONE  CUTTER'S  WORK. 

Walls  built  of  rubble  stone  are  sometimes  measured  by  the 
toise  (French),  which  contains  87.16  cubic  feet  English; 
some  measurers  only  allow  84  feet.  Sometimes  it  is  mea- 
sured by  the  cord,  128  feet,  sometimes  by  the  perch,  and 
again  by  the  cubic  foot.  Walls  under  i  foot  6  inches  in 
width  measured  as  i  foot  6  inches  work.  Walls  over  i  foot 
6  inches,  and  not  2  feet  6  inches,  are  taken  as  2  feet  6  inches 
in  work.     Footing  courses  are  measured  extra. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  lOI 

Face  Work  of  a  superior  kind  on  rubble  masonry  is 
measured  separately  and  described. 

Quoin  Stones  of  selected  stones  are  allowed  as  block 
stone,  and  other  dressings  in  a  similar  manner. 

Walling  of  Block  Stone  is  charged  at  per  cubic  foot, 
according  to  description,  similar  to  ashlar  prepared  and  set, 
including  all  beds  and  joints,  but  the  face  is  charged  extra  at 
l)er  foot  superficial,  according  to  the  way  it  may  be  dressed. 

ASHLAR    WORK. 

Defiiiitiofi  of  terms  for  the  labor  on  stone. 

Plain  Work  is  the  even  surface  produced  without  sinking 
more  than  necessary  to  remove  the  mere  irregularities  of  the 
stone. 

Sunk  Work  is  the  cutting  or  chiseling  below  the  plain 
surface,  as  in  rebating,  or  the  weatherings  of  string  courses, 
copings,  and  cornices. 

Circular  Work  is  that  required  to  form  convex  or  con 
cave  surfaces,  as  to  the  shafts  of  columns,  arch  stones,  or  cir- 
cular curbs. 

Circular,  Circular  Work,  is  that  required  to  form  a 
sphere  or  a  niche  head. 

Moulded  Work,  straight,  is  that  to  cornices,  etc. 

Moulded  Work,  circular,  is  that  to  the  necking  or  capital 
of  columns. 

LABOR    in    general. 

It  is  the  practice  of  most  surveyors  to  take  only  one  bed 
and  one  joint  to  each  stone,  and  two  if  not  sawn.  It  is  best, 
liowever,  to  measure,  and  to  state  that  such  has  been  done, 
allow  the  largest  dimensions  for  the  cubic  contents.  One 
joint  only  to  be  allowed  to  every  3  feet  in  length  when  the 
work  is  continuous,  as  in  strings,  copings,  etc.  Take  plain  work 
rubbed  to  all  faces  and  returned  ends  unless  otherwise  worked. 


102  TJIE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Girth  the  sunk  work,  moulded  work,  circular  plain,  and 
circular  moulded  work  as  it  appears. 

Take  splayed  and  fair  edges,  under  6  inches  wide,  back 
joint,  throating,  grooving,  sunk  rebates,  mitres  to  sinkings, 
chamfers,  reeds,  flutings,  haunches,  joggle  and  iron  tongued 
joints,  cutting  and  pinning  to  landings,  etc.,  by  the  foot  7'tm, 

Number  fair  ends  to  steps,  pipe  holes,  cramps,  plugs, 
dowels,  mortise  holes  for  door  posts,  rounded  corners,  notch- 
ings,  letting  in  coal  plates,  air  traps,  sink  stones,  cutting  and 
priming  ends  of  steps,  stopped  and  level  ends  to  sinkings, 
mitres  to  mouldings,  external  and  internal  (according  to 
girth)  returned  and  mitred  ends  to  copings,  neckings  to 
chimney  pieces,  etc. 

REGULATIONS  FOR  THE  MEASUREMENT  OF  MASONRY. 

Cube  Stone.  If  square  measure  net  size  when  worked, 
when  not  square  measure  the  size  of  a  square  stone  of  the 
extent  required.  When  the  stones  are  of  scantling  6  feet  and 
upwards,  measure  separately. 

Drafted  Backs.  The  back  of  stones  where  drafted  to  be 
measured  according  to  actual  work  shown. 

Plain  and  Sunk  Beds.  One  plain  bed  only  to  be  taken 
for  each  stone,  except  to  mullions  of  windows,  for  which  two 
beds  are  to  be  taken  to  each  stone.  Ordinary  arch  stones  to 
be  considered  as  having  one  plain  bed  and  one  sunk  bed. 

Plain  and  Sunk  Joints.  Not  more  than  one  plain  joint 
to  be  taken  for  each  stone,  having  one  or  more  plain  joints. 
All  plain  joints  to  be  taken  as  they  occur. 

Chiseled  or  Rubbed  Faces.  To  be  measured  to  the 
size  actually  shown  on  the  external  surface. 

Rough  Sunk.  ,  To  be  taken  when  a  large  quantity  of  stone 
has  to  be  removed,  as  in  stop  mouldings  to  sills,  window 
heads,  and  other  similar  work. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  IO3 

Sunk,  Chiseled  or  Rubbed  Faces.  To  be  measured 
on  the  surface  actually  worked,  adding  the  depth  of  the  sink- 
ing. 

Stopped  Sinking.  To  be  measured  in  such  situations  as 
do  not  permit  the  work  to  be  carried  straight  through  the 
stone,  as  in  the  stop  mouldings  to  sills,  window-heads,  and 
other  similar  work. 

Preparatory  Labor  or  Plain  Face  or  Bed.  To  be 
taken  wherever  it  is  necessary  to  produce  a  face  for  the  pur- 
pose of  setting  out  under- work,  as  in  tracery  heads,  and  other 
similar  works.  This  is  also  intended  to  apply  to  mullions 
of  windows,  one  side  and  one  edge  of  which  are  to  be  taken 
as  plain  bed. 

Mouldings.  To  be  girthed,  the  surface  actually  shown, 
the  top  bed,  if  weathered,  only  to  be  measured  as  sunk  face. 

Mouldings  to  Paneling.  To  be  girthed,  including  the 
back  panel. 

Circular  Face  to  Soffit  of  Cusps.  To  be  measured 
the  whole  thickness  of  the  stone  from  back  to  front. 

Sunk  Faces  to  Soffit  of  Cusps  in  Paneling.  To  be 
measured  net  on  the  face,  adding  the  depth  of  the  sinking 
from  the  external  face. 

Sunk  Face  in  Margins  for  Eyes.  To  be  measured  the 
extreme  length  and  width. 

Circular  Sunk  to  Rebated  Soffit  of  Cusps.  To  be 
measured  from  the  external  surface,  adding  the  depth  of  the 
rebate. 

Mouldings  in  Tracery.  The  extreme  length  of  the 
straight  mouldings  in  the  tracery  of  the  window  heads  to  be 
measured  through  the  mitres  and  junctions  with  other  mould- 
ings. 

Throat.     To  be  measured  per  foot  running. 

Groove  for  Cement.  do.         do. 


I04  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Groove  for  Sashes.     To  be  measured  per  foot  running. 

Rebate  not  Exceeding  3  Inches  in  Girth.  To  be 
measured  jDer  foot  running. 

Mitres  to  Sinkings.  To  be  numbered  according  to 
width. 

Mitres  and  Returns  to  Sinkings.  To  be  numbered  ac- 
cording to  width  of  the  sinking  and  length  of  the  return. 

Mitres  to  Mouldings.  To  be  numbered  according  to 
the  girth  of  moukhng. 

Mitres  and  Returns  to  Mouldings.  To  be  numbered 
according  to  the  girth  of  the  moulding,  and  length  of  the  return. 

Stopped  End  of  Mouldings.  To  be  numbered  accord- 
ing to  girth  of  moulding,  and  length  of  return. 

Stopped  Ends  of  Mouldings  of  Splayed  Sills  ANr> 
Sills  of  Panels.  To  be  numbered  according  to  the  girth 
of  the  moulding  and  extreme  length  from  top  of  sill  to  point 
of  intersection. 

Rough  Sinkings  for  Cusped  Window  Heads  and 
similar  Sinkings.  To  be  numbered,  taking  the  average  area 
of  the  sinking  and  the  full  thicknesss  of  the  stone. 

Carved  Stone  Work  is  sometimes  paid  for  by  the  piece 
or  by  the  foot  superficial.  See  pages  34,  35,  36,  37,  ^S,  39, 
and  40. 

brick  work. 

This  is  measured  generally  by  the  one  thousand  bricks, 
laid  in  the  wall.  Sometimes,  however,  it  is  measured  by  the 
perch,  and  sometimes  by  the  foot  cubic,  but  not  often.  The 
following  rule  shows  how  the  number  of  bricks  may  be  found 
in  walls  of  any  thickness  : 

A    4  J  in.  wall  requires  for  each  foot  superficial,  7  bricks. 
A    9    in.     "  "  "  "  14       " 

A  13    in.     "  "  "  "  21       " 

A  18    in.     "  ''  "  "  28       " 


AND    ESTIMATOR'S    PRICE    BOOK.  IO5 

A  22  in.  wall  requires  for  each  foot  superficial,  35  bricks. 

Add  seven  bricks  for  every  half  brick  additional  added  to 
the  thickness. 

Deduct  all  openings  for  doors,  archways,  windows,  gate- 
ways, or  other  large  openings.  Flues,  ends  of  joists,  girders, 
sills,  lintels  and  boxes  of  sash  frames,  are  generally  counted 
solid,  as  the  wastage  of  material  and  time  in  working  around 
these  places  more  than  makes  up  the  difference. 

Rubbed  brickwork  and  ornamental  work  must  be  measured 
separately  and  charged  extra,  unless  otherwise  provided  for. 

Tuck-pointing,  drains,  cisterns,  wells,  and  paving,  are  done 
by  the  lineal,  superficial  or  cubic  foot,  as  may  be  agreed 
upon.     See  pages  40,  41,  42,  43  and  44. 

PLASTERING. 

All  plain  work  is  measured  by  the  yard  superficial.  All 
mouldings,  beads,  cornices,  and  panel  work  is  measured  by 
the  running  foot,  if  one  foot  or  less  in  girt.  If  more  than 
one  foot  girt,  charge  by  superficial  foot.  See  pages  44,  45,, 
46  and  47. 

CARPENTERS    AND    JOINERS'    WORK. 

As  SO  much  of  this  work  is  now  done  by  machinery,  no 
general  rules  can  be  laid  downi.  The  following  memoranda^ 
however,  may  be  found  useful : 

Labor  on  timber  is  classified  "  Fixed  only,''  "  Framed,''  or 
* ^  Framed  and  Fixed. ' ' 

Timber  fixed,  includes  the  labor  in  "nailing,  spiking,  halving,, 
dovetailing  or  notching. 

Timber  framed,  includes  mortising  and  tenoning. 

Reduce  all  timber  to  board  measurement. 

BOND    TIMBER. 

Take  bond  timbers,  wall  plates,  pole  plates,  templates,  and 
Untels  under  this  head. 


Io6  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

FLOORS    NAKED. 

Take  all  joists  and  sleepers  which  have  not  been  actually 
framed  as  "  fixed  "  only. 

Keep  ground  joists  and  sleepers  distinct  fi^om  those  to 
upper  floors. 

Girders,  binders,  trimmers,  and  trimming  joists  to  be  taken 
as  fi-amed. 

Girders  sawn  down  the  middle,  reversed  and  bolted,  or 
trussed  are  to  be  kept  separate. 

Setting  in  screw-bolts,  plates,  etc.,  are  to  be  numbered  as 
extras. 

Take  strutting  between  the  joists  by  the  foot  running,  state 
the  scantlmg,  and  it  herring  bone  or  otherwise. 

WOOD    BRICKS,    ETC. 

Number  the  wood  bricks  and  similar  insertions  into  wall. 

ROOFS. 

Take  king  posts,  queen  posts,  principal  rafters,  and  the 
beams,  etc.,  as  "  framed  in  trusses." 

Allow  in  length  for  each  tenon. 

Take  common  rafters,  purlins,  diagonal  ties,  dragon 
pieces,  and  gutter  plates,  except  where  actually  framed  as 
^'  fixed  in  rafters,"  etc. 

Add  to  all  iron  work  extra  for  fixing. 

Take  ridge,  hips  and  valley  pieces  as  framed — or  otherwise 
measure  boarding  by  tlie  square  of  loo  feet  superficial. 

Hip  and  ridge  rolls  measure  per  foot  running — state  the 
diameter,  and  if  spiked  or  otherwise. 

PARTITIONS. 

Take  the  head,  sills,  braces,  studs,  door  heads,  etc.,  as 
framed  and  trussed  in  partitions  or  otherwise,  as  the  case 
mav  be. 


AND    estimators'    PRICE    BOOK.  I07 

Deduct  for  doorways. 

Studs  tenoned  with  the  head  and  sill  and  spiked,  are  to  be 
considered  as  framed. 

Iron  work  and  fixing  extra. 

ROUGH    BOARDING. 

Measure  by  the  square  of  loo  feet  superficial.  If  waste, 
allow  for  the  same. 

BRACKETING,    ETC. 

Take  the  actual  measurements  and  allow  for  waste. 
Number  the  pieces. 

DOOR    FRAMES. 

See  mill  prices — (included  with  doors). 

WROUGHT,  FRAMED,  AND  ROUGH  TIMBERS  IN  GENERAL. 

Measured  by  the  foot  cube. 

FLOORING. 

Per  square  of  loo  feet  super. 

Take  the  length  by  the  width,  add  pieces  filled  in  to 
windows,  door  openings,  recesses,  etc. 

Deduct  slabs,  chimney  breasts,  and  other  projections. 

Extras, — Take  the  glued  and  mitred  border  to  slabs  by 
the  foot  running. 

SKIRTINGS. 

Per  foot  running. 

Take  the  round  of  the  room,  and  add  for  the  passing  at 
angles. 

State  thickness  and  width — if  moulded  or  otherwise,  and 
if  backings  are  included. 

NARROW   GROUNDS. 

Take  the  length  as  described  for  the  skirting. 


Io8  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

State  the  thickness  and  width,  and  if  chamfered,  plugged 
to  wall  or  otherwise. 

SASKES    AND    SKYLIGHTS   AND    FRAMES. 

See  mill  prices  for  sashes,  including  frames. 

Extras, — Take  the  beads,  stops,  and  linings  by  the  foot  run- 
ning, according  to  thickness  and  width — and  labor  upon  them. 

State  if  sill  is  of  oak,  tamarac  or  pine — weathered  or 
throated. 

State  mode  of  hanging  sashes,  quality  of  lines,  pullies^ 
weight,  etc. 

SASHES,    CIRCULAR    HEADS. 

Provided  for  under  mill  work. 

Extras. — The  same  as  for  square  sashes. 

WINDOW    LININGS    AND    WINDOW    BOARDS. 

Take  the  length  by  the  width  in  each  case — allow  for  the 
passings — state  thickness  of  linings. 

For  window  boards  and  bearers,  state  thickness,  also,  if 
tongued  to  the  sill  and  rounded  on  edge. 

Extras. — Labor  to  grooves  at  per  foot  run. 

FRAMED  GROUNDS  AND  ARCHITRAVES. 

Architraves  supplied  at  the  mill. 

State  the  number  of  feet  of  groundings. 

Count  the  number  of  mitres. 

SHUTTERS    AND    BACKFLAPS. 

Shutters  and  backflaps  furnished  at  mill. 

Describe  how  made,  panels,  etc. 

Extras. — Hinges,  shutter  bar  or  bolts,  knobs,  etc. 

WINDOW    BACKS,    ELBOWS    AND    SOFFITS. 

Part  supplied  at  mill. 

Describe  that  part  done  by  hand  labor. 


AND    ESTIMATOR'S   PRICE    BOOK.  IO9 

BACK    LININGS. 

To  the  height  for  the  shutters  add  2  inches,  for  that  of  the 
back  lining,  by  the  width. 

State  thickness  and  how  worked. 

BOXING. 

Take  the  height,  by  the  width,  including  the  framings. 
State   the   thickness,  and   if   wrought,   framed,    rebated, 
beaded  or  splayed ;  if  they  are  termed  "  proper  boxings." 

SLIDING   SHUTTERS. 

Shutters  provided  at  mill. 

State  size  of  pulley  pieces  and  beads,  quality  of  line  weights 
and  pulleys. 

Boxings,  grounds,  etc. — to  be  taken  as  for  window  fronts. 

Take  the  fastenings,  and  flush  rings  to  the  shutters  anr* 
hinges  to  flaps. 

OUTSIDE    SHUTTERS. 

Provided  at  mill. 

Extras^  scribing  and  fixings. 

DOOR-FRAMES,  ARCHITRAVES. 

All  kinds  of  doors,  frames  and  architraves  being  made  by 
mill  work,  it  is  only  necessary  to  state  the  sizes  and  thick- 
ness, etc. 

Extras — such  as  sills  (state  if  oak) — hanging — fixing  archi- 
traves— hinges — locks,  etc. 

STAIRCASES. 

It  is  customary  for  the  contractor  to  take  staircases  at  so 
much  per  step,  which  includes  every  thing  complete — accord- 
ing to  a  specification. 

The  following  is  the  rule  for  measuring  them : 

Take  the  extreme  length  of  the  head,  including  the  hous- 


110  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

ings  into  the  strings,  by  the  collected  widths  and  heights  oi 
the  heads  and  risers,  measured  from  the  front  of  the  risers  to 
the  nose  of  the  tread  for  the  other. 

State  thickness  of  the  treads  and  risers  with  the  number 
and  sizes  of  the  carriages  (if  any). 

State  if  the  steps  are  wrought,  glued,  or  blocked,  if  with 
moulded  or  rounded  nosing,  if  cut  and  mitred  to  string,  or 
housed  to  string,  at  one  or  both  ends,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Extras.  Take  the  bottom  step  separately,  if  longer,  or 
with  curtail  end. 

Take  grooving  and  tongueing  by  the  foot  running— also 
take  run  of  nosing  on  the  floor  to  form  the  upper  steps. 

Take  housings  to  the  steps  and  risers. 

Dovetailed  sinkings  for  balusters. 

Number  of  returned  brackets  according  to  description. 

Take  all  fascias  apron  linings,  by  the  foot  superficial,  accord- 
ing to  description. 

Staircase   ( Winders). 

Take  the  whole  space  occupied  by  winders. 

Collect  the  lengths  of  risers  by  height,  plus  i  inch  for  each 
nosing  on  winders. 

State  the  thickness,  etc.,  as  pointed  out  for  the  flyers. 

Extra.  Take  the  grooving  and  tongueing  by  the  foot 
running. 

Number  the  housings  to  the  winders,  and  keep  them  separ- 
ate from  those  of  the  flyers,  also  the  returned  circular  nosings 
to  the  steps,  and  the  number  of  circular  cut  brackets. 

STRING    BOARDS. 

Take  the  extreme  length,  including  the  framings,  etc.,  by 
the  width,  keep  the  parts  that  are  wreathed  separate. 

State  the  thickness  of  strings,  if  framed,  rebated  and  beaded, 
if  sunk  or  double  sunk,  if  moulded,  if  cut  and  mitred  to  risers ; 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  Ill 

also,  if  solid  wreathed,  or  wreathed  m  thickness,  or  cylindrical 
mould  with  proper  backings. 

State  if  circular  parts  are  under  6  inch  railings. 
Extras,     Number  of  ramps  (Extra  to  the  measurement), 
"  tongued  angles. 

"  housings. 

"  splayed  ends. 

HANDRAILS. 

Take  the  length  along  the  middle  of  the  rail — keep  separate 
the  parts  that  are  straight,  ramped,  wreathed  and  circular. 

State  the  thickness,  if  moulded  or  otherwise,  and  if  the  cir- 
cular or  wreathed  parts  are  to  well  holes  of  less  than  1 2  inches 
opening,  it  must  be  stated. 

Extras.  Sinking  for  iron  covers,  straight  or  circular,  at  per 
foot  running. 

Number  of  handrail  screws  and  fixing. 

Number  of  scroll  ends  or  moulded  caps  to  newels. 

Screw  nut  and  joint  to  cap. 

NEWELS. 

Take  the  height  including  tenons. 

State  the  size,  and  if  turned-octagon,  or  otherwise. 

Extras.     Number  of  turned  pendants. 

Iron  screw  bolt  and  fixing. 

BALUSTERS. 

State  size — square,  turned,  carved  or  otherwise,  if  screwed 
or  dovetailed,  etc. 

Extras.  Iron  balusters  if  used  inside  of  wood,  screws  and 
fixing. 

WATER    CLOSETS. 

Per  foot  superficial. 

Describe  separately  seat,  flap,  frame,  skirting,  thickness  of 
woods,  etc. 


112  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Take  hinges  according  to  description. 

Holes  for  handle,  hole  for  pan,  and  if  properly  dished. 

CISTERN. 

Describe  frame  work,  casing,  etc. 

SMITH    AND    founder's    WORK. 

Iron  work  is  usually  charged  by  weight ;  it  does  not  matter 
in  what  form  the  measurements  are  taken  provided  the  sur- 
veyor obtains  the  correct  quantity  in  feet  or  inches. 

Keep  each  article  separate,  according  to  description. 

Cast-iron.  Take  a  pattern  for  each  description  of  cast- 
iron. 

Take  chipping,  filing  and  fitting  extra. 

Wrought-iron.  Measure  by  the  foot  superficial,  and  re- 
duce to  weight. 

Take  the  number  of  holes  drilled  for  bolts,  rivets  or  other- 
wise, according  to  the  thickness  of  the  iron. 

Number  the  bolts  when  small,  and  the  rivets  according  to 
size. 

plumber's  work. 

In  measuring  lead  the  dimensions  should  be  carefully  taken, 
the  material  being  heavy  and  expensive,  and  small  errors  in 
the  superficial  dimensions  become  serious  when  reduced  to 
weight. 

Lead,  including  the  labor  of  laying  gutters,  fiats  and  flash- 
ings, is  usually  charged  by  the  cut — and  under  one  head. 

Lead  work  to  cesspools,  cisterns,  sinks,  etc.,  in  the  same 
manner  as  for  gutters,  etc.,  but  separate. 

Soldering  to  joints,  angles,  etc.,  and  nailing,  at  per  foot 
running. 

Take  pipes  at  per  foot  running  according  to  the  diameter 
and  weight,  take  the  joints  extra. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  I  13 

Number  all  cocks  and  fixing  according  to  size. 

Give  an  accurate  description  of  each. 

Take  plugs,  washers  and  wastes,  air-traps,  gratings,  screw 
or  driving  ferrules,  etc.,  and  fixing,  according  to  description 
and  size. 

Give  an  accurate  description  of  each  water  closet,  the  traps 
and  mode  of  fixing,  etc. 

Take  making  good  to  soil  and  other  pipes  extra. 

Pumps  and  fixings  at  so  much  each. 

Take  the  suction  and  supply  pipes,  and  making  good,  the 
same  to  the  pumps — also,  wall  hooks  and  fixing  extra. 

painters',  glaziers'  and  paperhangers'  work. 

Painter.  The  rule  observed  in  measuring  is  wherever  the 
brush  goes — and  to  charge  by  the  superficial  yard,  except 
where  it  becomes  necessary  to  work  to  a  line,  as  in  the  case 
of  skirtings,  to  prevent  the  floor  or  wall  from  being  soiled, 
technically  termed  "  cut  on  both  edges." 

In  describing  painters'  work,  state  the  number  of  oils,  if 
knotted  or  stopped,  flatted  or  otherwise,  if  in  common  or 
ornamental  colors.     If  the  latter,  give  the  name  of  each. 

Note,  Common  colors  are  red  lead,  Venetian  red,  umber, 
Spanish  brown  or  any  of  the  common  ochres  mixed  with 
white  lead  and  oil. 

Ornamental  colors  are  prussian  blue,  indigo,  mineral  green, 
the  rich  reds,  pinks  and  yellow. 

Take  hand  rail,  iron  bar,  rain-water  pipes,  edges  to  shelves, 
edges  of  coping,  stone  strings,  cornices,  by  the  foot  running. 

Note,  Strings,  cornices  or  other  work,  when  done  from  a 
ladder  or  scafibld,  should  be  kept  separate. 

Number  the  sash  panes  (the  outside  only). 

Sash  squares  (each  side)  per  dozen. 

Window  sills,  chimney  pieces,  newels,  balusters,  heads  and 


J  14  '  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

shoes  to  rain-water  pipes,  door  scrapers,  brackets,  shutter  bars, 
bolts,  etc.,  at  each. 

Note.  Take  the  inside  of  the  sash  frames,  with  the  hnings 
at  per  foot  superficial. 

Work  difficult  to  be  measured,  such  as  the  capitals  to 
columns  and  other  ornamental  work,  should  be  numbered  and 
described,  giving  as  clear  an  idea  of  the  amount  of  labor 
upon  them  as  possible. 

Letters  or  figures  are  numbered  according  to  the  height  of 
each  in  inches,  and  described  as  plain  or  ornamental. 

GLAZIER. 

In  measuring  glass  take  the  dimensions  from  rebate  to 
rebate  each  way,  when  the  panes  are  square,  if  irregular  or 
circular  take  the  extreme  dimensions  as  if  they  were  square — 
keep  large  squares  separate. 

Describe  the  glass  according  to  quality. 

Plate  glass  is  generally  paid  at  a  price  agreed  upon — with 
or  without  a  guarantee  against  breakage. 

PAPERHANGING. 

Is  paid  for  by  the  number  of  pieces. 
Odd  yards  charged  as  one  piece. 

Take  as  extra,  pumicing  and  preparing  walls,  lining  paper 
and  hanging  same. 

Take  borders  and  hanging  at  per  dozen  yards  running, 

ROOFING SLATE    OR    METAL. 

Measure  slating  to  roofs  by  the  square  of  100  ft.  super- 
ficial, give  the  size  and  usual  denomination  of  slates,  their 
gauge  and  description  of  nails  used.  State  if  circular  or  up- 
right, but  make  no  allowance  for  circular  work  in  the  measure- 
ment as  the  additional  labor  should  be  paid  for  in  price. 

The  dimensions  in  slating  are  usually  taken  along  the  eaves 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  II5 

in  from  and  rear,  to  the  extreme  ends  by  the  width  from  the 
eaves  to  the  ridge,  whether  the  roof  is  hipped  or  valleyed. 

Deduct  all  openings,  such  as  chimney  shafts  or  dormers 
but  allow  the  run  of  the  edge  along  the  same  by  6  inches 
for  cutting  and  waste. 

Add  for  all  raking  edges  and  irregular  angles  the  length  by 
6  inches,  and  for  hips  and  valleys  the  length  by  6  inches  on 
each  side. 

It  is  usual  to  allow  for  the  undercourse  to  eaves  and 
gutters,  the  length  by  the  gauge  of  the  bottom  course,  on  the 
supposition  that  an  extra  length  of  slate  is  used. 

Run  all  filleting,  and  state  if  in  mortar  or  cement. 

Slate  Skirtings  and  Covers  to  hips  and  ridges  are  taken 
at  per  foot  running  according  to  thickness  of  the  slate,  state 
if  bedded  in  putty  or  red  lead. 

State  the  weight  of  lead  in  gutters,  flats  and  flushings, 
which  should  be  carefully  done,  as  small  errors  in  superficial 
dimensions,  on  account  of  the  expensive  material,  become 
serious  when  reduced  to  weight. 

Note,  The  same  method  of  measuring  applies  to  all  metal 
roofing. 

It  is  usual  for  architects  to  receive  tenders  for  roof  cover- 
ings, gutters,  etc.,  at  a  fixed  price,  which  includes  all  extras, 
such  as  nails,  holes  to  slates,  etc.,  etc.  The  above  method, 
as  adopted  in  England,  is  given  as  a  guide  in  case  of  disputes 
when  no  fixed  price  or  mode  of  measurement  has  been  stipu- 
lated by  the  architect. 

GRAVEL    roofing. 

Me^ure  gravel  roofing  by  the  square  of  loo  feet.  State 
tiie  number  of  plies  of  tarred  felt,  and  quantity  of  pitch  and 
gravel  used  to  the  square.  Make  no  deductions  for  traps  in 
roof  under  nine  superficial  feet. 


Il6  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


GAS  FITTERS    WORK. 


Take  gas  pipes,  including  fitting  and  fixing,  by  the  foot 
running,  according  to  size.  Take  the  number  of  elbows, 
crosses,  T  pieces,  reducing  sockets,  outlets,  etc.,  extra. 

Take  the  meter,  governors,  syphon  traps,  pendants,  etc., 
and  fixing  according  to  description. 

Holes  broken  through  walls  and  floors,  and  made  good, 
are  numbered  according  to  the  thickness  of  the  wall. 


Elements  of  the  Mechanics  of  Architecture. 

In  works  of  this  kind  it  is  customary  to  introduce  a  number 
of  rules  and  tables  for  obtaining  the  strength  of  materials, 
stability  of  structures,  etc.,  etc.  The  custom  is  a  good  one, 
and  it  is  proposed  to  follow  it ;  and  with  this  view  the  follow- 
ing short  treatise  on  the  above-named  subjects,  which  has 
been  carefully  collated  and  corrected  by  F.  E.  Kidder, 
B.C.E.,  and  who  has  kindly  permitted  the  author  to  embody 
it  in  this  work,  is  ^iven  along  with  other  useful  tables  and 
memoranda. 

It  is  proposed  first  to  give  such  definitions  as  will  enable 
the  reader  to  easily  comprehend  what  is  to  follow,  and  then 
to  take  up  the  subjects  of  the  strength  of  materials  and  the 
stability  of  structures. 

DEFINITIONS. 

Force  is  that  which  produces  or  retards  motion,  or  which 
tends  to  produce  or  retard  motion. 

Equilibrium  is  that  condition  of  a  body  in  which  the  forces 
acting  upon  it  balance  or  neutralize  each  other.  Such  a  body 
is  at  rest. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  II7 

Structures  are  artificial  constructions  in  which  all  the  parts 
arc  intended  to  be  in  equilibrium. 

Mechanics  is  that  branch  of  Physics  which  treats  of  force 
as  producing  motion  or  equilibrium  in  bodies. 

It  is  divided  into 

I.  Dynamics^  which  treats  of  force  as  producing  motion, 
and  therefore  of  machines. 

II.  Statics,  which  treats  of  the  laws  of  equilibrium,  and  is 
subdivided  into 

a.  Statics  of  rigid  bodies. 

b.  Hydrostatics. 

In  building  we  have  to  deal  only  with  structures,  which  are 
treated  of  under  the  head  of  statics  of  rigid,  or  solid,  bodies. 

A  structure  consists  of  two  or  more  solid  bodies  called 
Pieces,  which  are  connected  at  portions  of  their  surfaces  called 
joints. 

There  are  three  conditions  of  equilibrium  in  a  structure, 
viz. :  , 

I.  The  forces  exerted  on  each  piece  must  balance  each 
other.     These  forces  are : 

a.  The  weight  of  the  piece. 

b.  The  load  it  carries. 

£.  The  resistance  of  its  joints. 

II.  The  forces  exerted  on  the  whole  structure  must  balance 
each  other. 

These  forces  are : 

a.  The  weight  of  the  structure. 

b.  The  load  it  carries. 

c.  The  supporting  pressures,  or  resistance  of  the  fouuda- 
tions,  called  external  forces. 

III.  The  forces  exerted  on  each  of  the  parts  into  which 
any  j)iece  may  be  supposed  to  be  divided  must  balance  each 
other. 


Il8  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Stability  consists  in  the  fulfilment  of  conditions  I.  and  II., 
that  is  the  ability  of  the  structure  to  resist  displacement  of  its 
parts. 

Strength  consists  in  the  fulfilment  of  condition  III.,  that  is, 
the  ability  of  a  piece  to  resist  breaking. 

Stiffness  consists  in  the  abiUty  of  a  piece  to  resist  bending. 

The  theory  of  structures  is  divided  into  two  parts,  viz. : 

1.  That  which  treats  of  strength  and  stiffness,  dealing  only 
with  single  pieces,  and  generally  known  as  "  Strength  of 
Materials." 

2.  That  which  treats  of  stability  dealing  with  structures.* 

PART    I.      STRENGTH    OF    MATERIALS. 

In  order  that  we  may  proceed  intelligently,  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  define  a  few  more  terms.  These  definitions  are  of 
great  importance,  for  the  terms  they  define  are  constantly 
occurring  in  all  works  on  strength  of  materials. 

Strain.  When  a  load  or  combination  of  external  forces  is 
applied  to  a  piece  of  a  structure,  it  produces  a  strain,  or 
alteration  of  the  volume  and  figure  of  the  whole  piece,  and 
of  each  of  its  particles. 

Stress  is  that  combination  of  forces  which  the  particles  of 
the  piece  exert  in  resisting  the  tendency  of  the  load  to  pro- 
duce disfigurement  and  fracture.  That  is,  strain  tends  to 
fracture  a  piece,  and  the  stress  exerted  by  the  particles  of  that 
piece,  tends  to  resist  fracture. 

The  Ultimate  Strength,  or  Breaking  Load  of  a  body,  is  the 
load  required  to  produce  fracture  in  some  specified  way. 

The  Safe  Load  is  the  load  that  the  body  can  support  with- 
out impairing  its  strength. 

Factors  of  Safety,     When  not  otherwise  specified,  d,  factor 

*These  definitions  are  taken  from  a  sheet  prepared  by  Prof.  Babcock, 
for  the  architectural  students  at  Cornell  University. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  II9 

of  safety  means  the  ratio  in  which  the  breaking  load  exceeds 
the  safe  load.  In  designing  a  piece  of  material  to  sustain  a 
certain  load  it  is  required  that  it  shall  be  perfectly  safe  under 
all  circumstances,  and  hence  it  is  necessary  to  make  an  allow- 
ance for  any  defects  in  the  material,  and  for  poor  workman- 
ship, etc.  It  is  obvious  that  for  materials  of  different  compo- 
sition, different  factors  of  safety  would  be  required.  Thus 
iron  being  more  homogeneous  than  wood,  and  less  liable  to 
defects,  it  does  not  require  so  great  a  factor  of  safety.  And, 
again,  different  kinds  of  strains  require  different  factors  of 
safety.  Thus  a  long  wooden  column  or  strut  requires  a 
greater  factor  of  safety  than  a  wooden  beam.  As  the  factors 
thus  vary  for  different  kinds  of  strains  and  materials,  we  will 
give  the  proper  factors  of  safety  for  the  different  strains,  when 
we  are  considering  the  resistance  of  the  material  to  those 
strains. 

DISTINCTION    BETWEEN    DEAD    AND    LIVE    LOAD. 

The  term  dead  load,  as  used  in  mechanics,  means  a  steady, 
quiescent  load,  as  the  weight  of  the  material  itself,  or  a  load 
of  stone  or  some  immovable  body. 

A  live  load,  means  a  moving  load,  as  a  crowd  of  persons, 
animals,  boxes  Hable  to  frequent  moving,  etc. 

Now,  it  has  been  found  by  experience  that  the  effect  of  a 
live  load  on  a  beam,  or  other  piece  of  material,  is  twice  as 
severe  as  that  of  a  dead  load  of  the  same  weight,  and  hence 
a  piece  of  material  designed  to  carry  a  live  load,  should  have 
a  factor  of  safety  twice  as  large  as  eae  designed  to  carry  a 
dead  load. 

ELASTICITY  OF    BODIES,    AND    MODULUS    OF    ELASTICITY. 

All  bodies  may  be  extended  and  compressed ;  and  when 
the  strain  does  not   exceed  a  certair  limit,  they  will  recover 


I20  THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 

their  original  volume  and  figure  when  the  force  producing 
the  extension  or  compression  is  removed. 

Within  this  limit,  called  the  limit  of  perfect  elasticity^  the 
extension  or  compression  has  been  found  by  experiment  to  be 
directly  as  the  force  producing  it.  This  is  sensibly  true  of  all 
sohds,  even  for  those  so  plastic  as  moistened  clay.* 

When  the  limit  of  elasticity  is  exceeded,  the  alteration  of 
the  volume  and  figure  of  the  body  is  no  longer  proportional 
to  the  force  producing  it,  but  increases  as  the  ultimate  strength 
of  the  material  is  approached,  a  permanent  change  takes 
place,  and  when  the  force  is  removed  the  body  will  not  quite 
assume  its  former  volume  and  figure ; '  this  is  called  a  set. 

These  principles  are  of  great  importance  in  considering  the 
subject  of  the  stiffness  of  beams. 

To  illustrate  the  above  by  a  common  example,  if  we  should 
take  a  perfect  timber  beam,  lo  feet  long,  and  supported  at 
both  ends,  and  place  upon  it,  at  the  centre,  a  weight  that 
would  cause  a  deflection  of  yi  of  an  inch,  we  would  find  that 
to  produce  a  deflection  of  y^  of  an  inch,  we  should  require  a 
weight  twice  as  large  and,  up  to  a  certain  point,  the  deflec- 
tions would  be  directly  proportional  to  the  weight ;  but  after 
a  time  we  would  reach  a  point  where  the  deflections  would 
increase  faster  than  the  weights,  and  the  beam  would  be 
found  to  be  a  little  bent,  or  to  have  a  set.  Beams  should 
never  be  loaded  sufficiently  to  produce  a  set. 

MODULUS    OF    ELASTICITY. 

That  there  may  be  a  standard  by  which  to  compare  the 
elasticity  of  different  materials,  engineers  have  taken  as  the 
unit  of  elasticity  the  number  of  pounds  that  would  be  required 
to  stretch  or  shorten  a  bar,  one  unit  square,  by  an  amount 
equal  to  its  original  length,  provided  that  the  law  of  perfect 

*Raiikine'8  "  Applied  Mechanics,"  p.  272. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


X2r 


elasticity  would  hold  good  for  so  great  a  range.  This  unit  is 
called  the  Modulus  of  Elasticity,  and  is  often  denoted  by  E. 
It  is  determined  by  either  extending  or  compressing  a  piece 
of  the  given  material,  noting  the  extension  or  compression 
produced,  and  substituting  it  in  a  formula,  for  E,  deduced  by 
the  aid  of  the  higher  mathematics. 

The  Modulus  of  Elasticity  of  the  differentt  woods  and  of 
iron,  is  required  to  determine  the  stiffness  of  beams  and  the 
strength  of  long  columns.  Table  I.  gives  the  average  values 
for  the  woods  in  common  use  and  also  for  iron. 

TABLE  I. — VALUES  OF  E,    OR  MODULUS     OF    ELASTICITY   IN    POUNDS,   PrIR 
SQUARE   INCH. 


Lbs. 


Cast-iron 15,960,000 

Wrought-iron 24,000,000 

Steel 31,000,000 

White  ash 1,080,000 

Locust 2,046,000 


Lbs. 


White  oak 1,620,000 

Yellow  pine 1,800,000* 

White  pine 1,388,000* 

Spruce 1,600,000 


^Determined  by  experiments  made  by  the  writer. 


MANNER    IN    WHICH    PIECES    MAY    BE    STRAINED. 

The  laws  of  die  resistance  of  materials  depend  on  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  pieces  are  strained,  and  in  building  construc- 
tion may  be  divided  into  five  kinds. 

First,  When  the  force  tends  to  pull  the  piece  asunder  in  the 
direction  of  its  length,  or  the  resistance  to  tension. 

Second,  When  the  force  tends  to  make  one  part  slide  on 
the  other  (like  a  pair  of  shears),  either  longitudinally  or  trans- 
versely, or  the  resistance  to  shearing. 

Third,  When  the  force  tends  to  compress  the  body  in  the 
direction  of  its  length,  or  the  resistance  to  compression, 

Fotirth,  When  the  force  tends  to  break  the  piece  across,  or 
the  resistance  to  cross-breaking. 


122 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


Fifth,  When  the  force  tends  to  bend  the  piece,  but  is  not 
sufficient  to  break  it,  or  the  resistance  to  deflection. 

We  will  consider  the  ability  of  materials  to  resist  these  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  strains  in  the  above  order. 

TENACITY,    OR    RESISTANCE   TO   TENSION. 

By  the  tenacity  oi  a  body  is  meant  its  strength  to  resist 
tension  in  the  direction  of  its  length. 

It  is  evident  that  the  strength  of  a  piece  to  resist  tension, 
depends  upon  the  tenacity  of  its  fibres,  and  hence  must  be 
proportional  to  the  number  of  those  fibres,  or  to  the  area  of 
cross  section.     This  is  also  shown  to  be  true  by  experiments. 

The  tenacity  of  bodies  per  square  inch  of  cross  section,  has 
been  found  by  suspending  vertically  a  piece  of  known  dimen- 
sions, and  hanging  weights  to  the  lower  end  until  it  breaks, 
and  from  the  data  thus  obtained  find  what  the  tenacity  was 
per  square  inch  of  the  area  pulled  apart. 

Table  II.  gives  the  average  values  for  iron  and  the  woods 
used  in  construction,  as  determined  by  the  most  reliable  ex- 
periments. 

TABLE   n. — EESISTANCE   OF   MATERIALS   TO   TENSION. 


Kind  of  Material. 

Tenacity  in  lbs. 

per  square  inch. 

T. 

Kind  of  Material. 

Tenacity  in  lbs. 

per  square  inch. 

T. 

•Cast  iron 

16,000 
60,000 

88,000 
17,207 
14,600 
15,000 
11,400 
10,500 
13,240 
12,000 

Hemlock 

12,000 

Wrought  iron 

Steel            

Hickory  

20,700 

Maple 

15,400 

Ash 

Oak,  white 

Georgia  pine 

Norway  pine 

White  pine 

Spruce  

18,000 

Beech 

16,000 

Birch 

7,300 

Cedar ; 

12,280 

Chestnut 

18.000 

Elm           

Walnut 

8,130 

Fir....' 

Knowing  the  tenacity  of  one  square  inch  of  the  material 
all  we  have  to  do  to  determine  the  tenacity  of  a  piece  of  any 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  1 23 

size  is  to  multiply  the  area  of  its  cross-section,  in  square 
inches,  by  the  number  in  the  table  opposite  the  name  of  the 
material.  But  this  would  give  the  weight  that  would  just 
break  the  piece,  and  as  what  we  wish  is  the  safe  load,  we 
must  divide  the  result  by  a  factor  of  safety.  Most  engineers 
advise  using  a  factor  of  safety  of  five  for  a  dead  load, 
although  the  New  York  City  and  also  the  Boston  Building 
Laws  require  a  factor  of  six. 

Then  we  have,  as  a  rule, 

For  a  rectangular  bar — 

Safe  load -^^^^^^^_XdepthxT,      ^      ^      ^^^ 

5 
For  a  round  bar — 

R.fe1oad^-7354Xdiamet^-squaredXT.      ^      ^^^ 

5 

T==  tenacity  of  material  per  square  inv.J. 

Example:  What  is  the  safe  load  for  a  tie  bar  of  White 

Pine  6x6  inches  ? 

6X6X12,280      __      ^  ., 
Safe  load= ;^_ =  88,416  lbs. 

5 
If  the  size  of  the  bar  is  desired,  we  have — 

the  breadth  =  ^j!.^_i 

clepthXT; (3) 

diameter  squared  =  _r 

■7854XT; (4) 

Example  :  It  is  desired  to  suspend   20,000  lbs.  from  a 

round  rod  of  wrought-iron,  what  shall  be  the  diameter  of  the 

rod,  to  carry  the  weight  in  safety  ? 

.          ,.                        -,           '^  X  20,000 
Ans.     diameter  squared  — i . =  2.12. 

.7854X60,000 


124 


THE    builder's   GUIDE, 


i^  inches  nearly. 


There- 


The  square  root  of  this  is  1.5,  or  ij 

fore,  the  diameter  of  the  rod  should  be  i^  inches. 

Table  III.  gives  the  safe  loads  for  wrought-iron  rods,  using 
a  factor  of  safety  of  6,  as  required  by  the  New  York  Building 
Laws. 


TABLE  in. — TABLE  OF  THE  SATE  TENSILE  STRENGTHS  OP  BOUND  WKOUGHT- 
IRON  RODS,  J  TO  4  INCHES  IN  DIAMETER,  AND  THE  WEIGHTS  PER  FOOT. 
THE  SAFE  STRENGTH  BEING   TAKEN  AT  10,000  LBS.  PER  SQUARE  INCH. 

IJJ 


Diameter  in 
Inches. 


f 

¥ 
1 

f 

2^ 


Weights 
per  foot. 


.041 
.165 

.373 
.663 
1.04 
1.49 
2.03 
2.05 
3.36 
4.17 
5.02 
5.97 
7.01 
8.13 
9.33 
10.62 


Safe 

Strengths 

in  lbs. 


123 

491 

1,104 

1,963 

3,068 

4,418 

6,013 

7,854 

9,940 

12,227 

14,840 

17,670 

20,730 

24.050 

27,610 

31,410 


Diameter  in 
Inches. 


Weights 
per  foot. 


11.99 

13.44 

14.98 

16.69 

18.29 

20.08 

21.94 

23.89 

25.93 

28.04 

30.24 

32.512 

34.89 

37.33 

39.86 

42.46 


Safe 

Strengths 

in  lbs. 


35,460 

39,760 

44,300 

49,080 

54,110 

59,390 

64,910 

79,680 

76,690 

82,950 

89,460 

96,210 

103,200 

110,440 

117,930 

125,660 


Rods  of  wrought-iron  are  generally  used  in  construction, 
with  screws  at  the  ends  for  nuts. 

When  this  is  the  case,  the  rod  should  be  enlarged  at  the 
ends,  so  that  the  threads  of  the  screws  may  be  cut  without 
lessening  the  diameter  of  the  rod.  If  this  is  not  done,  and 
the  screw  is  cut  into  the  rod  without  enlarging  the  end,  one 
quarter  should  be  subtracted  from  the  strength  found  in  the 
table. 

Wrought-iron  is  about  three  times  as  strong  to  resist  tensile 
strains  as  cast-iron ;  and  as  cast  iron  is  liable  to  air  holes, 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


125 


internal  strains  from  unequal  contraction  in  cooling,  and 
other  concealed  defects,  reducing  its  effective  area  for  tension, 
wrought-iron  should  therefore  be  used  for  tensile  strains, 
whenever  practicable. 

RESISTANCE   TO    SHEARING. 

By  shearing  is  meant  the  pushing  of  one  part  of  a  piece  by 
the  other,  as  the  two  parts  of  a  pair  of  shears  move  on  each 
other. 

The  resistance  of  a  piece  to  shearing,  like  its  resistance  to 
tension,  is  directly  proportional  to  the  area  sheared.  Hence, 
using  5  as  a  factor  of  safety,  we  have  the  rule  for  the  safe 
weight,  or  force — 

area  to  be  sheared  X  S 


W. 


.(5) 


S  being  the  resistance  of  one  square  inch  of  the  material  to 
shearing.     A  piece  of  timber  may  be  sheared  either  longi- 

TABLE  IV. -SHOWING    THE    RESISTANCE  OP  MATERIALS  TO  SHEARING;  BOTH 
LONGITUDINALLY  AND  TRANSVERSELY  ;  OR,  THE  VALUES  OF  S. 


Values  of  8. 

Longitudinally. 

Transversely. 

Cast-iron 

lbs. 

*5i6 
1,180 

780 
490 
510 
470 

lbs. 
27  700 

Wrought-iron 

50,000 
63,746 
1,400 
5,200 
5,600 
2,700 
7,000 
4  400 

Steel 

White  ash 

Beech 

Birch 

Hemlock 

Locust 

White  oak 

White  pine 

2,750 

Yellow  pine 

5,700 

Spruce 

4,000 

Black  walnut 

2,000 

126  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

tudinally  or  transversely,  and  as  the  resistance  is  not  the  same 
in  both  cases,  the  value  of  S  will  be  different ;  and  hence,  in 
substituting  values  for  S,  we  must  distinguish  whether  the 
force  tends  to  shear  the  piece  longitudinally  (lengthwise),  or 
transversely  (across). 

Table  IV.  gives  the  values  of  S  for  the  most  common  ma- 
terials employed  in  architectural  construction. 

There  are  but  few  cases  in  architectural  construction  in 
which  the  resistance  to  shearing  has  to  be  provided  for.  The 
one  most  frequently  met  with  is  at  the  end  of  a  tie-beam,  as 
in  Fig.  I. 


Fig.  1. 

The  rafter  R  exerts  a  thrust  which  tends  to  push  or  shear 
off  the  piece,  A  B  C  D,  and  the  area  of  the  section  at  C  D 
should  offer  enough  resistance  to  keep  the  rafter  in  place. 
This  area  is  equal  to  C  D  times  the  breadth  of  the  tie-beam, 
and  as  the  breadth  is  fixed,  we  have  to  determine  the  length, 
C  D.  If  we  let  H  denote  the  horizontal  thrust  of  the  rafter, 
then,  by  a  simple  deduction  from  Rule  5,  we  have  the  rule — 

Length  of  C  D  in  inches  = ^^^ (6) 

breadth  of  beam  X  S, 

S,  in  this  case,  being  the  resistance  to  shearing  longitudinally. 
Example  :  The  horizontal  thrust  of  a  rafter  is  20,000  lbs. 
the  tie-beam  is  of  yellow  pine,  and  is  ten  inches  wide,  how 
far  should  the  beam  extend  beyond  the  point  D  ? 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


127 


Answer :  In  this  case  H  =  20,000  lbs.,  and  from  Table  IV, 
we  find  that  S  =  510, 

1        ^  -r^       '^  X  20,000  ,  .     , 

then  C  D  ==  i 1 or  nearly  20  inches. 

10X510 

Practically,  a  large  part  of  the  thrust  is  generally  taken  up 
by  an  dron  bolt  or  strap,  passed  through  or  over  the  foot  of 
the  rafter  and  tie-beam,  as  at  A.  When  this  is  done,  the  rod 
or  strap  should  be  as  obliquely  inclined  to  the  beam  as  is 
possible,  and  whenever  it  can  be  done,  a  strap  should  be 
used  in  preference  to  a  rod,  as  the  rod  cuts  into  the  wood, 
and  thus  weakens  it. 

Another  common  case,  in  which  the  resistance  to  shearing 
has  to  be  provided  for,  is  in  the  case  of  iron  pins  and  wooden 
tree-nails. 

If  we  have  three  bars  fastened  together  by  a  pin,  and  each 
}uilling  in  the  direction  indicated  by  the  arrows  in  Fig.  2,  they 
will  tend  to  shear  off  the  pin  at  the  sections  "^  "  "  a'' 


^^m^  "ii!ii!fj|t^...  .Miiiffl 


¥B- 


'■  I'a'M, 


iiiniiiHUt  "  ;   n'fliir 


I  ]  I B  /Si>»X>|    ■'    y 


Fig.  2. 


If  the  pull  exerted  by  the  tie,  B,  be  denoted  by  H,  then 
each  section  of  the  pin  will  have  to  resist  one-half  H,  as  there 
are  two  sections  to  resist  the  whole.  Then  from  Rule  5  we 
deduct  the  following — 


r28  THE  builder's  guide, 

Diameter  of  wooden  pin  in  inches  =  a  square  root  of 
5XH 


(7) 


1.5708  XS 

Diameter  of  wrought  iron  pin  in  inches  =  a  square  root  of 
H 


.(8) 


15708 

In  Rule  7,  S  is  the  resistance  to  shearing  transversely. 

Example  :  Suppose  the  bar,  B,  is  pulling  with  a  force  of 
141,372  lbs.,  what  should  be  the  diameter  of  an  iron  pin  to 
resist  it  ? 

Answer:  Diameter  of  square  root  of \ = 

1S.70S 
square  root  of  9  =  3  inches. 

These  are  about  the  only  two  cases  in  which  rupture  by 
shearing  is  liable  to  take  place  in  architectural  constructions, 
and  as  any  other  cases  that  are  liable  to  occur  can  be  calcu- 
lated by  Rule  5,  we  will  not  consider  the  subject  further. 

The  ultimate  resistance  to  compression  of  any  given  ma- 
terial is  found  by  crushing  small  blocks,  whose  heights  are 
not  more  than  four  times  their  least  thickness,  of  the  given 
material. 

Table  V.  gives  the  ultimate  crushing  loads  of  the  materials 
in  building. 

The  strength  of  the  materials  given  in  the  following  table 
may  vary  as  much  as  one-third  part  more  or  less  than  the 
average  value  given.  The  stones  in  the  table  are  supposed 
to  be  on  bed,  and  the  height  to  be  not  more  than  four  times 
the  least  side.  Of  the  strength  of  rubble  masonry.  Professor 
Rankine  states   that    "  the  resistance  of  s'ood  coursed  rubble 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S   PRICE    BOOK. 


129 


masonry  to  crushing  is  about  four  tenths  of  that  of  single 
blocks  of  the  stone  it  is  built  with.  The  resistance  of  common 
rubble  to  crushing  is  not  much  greater  than  that  of  the  mortar 
which  it  contains."* 

TABLE  V. — SHOWING    THE    AVERAGE    ULTIMATE   CRUSHING  LOADS,  IN   LBS. 
PER  SQUARE  INCH,   FOR  BUILDING  MATERIALS. 


Materials. 


STONES,  ETC. 

Bricks 

Brickwork,  common. 

Concrete  (1  part  Hme, 
3  parts  gravel,  3 
weeks  old) 

Granites  and  syenites 

Limestones  and  mar- 
bles  

Mortar,  common  .... 

Portland  cement 

Sandstones,  fit  for 
building 

METALS. 

Cast-iron 


Crushing 

Weight  in  lbs. 

per  square  inch 

=  C. 


500  to  6,000 
500  to   800 


600 
11,000 

10,000 
120  to  240 
1,000  to  5,900 


5,400 


G0,000 


Materials 


Wrought-iron  . 
Steel 


WOODS. 

White  ash 

Beech 

Birch 

Cedar 

Hemlock 

Locust 

White  oak 

Georgia  pine.. . 
White  pine. . . . 

Pitch  pine 

Spruce 

Black  walnut. . 


Crushing 
Weight  in  lbs., 
per  square  inch 


36,000 
114,000 

8,200 
8,500 
11,600 
5,860 
5,400 
9,000 
6,660 
8,000 
5,000 
6,800 
6,820 
5,690 


Stones  generally  commence  to  crack  or  split  under  about 
one  half  of  their  crushing  load.  In  practice,  stone  nor  brick- 
work should  be  trusted  with  more  than  one-sixth  to  one- 
tenth  of  the  crushing  load,  varying  between  these  two  limits 
with  the  quality  of  the  stone  and  work. 


CRUSHING    HEIGHT   OF    BRICK   AND    STONE. 

If  we  assume  the  weight  of  brickwork  to  be  112  pounds 
per  cubic  foot,  and  that  it  would  crush  under  72,000  pounds 
per  square  foot,  then  a  vertical  uniform  column  640  feet  high 
would  crush  at  its  base  under  its  own  weight. 

*•♦  Civil  Engineeriog,"  p.  387. 


^'^o  THE  builder's  guide, 

Average  sandstones  at  145  pounds  per  cubic  foot  would 
require  a  column  5,362  feet  high  to  crush  it;  and  average 
granite  at  165  pounds  per  cubic  foot  would  require  a  column 
9,600  feet  high.  The  Merchants'  shot-tower  at  Baltimore  is 
246  feet  high  ;  and  its  base  sustains  six  and  a  half  tons  (of 
2,240  pounds)  per  square  foot.  The  base  of  the  granite  pier 
of  Saltash  Bridge  (by  Brunei)  of  solid  masonry  to  the  height 
of  96  feet,  and  supporting  the  ends  of  two  iron  spans  of  455 
feet  each,  sustains  nine  and  a  half  tons  per  square  foot.  The 
highest  pier  of  Rocquefavour  stone  aqueduct,  Marseilles,  is 
305  feet,  and  sustains  a  pressure  at  the  base  of  thirteen  and 
a  half  tons  per  square  foot.* 

The  woods  for  which  the  values  are  given  are  supposed  to 
be  perfect,  well-seasoned  pieces  of  timber.  Wet  timber  is 
only  about  one-half  as  strong  to  resist  compression  as  dry 
timber,  and  this  fact  should  be  taken  into  account  when  using 
green  timber.  The  values  obtained  for  the  crushing  strength 
per  square  inch  of  cast-iron  vary  greatly  with  the  kind  and 
make  of  the  iron. 

The  crushing  strength  of  thin  castings,  according  to  Mn 
Hodgkinson,  is  greater  than  that  of  thick  castings. 

STRENGTH    OF    PILLARS    AND    COLUMNS. 

The  figures  given  in  Table  V.  are  the  crushing  loads  per 
square  inch  of  small  blocks  of  the  given  material,  but  it  is  not 
in  small  blocks  that  the  pieces  subject  to  a  compressive  force 
are  generally  found  in  buildings  and  structures.  Hence  we 
must  find  a  method  of  calculating  the  crushing  loads  of  long 
pieces,  or  of  finding  the  strength  of  pillars  and  columns.  It 
has  been  found  from  experiments  that  the  crushing  load 
per  square  inch  of  a  post  of  any  given  material  decreases  as 
the  ratio  of  the  length  to  the  least  thickness  increases.     It  is, 

* Trautwine's  "Engineers'  Pocket-Book,"  p.  175. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  I3I 

therefjre,  found  necessary  to  divide  columns  and  pillars  into 
different  classes,  according  to  the  manner  in  which  they  break. 

PILLARS    AND    COLUMNS    DIVIDED     INTO   THREE   CLASSES, 
ACCORDING   TO    LENGTH. 

The  greater  part  of  our  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  the  resis- 
tance of  columns  of  different  length,  in  proportion  to  their 
diameter,  is  derived  from  the  able  experiments  of  Mr.  Eaton 
Hodgkinson,  aided  by  the  liberality  of  Sir  William  Fairbairn, 
the  late  Mr.  Stephenson,  and  the  Royal  Society  of  England. 

From  these  experiments,  Mr.  Hodgkinson  found  that  the 
manner  in  which  columns  fail  depends  very  largely  upon  their 
length,  and  he  therefore  divided  them  into  three  classes,  ac- 
cording to  their  length,  and  these  classes  have  since  been 
adopted  by  nearly,  if  not  all,  engineers  and  architects.  These 
classes  are : 

I  St.  Short  Hilars,  \\\\o?>t  length,  compared  with  their  di- 
ameter, is  so  small  that  they  fail  by  actual  crushing  of  the 
material,  and  not  by  flexure. 

2d.  Lo?ig  Columns,  whose  length  is  so  great  that  they  fail 
by  bending,  like  beams  subject  to  a  transverse  strain,  and 
whose  breaking  weight  is  very  much  less  than  that  required 
to  crush  small  blocks  of  the  same  material. 

3d.  Mediiivi  Colurmis,  whose  length  is  such  that  although 
they  deflect,  yet  the  breaking  weight  is  a  very  considerable 
part  of  that  required  to  crush  small  blocks.  This  class  in-r 
eludes  all  columns  which  are  intermediate  in  length  between 
those  of  the  first  two  classes,  and  they  may  be  said  to  fail 
partly  by  bending  and  partly  by  crushing.* 

SHORT   COLUMNS, 

which  include  columns  and  pillars  of  cast-iron,  whose  lengths 
do  not  exceed 7^2^^  times  their  least  thickness;  columns  and 
*St<)uey'8  **  Theory  of  Strains,"  j).  249. 


132  THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 

pillars  of  wrought-iron  and  luood,  whose  lengths  do  not  exceed 
eight  times  their  least  thickness  or  diameter ;  stone  pillars  and 
blocks  of  ordinary  dimensions. 

It  has  been  found  that  for  columns  and  pillars  within  the 
above  limits,  the  crushing  load  per  square  inch  is  the  same  as 
that  for  small  blocks.  Hence  the  crushing  load  is  directly  as 
the  area  of  cross-section,  and  the  rule  for  finding  the  safe  load 
is  similar  to  that  for  tension,  i,e.  : 

c  r  ^      T  r  ^      ^^ca  of  cross-scction  X  C 

Safe  load  for  wood  = (9) 


r^  r  ^  ^  r  i  •  ^.rea  of  cross-section  X  C  ,  , 
Safe  load  for  wrought-iron  = . .  (10) 

4 

r.  r  1      ^  r            •           ^^ea  of  cross-scction  X  C  ,     . 

Safe  load  for  cast-iron  = (11) 

6 

The  letter  C  stands  for  the  crushing  loads  per  square  inch  of 
the  given  material,  and  its  values  are  given  in  Table  V.  The 
numbers  m  the  denominator  are  factors  of  safety. 

Example  :  What  is  the  safe  load  of  a  pillar  of  white  pine, 
whose  length  is  five  feet,  and  which  is  ten  inches  square  ? 

Answer:  Here  the  ratio  of  length  to  breadth  is  60 :  10  or 
6:1,  hence  it  is  a  short  pillar. 

Then,  safe  load  = 1 =  100,000  lbs. 


If  it  is  required  to  find  the  dimensions  of  a  pillar  or  column 
to  sustain  a  given  load,  wx  have  the  rules : 
For  solid  rectangular  or  square  pillars — 

factor  of  safety  X  ^^^^  .     x 

Breadth  = r__ (12) 

depth  X  C 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  I33 

For  solid  cylindrical  columns — 

T^.                         ,      factor  of  safety  X  load  ,     , 

Diameter  squared  = . (13) 

.7854  XC 

For  hollow  cylindrical  columns — 

T^           ,    J.                          ,      factor  of  safety  X  load 
External  diameter  squared  = L -f- 

.7854  XC 

internal  diameter  squared (14) 

And  for  any  form  of  cross-section — 

factor  of  safety  X  load  ,     , 

Area  of  cross-section  = . (15) 

C 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  factors  of  safety  are — 5  for 
;vood,  6  for  cast-iron,  and  4  for  wrought-iron,  for  pillars  and 
columns  of  this  class. 

N.B. — Where  the  word  breadth  or  depth  is  used,  it  is 
always  supposed  to  be  in  inches. 

Example  :  What  should  be  the  external  diameter  of  a 
hollow  cylindrical  column  of  cast-iron,  three  feet  six  inches 
long,  to  safely  support  a  load  of  400,000  lbs.  ? 

Answer :  As  the  column  is  so  short  and  the  load  quite 
considerable,  it  will  probably  be  a  short  column,  and  hence 
we  will  calculate  it  by  means  of  formula  14.     Then — 

,    ^.  ^       6X400,000  ,      (internal 

External    diameter    squared  = +     <^  diameter 

•7^54  XC  (squared 

==  38.32  +  internal  diameter  squared. 

If  the  columns  were  solid,  the  external  diameter  would  be 
the  square  root  of  38.32,  or  about  6.2;  but  as  the  column  is 
to  ]je  hollow,  the  diameter  will  be  much  larger,  and  we  will 
assume  5  for  the  internal  diameter;  then — 


134  THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 

External  diameter  squared  ==  38.32  +  25  =  63.32  ;  external 
diameter  =  8  inches  nearly. 

This  would  give  the  thickness  of  the  metal  =  j^  of  8-5  = 
ly^  inches.  If  we  had  taken  the  internal  diameter  at  6,  we 
should  have  had  the  external  diameter  =  S.6  inches,  which 
would  give  a  thickness  of  metal  of  1.3  inches. 

Taking  the  external  diameter  at  8  and  the  internal  at  5, 
we  should  have  the  area  of  cross-section  =  .7854  (8^ — 5^) 
—  30.6  square  inches. 

LONG  COLUMNS, 

which  include  columns  and  pillars  of  tuood  whose  lengths 
exceed  thirty  times  their  diameter ;  columns  and  pillars  of 
cast-iron,  whose  lengths  exceed  thirty-five  times  their  diame- 
ter; columns  and  pillars  of  wrought-iro7i,  whose  lengths 
exceed  sixty  times  their  diameter,  and  columns  and  pillars  of 
steel  whose  lengths  exceed  eighty  times  their  diameter. 

When  a  load  is  applied  to  the  top  of  a  long  pillar  or 
column,  if  the  resultant  of  that  load  should  not  exactly  tra- 
verse the  axis  of  the  column  (which  is  rarely  the  case),  the 
column  will  bend,  and  if  the  load  is  sufficiently  great,  it  will 
cause  the  pillar,  or  column,  to  bend  until  it  breaks,  just  as  a 
beam  breaks.  But  unlike  a  beam,  the  column  has  a  force 
pushing  on  the  ends,  instead  of  at  the  middle,  and  hence  its 
strength  must  be  calculated  by  a  different  method.  Of  course, 
in  a  column  we  do  not  wish  to  put  on  load  enough  to  cause 
the  column  to  bend,  and  the  problem  is,  therefore,  to  find  the 
load  that  will  just  begin  to  bend  the  column,  and  then  by 
using  a  factor  of  safety  we  can  make  the  column  as  strong  as 
we  please. 

The  problem  to  determine  the  actual  strain  which  would 
just  begin  to  bend  the  column  is  quite  a  difficult  one.  It 
has,  however,  been  investigated  by   Euler,   Dr.  Young,  M. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  1 35 

Girod,  and  many  others,  but  with  contradictory  results,  and  a 
complete  theory  is  yet  wanting. 

The  numerous  formulas  that  we  now^  have  on  the  subject 
may  be  divided  into  two  classes,  viz.,  those  derived  from 
mathematical  investigation,  and  depending  only  indirectly 
upon  experiments ;  and  that  class  which  are  derived  almost 
entirely  from  experimental  data.  Unfortunately,  neither  of 
these  classes  furnish  a  correct  solution  of  the  problem. 

Theoretical  Formulas. — The  following  formulas  deduced 
from  the  theoretical  formulas  of  Weisbach,  DeVolson,  Wood, 
and  others,  are  probably  as  reliable  as  any  theoretical  for- 
mulas that  we  have  at  the  present  time : 

For  solid  square  or  rectangular  pillars — 

^,  ^  ,      ,      E  X  breadth  cubed  X  depth  .   ., 

Safe  load  = (lo) 

1 7 50  X  length  squared 
For  hollow  square  or  rectangular  pillars — 

Safe  load  =  ^^(^^^_^) (x;) 

1 750  X  length  squared 

(B  =  external  breadth  of  pillar;  D  external  depth  of  pillar; 
b  internal  breadth  of  pillar ;  d  internal  depth  of  pillar,  all  in 
inches). 

For  solid  cylindrical  columns — 

^  .  ,      ,  Ex<^iameter*  .  .. 

Safe  load  =  .  JJ (i8) 

2970  X  length  squared 

For  hollow  cylindrical  columns — 

Safe  load  =_£^J^':^) (19) 

2970  X  length  squared 

^D  =  external  diameter;  ^ internal  diameter). 


136  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  letter  E  stands  for  the 
Modulus  of  Elasticity^  and  its  value  for  any  material  can  be 
found  from  Table  I.  The  lengths  in  the  above  formulas  are 
to  be  taken  in  feet. 

N.B. — The  factor  of  safety  used  is  10  for  all  materials. 

Example  :  What  is  the  greatest  load  that  a  wrought-iron 
cylindrical  column,  whose  diameter  is  five  inches,  and  whose 
length  thirty  feet,  will  bear  with  safety  ? 

Answer :  For  wrought-iron  E  =  24,000,000,  and  substi- 
tuting in  formula  18,  we  have — 

Safe  W,1-^4,°oo,°ooX5X5X5X5_g,„  i^s. 

2970X30X30 

The  above  formulas  apply  to  pillars  and  columns  of  any 
material,  and  are,  perhaps,  as  reliable  as  any. 

Practical  Formulas,  derived  from  data  obtained  by  experi- 
mental research. 

From  the  data  obtained  from  his  experiments,  Mr.  Hodg- 
kinson  deduced  the  following  formulas  for  the  strength  of 
long  cast-iron  cylindrical  columns  : 

For  solid  columns  with  flat  ends — 

^  ,   ,      ,      q8qo  X  D^-^ 

Safe  load  =  ^_1 (20) 

For  hollow  columns  with  flat  ends — 

Safe  load  =  ll___J^ 1 (21) 

in  which  D  =  the  external  diameter ;  d  the  internal  diameter, 
and  L  the  length  rn  feet. 

The  diameter  and  length  can  be  raised  to  the  required 
power  by  obtaining  the  logarithm  of  the  diameter  or  length, 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  1 37 

multiplying  it  by  the  respective  power,  and  then  seeking  the 
number  corresponding  to  the  logarithm ;  or  it  may  be  found 
by  means  of  tables  calculated  for  that  purpose,  such  as  those 
given  by  Mr.  Trautwine  in  his  "  Pocket-Book  for  Engineers." 
But  these  formulas  are,  at  the  best,  in  a  very  inconvenient 
form  for  use.  Mr.  Hodgkinson,  Mr.  Tredgold,  Dr.  Young, 
and  several  others  have  given  us  formulas  for  long  timber 
pillars,  but  as  they  all  give  different  results,  and  as  it  is  im- 
possible to  decide  which  one  is  correct,  or  if  all  are  wrongs 
we  have  not  deemed  it  best  to  give  either  of  them,  but  if  any 
reader  has  a  long  timber  column  he  wishes  to  calculate,  he 
can  find  the  safe  load  by  formula  16  or  18. 

If  it  is  desired  to  find  the  breaking  load  of  any  long  column 
or  pillar,  multiply  the  safe  load  by  10,  as  that  is  the  factor  of 
safety  employed  in  all  the  formulas  for  long  columns. 

hodgkinsgn's    conclusions    on   the    strength  of  long 

PILLARS. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  principal  conclusions  drawn 
by  Mr.  Hodgkinson  from  his  experiments  on  the  strength  of 
^ong  pillars : 

1.  In  all  long  pillars  of  the  same  dimensions,  the  resistance 
to  flexure  of  those  with  fixed  (or  flat)  ends,  is  about  three 
times  that  of  pillars  with  rounded  ends. 

2.  The  strength  of  pillars  with  one  end  round  and  one  flat, 
is  a  mean  between  the  strength  of  a  pillar  with  both  ends  flat, 
and  of  one  with  both  ends  round. 

3.  The  strength  of  a  long  pillar  wnth  flat  ends,  is  equal  to 
that  of  a  pillar  of  half  the  length,  with  the  round  ends. 

4.  The  preceding  properties  exist  in  pillars  of  either  cast 
or  wrought-iron,  steel,  or  wood,  and  apply  only  to  pillars 
whose  length  is  so  great  in  propordon  to  their  diameter,  or 
least  lateral  dimension,  that  the  breaking  weight  of  the  pillar 


138  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

is  only  a  very  small  part  of  the  crushing  weight  of  the  ma- 
terial. 

5.  Disks  on  the  ends  of  cast-iron  pillars  add  but  little  to 
the  strength  of  flat-ended  pillars. 

6.  The  strength  of  solid  cast-iron  pillars  is  increased  from 
one-eighth  to  one-seventh,  by  enlarging  the  diameter  at  the 
middle  of  the  pillar. 

7.  Long  pillars  irregularly  fixed,  so  that  the  pressure  does 
not  act  in  the  direction  of  the  axis,  lose  from  two-thirds  to 
four-fifths  of  their  strength. 

Mr.  Hodgkinson  also  states  that  "  of  rectangular  pillars  of 
timber^  it  was  proved  experimentally  that  the  pillar  of  greatest 
strength,  where  the  length  and  quantity  of  material  are  the 
same,  is  a  square." 

Of  solid  round,  square,  and  triangular  cast-iron  pillars,  the 
triangular  pillar  appears  to  be  the  strongest,  and  the  cylin- 
drical one  next  to  it.  But  since  the  shape  of  the  triangular 
pillar  will  generally  prohibit  its  use,  it  would  appear  that  the 
round  pillar  is  the  most  economical  form  of  solid  cast-iron 
pillar. 

MEDIUM    COLUMNS 

include  all  those  pillars  and  columns  in  which  the  ratio  of  the 
length  to  the  diameter,  .or  least  thickness,  is  between  that  of 
the  two  classes  already  considered. 

Most  of  the  pillars  and  columns  in  common  use  come 
under  this  head. 

Before  proceeding  further,  we  would  caution  the  reader 
not  to  get  the  absolute  length  mixed  up  with  the  relative 
length. 

Thus,  a  pillar  30  feet  long  and  4  inches  diameter,  is  longer 
in  comparison  with  its  diameter  than  a  column  40  feet  long 
and  ID  inches  in  diameter. 

In  the  former  case  the  ratio  of  length  to  diameter  is  as 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  I39 

360  :  4,  or  90  : 1.     In  the  latter  case  the  ratio  is  as  480  :  10, 
or  48 :  I. 

In  medium  pillars  it  is  considered  that  part  of  the  load 
tends  to  deflect  or  bend  the  pillar,  and  that  the  remaining 
part  acts  directly  to  crush  the  pillar. 

The  form  of  the  formulas  in  this  class  has  been  derived 
from  theoretical  investigation,  but  each  formula  involves  at 
least  two  constants,  derived  from  experimental  research. 

Timber  Pillars. — Tredgold's  formula  for  the  strength  of 
medium  timber  pillars  has  for  a  long  time  been  considered 
the  most  reliable  of  any  known  rule ;  but  a  few  years  ago 
Mr.  Charles  Shaler  Smith,  C.E.,  of  Baltimore,  prepared  a 
formula  for  the  breaking  loads  of  white  and  yellow  pine  rec- 
tangular pillars,  differing  only  from  Mr.  Tredgold's  in  the 
value  of  a  constant,  which  appears  to  agree  more  nearly  with 
the  results  of  the  few  experiments  that  have  been  made  on 
this  class  of  pillars.  And  as  this  formula  has  been  adopted 
by  many  eminent  engineers,  we  have  decided  to  adopt  it  in 
the  place  of  Mr.  Tredgold's  formula. 

This  formula  is  : 
For  square  or  rectangular  timber  pillars — 

^   ^   ,      ,    .    ,,  C  X  ^rea  of  cross  section 

Safe  loads  m  lbs.  = 

^\~        ><sq.  of  length  in  in.,    ,         ->.-■ 

6l   i+(-i — _'X.oo4)  I 

L        Vsq.  of  breadth  in  in.  J  A 

(22) 
By  the  ^'  breadth  "  is  meant  either  side  of  a  square,  or  the 
least  side  of  a  rectangle.  C  represents  the  crushing  force  per 
square  inch,  and  is  given  for  different  materials  in  Table  V. 
Mr.  Smith's  constant  of  .004,  in  the  denominator,  is  based  on 
experiments  made  by  himself  on  pillars  of  white  and  yellow 
•pine,  but  if  the  constant  is  true  for  those  woods,  it  should  also 
be  true  for  any  woods. 


140  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Example.  -  What  is  the  safe  load  of  a  white  pine  pillar, 
12  X  14  inches,  and  30  feet,  or  360  inches,  long  ? 

Ans.:  Safe  load  = 5,°°oXi68 

-=  30^434  lbs. 

For   medium   iron  columns  the  formulas   most  generally 
adopted  are  those  derived  by  Mr.   Lewis  Gordon  from  Mr. 
Hodgkinson's   experiments.     For  the  more   common   cases 
these  formulas  are  as  follows : 
For  solid  cylindrical  columns  of  cast-iron — 

Safe  load  =  Metal  area  X  80,000 

sq.   of  length  in  ins. 
^266  X  sq.  of  diam.  in  ins., 
For  solid  cylindrical  columns  of  wrought  iron — 
Metal  area  X  36,000 


'■"     .    y^     sq.   of  length  in  ins.     x-|        ,     , 

i  '  +  ( • -■—  )  I  •-••(23) 

l_        V266X  sq.  of  diam.  mms.y  J 


Safe  load  =_ 


(sq.  of  length-  in  ins.         x     .     x 
I  + L ^ :_ )..(24) 
3,000  X  sq.  of  diam  in  ins.    ^ 

For  hollow  cylindrical  columns  of  cast-iron — 

Metal  area  X  80,000 


Safe  load  = . 


^/^                  sq.  of  length  in  ins.        x        ,     . 
6(  1  + Z Z __  ) . .  .(25) 

V  400  X  sq.  of  diam.  in  ins.  ^ 

For  hollow  cylindrical  columns  of  wrought-iron — 
Metal  area  X  36,000 


Safe  load  = 


(sq.  of  length  in  ins.  x     /  /- 

1+ 2 1 _- )-.(26 
4,c;ooXsq.  of  diam.  in  ins.     ^ 


(sq.  of  length  in  ins.  x    ,  «v 

I  + ^- ° ).(28) 
3,000  X  SQ.  of  least  side  in  ins.y 


AND    ESTLMATOR's    PRICE    i:<)()K.  I4I 

For  hollow  or  solid  rectangular  pillars  of  cast-iron — 

^^   J      ,_  Metal  area  X  80,000 

^/  sq.  of  length  in  ins.  x 

6(  1+ 5 )-(27) 

V  500  X  sq.  of  least  side  in  ins.  ^ 

For  solid  rectangular  pillars  of  wrought-iron — 

Safe  load  = ^MetaUrea><36,oo^ 

sq.  of  length  in  ins. 
3,000  X  sq.  of  least  side 

For  hollow  rectangular  pillars  of  wrought-iron — 

Safe  load  = Metal  area  X  36,000 

V  6,000  X  sq.  of  least  side  in  ins.  J 

For  I-shaped  section  of  wrought-iron — 

r.  r  1      1  A  V  36,000 

Safe  load  = lli__! (30) 

V  3,000  B^  ^  y 

where  1  =  length  of  strut  in  inches :  B  =  breadth  of  flange  in 
inches ;  a,  area  of  both  flanges,  and  /^  area  of  web. 

In  formulas  22-30  inclusive,  the  number  outside  the  paren- 
thesis in  the  denominator,  is  the  factor  of  safety,  and  should 
be  omitted  when  the  breaking  weight  is  desired.  These  factors 
are  those  used  by  the  engineer  of  the  Union  Iron  Mills, 
Pittsburg,  Pa.,  in  calculating  the  strength  of  their  columns, 
and  are  the  ones  adopted  by  our  best  engineers.  Where  the 
diameter  is  mentioned,  the  external  diameter  is  always  meant, 
unless  expressly  stated  to  be  otherwise. 


142  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Examples. — To  make  the  application  of  the  above  for- 
mulas perfectly  clear,  we  will  now  give  a  few  examples. 

I.  What  load  will  a  hollow  cylindrical  column  of  cast-iron, 
6  inches  external  diameter,  lo  feet  long,  and  i  inch  thick, 
support  with  safety  ? 

Answer:  Formula  25  is  the  formula  that  is  to  be  used  in 
this  case,  and  substituting  the  given  dimensions,  we  have — 

Safe  load  =__L51.>L'^°^ 

6(1  +  ^Id^^  =  104,666  lbs. 

II.  What  would  be  the  maximum  safe  load  of  a  hollow 
rectangular  wrought-iron  pillar,  6X12  inches,  i  inch  thick, 
and  I  o  feet  long  ? 

Answer:  In  this  case  we  must  use  Formula  29,  which 
gives  — 

Safe  load  =  _i!2i^^°!^_ 

4^1 +  _i±ll°_^  =  269,984  lbs. 

V      6,000X36  J 

III.  What  would  be  the  safe  compressive  strain  for  a 
''  Union  Mills  "  light  I-beam  10  feet  long,  used  as  a  strut  ? 

Answer :  in  this  case  we  must  use  Formula  30,  and  for  the 
values  of  ^,  b,  and  B,  we  must  look  in  a  hand-book  published 
by  the  company. 

Looking  in  the  "  Book  of  Sections,"  we  find  ^=5.8  square 
inches,  ^  =  3.2  square  inches,  and  Br=4.3  inches,  /,  of  course, 
:=  120  inches.  Substituting  these  values  in  Formula  30,  we 
have — 

9X36^00 


Safe  load  = . 


(14,400  X 

I  + I 
^,000  y  1  8.49 5:^ ^ 


3,000x18.49.  ^^ 

5-8 +  3-2 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK.  I43 

324,000 


4A+J±1!.°)  =  57,857  lbs. 

There  are  several  other  forms  of  iron  struts,  such  as  angle 
irons,  channel  irons,  T-irons,  etc.,  but  these  are  so  seldom 
used  in  buildings,  that  we  have  not  felt  warranted  to  give 
them  here. 

Comparative  Value  of  Cast  and  Wrought-Iron  for  Pillars. — 
When  iron  was  first  introduced  into  building  construction, 
cast-iron  was  the  only  kind  used,  but  with  the  improvements 
for  rolling  wrought-iron,  and  thereby  lessening  the  cost  of 
wrought-iron  beams,  columns,  etc.,  wrought-iron  has  been 
more  and  more  introduced,  until  now  it  is  very  extensively 
used.  Owing  to  the  more  fibrous,  compact,  and  homo- 
geneous character  of  wrought-iron,  it  can  be  more  safely 
relied  upon,  and  thus  we  need  not  use  as  large  a  factor  of 
safety  for  wrought  as  for  cast-iron.  For  columns  under  15 
diameters  height,  and  not  subjected  to  any  vibration,  cast- 
iron,  on  account  of  its  cheapness,  is  perhaps  preferable  to 
wrought-iron,  but  in  almost  all  other  cases  wrought-iron  is  to 
be  preferred,  and  especially  where  the  columns  have  to 
support  a  load  which  causes  them  to  vibrate.  In  railway 
bridges  and  iron  roofs,  wrought-iron  is  now  taking  the  place 
of  cast-iron  almost  altogether. 

Hollow  ColunmSy  calculated  by  the  above  formulas,  should 
not  be  cast  with  heavy  projecting  mouldings  round  the  top 
or  bottom.  It  is  obvious  that  these  are  weak,  and  would 
break  off  under  a  much  less  load  than  would  be  required  to 
crush  the  column. 

When  such  projecting  ornaments  are  deemed  necessary, 
they  should  be  cast  separately,  and  be  attached  to  a  prolon- 
gation of  the  shaft  by  iron  pins  or  rivets.     Ordinarily,  it  is 


144  THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 

better  to  adopt  a  more  simple  base    and  cap  which  can  be 
cast  in  one  piece  with  the  pillar,  without  weakening  it. 

TABLES. 

By  an  inspection  of  the  formulas  for  medium  columns,  it 
will  be  seen  that,  all  other  things  being  the  same,  the  strength 
per  square  inch  of  cross-section  of  any  column  depends  only 
upon  the  ratio  of  the  length  to  the  diameter  or  least  thickness. 
Thus,  a  column  15  feet  long  and  10  inches  diameter,  would 
carry  the  same  load  per  square  inch  as  a  similar  column  9 
feet  long  and  6  inches  diameter,  both  having  the  ratio  of 
length  to  diameter,  as  18  to  i. 

Owing  to  this  fact,  tables  can  be  prepared  giving  the  safe 
load  per  square  inch  for  columns  having  their  ratio  of  length 
to  diameter,  within  the  given  limits  for  medium  columns. 
Working  on  this  principle,  the  writer  has  calculated  Tables 
VI.,  VII.,  and  VIII. ,  giving  the  loads  per  square  inch  for 
wooden  pillars,  and  hollow  wrought  and  cast-iron  pillars  and 
columns. 

These  tables  have  been  calculated  with  the  utmost  care 
and  carefully  compared  with  others  of  a  similar  nature,  so  that 
we  feel  safe  in  saying  that  they  can  be  perfectly  relied  upon. 

To  show  the  application  of  these  tables  we  will  take  two 
examples. 

I.  What  is  the  safe  load  for  a  pitch-pine  pillar  10  inches 
square  and  1 5  feet  long  ? 

A?is.  Here  the  length  divided  by  breadth  =  18.  Looking 
opposite  18,  and  in  the  column  for  pitch-pine,  in  Table  VI., 
we  find  the  safe  load  to  be  494  lbs.  per  square  inch  of  cross- 
section.  Multiplying  this  by  area  of  cross-section,  100,  we 
have  49,400  as  the  safe  load  for  the  pillar. 
•  II.  What  is  the  safe  load  of  a  hollow  rectangular  wrought- 
iron  pillar  10  X  12  inches,  i  inch  thick,  and  20  feet  long? 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


145 


A?is.  Here  the  ratio  of  length  to  least  breadth  is  24,  and 
looking  opposite  24,  and  in  the  fifth  column  of  Table  VIII., 
we  find  the  safe  load  per  square  inch  of  cross-section  to  be 
3,2  11  lbs.  The  total  area  of  cross-section  is  10X12 — 
8x10  =  40  square  inches.  Hence  the  safe  load  for  the 
pillar  is  40  X  ^,2 1 1  lbs.  =z  328,440. 


TABLE  VI. — STRENGTH  OF  RECTANGULAR  TIMBER  PILIiABS. 

{Calculated  by  Formula  22.) 


Length  Divided 
Breadth. 

Safe  Load  in  Pounds,  per  Square  Inch. 

(Calculated  with  a  Factor  of  Safety  of  6.) 

B 

White  Pine. 

Pitch  Pine. 

White  Oak. 

Spruce. 

8 

663 

902 

884 

905 

9 

629 

856 

838 

858 

10 

595 

809 

793 

812 

11 

562 

764 

748 

766 

12 

529 

718 

704 

721 

13 

497 

676 

662 

678 

14 

467 

635 

622 

637 

15 

438 

596 

584 

598 

16 

411 

560 

548 

561 

17 

386 

526 

515 

527 

18 

363 

494 

483 

495 

19 

841 

464 

454 

465 

20 

320 

436 

427 

437 

21 

301 

410 

401 

411 

22 

284 

386 

377 

387 

23 

267 

363 

356 

364 

24 

252 

343 

335 

344 

25 

238 

324 

317 

324 

m 

226 

306 

299 

306 

%1 

213 

289 

283 

290 

28 

201 

274 

268 

274 

29 

191 

260 

254 

260 

30 

181 

246 

241 

247 

31 

172 

234 

229 

234 

.  32 

163 

222 

217 

223 

33 

155 

211 

207 

212 

34 

148 

201 

197 

202 

35 

141        191 

188 

192 

\^6 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


TABLE    Vn.* — STRENGTH     OF     HOLLOW     CYLINDRICAL     OR     RECTANGULAR 
CAST-IRON   PILLARS. 

( Calculated  by  Formulas  25  and  27. ) 


Breaking  Weight  in  Pounds, 

Safe  Load 

in  Pounds. 

Length 
Divided    by 

per  Squz 

ire  Inch. 

per  Square  Inch. 

External  Breadth 

or  Diameter. 

Cylindrical. 

Rectangular. 

Cylindrical. 

Rectangular. 

5' 

75,294 

76,190 

12,549 

12,698 

6 

73,395 

74,627 

12,232 

12,438 

7 

71,269 

72,859 

11,878 

12,143 

8 

68,965 

70,922 

11,494 

11,820 

9 

66,528 

68,846 

11,088 

11,474 

10 

64,000 

66,666 

10,666 

11,111 

11 

61,420 

64,412 

10,236 

10,735 

12 

58,823 

62,111 

9,804 

10.352 

13 

56,239 

59,790 

9,373 

9,965 

14 

53,859 

57,471 

8,976 

9,578 

15 

51,200 

55,172 

8,533 

9,195 

16 

48,780 

52,910 

8,130 

8,817 

17 

46,444 

50,697 

7,741 

8,449 

18 

44,198 

48,543 

7,366 

8,090 

19 

42,050 

46,457 

7,008 

7,743 

20 

40,000 

U,U4: 

6,666 

7,407 

21 

38,050 

42,508 

6,341 

7,085 

22 

36,200 

40,650 

6,033 

6,775 

23 

34,455 

38,872 

5,742 

6,479 

24 

32,787 

37,174 

5,464 

6,195 

25 

31,219 

35,555 

5,203 

5,926 

26 

29,741 

34,014 

4,957 

5,669 

27 

28,343 

32,547 

4,724 

5,423 

28 

27,027 

31,152 

4,504 

5,192 

29 

25,785 

29,828 

4,297 

4,971 

30 

24,615 

25,571 

4,102 

4,761 

31 

23,512 

27,310 

3,918 

4,818 

32 

22,472 

26,246 

3,745 

4,374 

33 

21,491 

25,172 

3,581 

4,195 

34 

20,565 

24,154 

3,427 

4,026 

35 

19,692 

23,188 

3,282 

3,864 

*Tab!es   VII.  and  VIII.  were  first  published  in  the  American  Architect  for  Dft 
cember  13,  1879. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


147 


TABLE  VIII.  — STRENGTH  OF   HOLLOW    CYDINDRICAL   OR   RECTANGULAR 
WROUGHT-IRON   PILLARS. 


( Calculated 

hy  Fonmdas  26  and  29). 

Breaking  Wei 

ght  in  Pounds. 

Safe  Load 

in  Pounds, 

Length 

per  Square  Inch. 

per  Square  Inch. 

Divided  by 

External  Breadth 

or  Diameter. 

Cyhndrical. 

Rectangular. 

Cylindrical. 

Rectangular. 

8 

35,495 

35,620 

8,874 

8,905 

9 

35,369 

35,520 

8,842 

8,880 

10 

35,217 

35,410 

8,804 

8,852 

11 

35,057 

35.288 

8,764 

8,822 

12 

34,883 

35,156 

8,721 

8,789 

13 

'     34,697 

35,013 

8,674 

8,753 

14 

34,497 

34,861 

8,624 

8,715 

15 

34,286 

34,698 

8,571 

8,674 

16 

34,062 

34,527 

8,515 

8,632 

17 

33,827 

34,346 

8,457 

8,586 

18 

33,582 

34,155 

8,395 

8,539 

19 

33,327 

33,957 

8,332 

8,489 

20 

33,061 

33,750 

8,265 

8,437 

21 

32,787 

33,535 

8,197 

8,384 

22 

32,504 

33,313 

8,126 

8,328 

23 

32,213 

33,083 

8,053 

8,271 

24 

31,915 

32,846 

7,979 

8,211 

25 

31,610 

32,604 

7,902 

8,151 

26 

31,298 

32,354 

7,824 

8,088 

27 

30,981 

32,100 

7,770 

8,025 

28 

30,659 

31,840 

7,665 

7,960 

29 

30,331 

31,574 

7,583 

7,893 

30 

30,000 

31,304 

7,500 

7,826 

31 

29,665 

31,030 

7.416 

7,757 

32 

29,326 

30,758 

7,331 

7,689 

33 

28,985 

30,469 

7,246 

7,677 

34 

28,642 

30,184 

7,160 

7,546 

35 

28,297 

29,896 

7,077 

7,476 

36 

27,950 

29,605 

6,987 

7,401 

37 

27,603 

29,312 

6,901 

7,328 

38 

27,254 

29,017 

6,813 

7,254 

39 

26,906 

28,719 

6,726 

7,179 

40 

26,557 

28,421 

6,639 

7,105 

41 

26,209 

28,121 

6,552 

7,030 

42 

26,862 

27,821 

6,465 

6,955 

43 

25,515 

27.511 

6,378 

6.877 

44 

25.171 

27,218 

0,293 

6,804 

45 

24,827 

26,91() 

6.206 

r>,720 

148 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 
TABLE  VIII.  {Continued). 


Breaking  Weight  in  Pounds. 

Safe  Load 

in  Pounds, 

Length 

per  Square  Inch. 

per  Square  Inch. 

Divided  by 

External  Breadth 

or  Diameter. 

Cylimlrical. 

Rectangular. 

Cylindrical. 

Rectangular. 

46 

24,486 

26,614 

6,121 

6,553 

47 

24,146 

26,312 

6,036 

6,578 

48 

23,809 

26,011 

5,952 

6,503 

49 

23,475 

25,711 

5,869 

6,428 

60 

23,143 

25,412 

5,786 

6,353 

51 

22,814 

25,113 

5,703 

6,278 

52 

22,488 

24,816 

5,622 

6,204 

53 

22,164 

24,520 

5,541 

6,130 

54 

21,845 

24,226 

5,461 

6,056 

55 

21,528 

.23,934 

5,382 

5,983 

56 

21,215 

23,642 

5,304 

5,910 

57 

20,906 

23,354 

5,226 

5,838 

58 

20,600 

23,067 

5,150 

5,767 

59 

20,298 

22,782 

5,074 

5,695 

60 

20,000 

22,500 

5,000 

5,625 

STRENGTH    OF    BEAMS. 

The  fourth  kind  of  resistance  which  we  have  to  discuss  is 
the  resistance  to  transverse  strain  or  cross-breaking.  Pieces  of 
wood,  or  other  materials,  which  have  to  resist  transverse 
strain,  are  called  beams,  and  as  the  amount  of  resistance  they 
offer  depends  upon  their  strength,  the  real  subject  which  we 
have  to  discuss  is  the  strength  of  beams.  In  almost  all  works 
on  the  strength  of  materials,  this  subject  is  considered  mathe- 
matically ;  that  is,  the  rules  and  formulas  are  derived  by 
mathematical  investigation.  This  method  is  a  very  pretty 
one,  and  is  not  difficult  for  those  who  are  familiar  with  the 
higher  mathematics ;  but  the  writer  believes  that  the  greater 
part  of  the  rules  can  be  derived  solely  from  a  consideration 
of  the  results  of  experiments  that  have  been  made  on  the 
strength  of  beams  of  different  spans  and  dimensions;  and  he 
I)roposes  to  endeavor  to  derive  them  in  this  way. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.    .  1 49 

Fortunately,  theory  and  experiment  agree  perfectly  on  this 
subject,  so  that  as  long  as  we  work  upon  correct  principles 
the  final  results  should  be  the  same  in  either  case.  We  shall 
drst  take  up  the  subject  of  beams  with  a  rectangular  or  square 
cross-section,  and  afterward  those  of  other  forms  of  cross- 
section. 

Formulas  for  Rectangular  Beains.  Before  proceeding  fur- 
ther, we  will  define  a  few  terms  which  we  shall  be  obliged  to 
use.  When  we  say  that  the  end  of  a  beam  is  supported^  we 
mean  that  it  is  just  laid  on  top  of  a  pier  or  other  support,  and 
not  fastened  in  any  manner.  When  it  is  said  to  be  fixed,  it 
is  supposed  to  be  fastened  so  that  it  cannot  spring  up — the 
end  of  a  beam  is  generally  fixed  when  it  is  securely  imbedded 
in  a  wall.  By  the  breadth  of  a  beam  we  mean  the  width  of 
the  top  or  bottom  side.  By  the  depth  is  meant  the  height  of 
the  beam  as  it  rests  on  its  supports.  The  span  of  a  beam 
means  the  distance  between  supports,  and  the  term  length  is 
often  used  to  denote  the  same  thing,  unless  otherwise  stated. 

Derivation  of  Formulas,  The  first  step  in  this  process  is  to 
determine  the  weight,  which  applied  at  the  centre  of  a  beam 
of  the  given  material,  one  inch  square^  supported  at  both  ends, 
and  having  a  span  of  one  foot,  will  just  break  the  beam.  This 
v^uantity  is  frequently  called  the  co-efficient  of  cefitre  breakifig 
loads,  and  often  the  cojistant  for  beams. 

In  this  article  we  shall  denote  this  value  by  A.  Table  IX. 
gives  the  values  of  A,  as  derived  by  taking  an  average  of  the 
values  given  by  many  different  authorities. 

It  has  been  found,  from  experiments,  that  if  the  beam  were 
two  inches  wide  instead  of  one,  it  would  hold  just  twice  as 
much ;  and  if  three  inches  wide,  it  would  hold  three  times 
as  much,  and  so  on.  That  is,  the  strength  is  directly  as  the 
breadth.  Then  if  the  breaking  weight  of  a  beam  one  inch 
square  and  one  foot  long  be  equal  to  A,  the  breaking  weight 


150  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

of  any  other  beam  of  the  same  material,  one  inch  deep  ami 
one  foot  long,  would  =  breadth  X  A. 

It  has  also  been  found  that  if  the  breadth  and  span  remain 
the  same,  but  the  depth  be  changed  to  two  inches  instead  of 
one,  it  will  hold  four  tifiies  as  much;  and  if  it  be  three  inches 
it  will  hold  nine  times  as  much.  Or,  the  strength  increases 
directly  as  the  square  of  the  depth. 

Then  if  the  breaking  weight  of  a  beam  one  foot  span  and 
one  inch  deep  =  breadth  X  A,  the  breaking  centre  weight  of 
a  beam  one  foot  span,  but  of  any  breadth  and  depth  = 
breadth  X  square  of  depth  X  A.  Furthermore,  if  the  breadth 
and  depth  of  the  unit  beam  remam  unchanged,  but  the  length 
be  doubled,  the  breaking  load  will  be  decreased  one-half;  if 
it  be  increased  to  three  feet  the  breaking  weight  will  be  one- 
third,  and  if  to  four  feet  the  breaking  weight  will  be  one- 
fourth,  and  so  on.  Or,  the  strength  of  a  beam  is  inversely  as 
the  length.  Then  we  have  the  formula  for  a  rectangular  beam, 
supported  at  both  ends  and  loaded  at  the  centre  as  follows : 

^      ,  .           .  ,        breadth  X  square  of  depth  X  A    ,     , 
Breaking  weight  = 1_^ ! 12_    (3 1 ) 

length  in  feet. 

From  experiments  on  beams,  it  has  been  found  that  when 
the  load  on  a  beam  is  equally  distributed  over  its  length,  the 
beam  will  hold  just  twice  as  much  as  it  would  if  the  load  were 
concentrated  and  applied  at  one  point  at  the  centre.  Hence, 
to  obtain  the  breaking  weight  of  a  beam  supported  at  bodi 
ends,  and  loaded  with  a  uniformly  distributed  load,  we  should 
multiply  the  last  member  of  equation,  31,  by  2. 

It  has  further  been  found,  from  experiments,  that  a  beam 
supported  at  both  ends  and  loaded  with  a  concentrated  load 
at  the  centre,  will  sustain  ]\x'^ifoiir  times  as  much  weight  as 
a  beam  of  the  same  length  having  one  end  firmly  fixed  in  a 
wall,  and  the  load  applied  at  the  extreme  end. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  151 

From  these  known  facts,  and  from  equation  31,  we  have 
the  following  formulas  for  rectangular  beams : 

BEAMS    SUPPORTED    AT    BOTH    ENDS. 

For  concentrated  load  at  the  centre  : 

^  ^  ,      ,      breadth  X  square  of  depth  V  A  ,     . 

Safe  load  = .2J1 t 1_ (32) 

span  in  feet  X  S. 

S  X  load  X  span  in  feet  ,     v 

or  breadth  ==__ IJ-J (33) 

square  of  depth  X  A. 

For  uniformly  distributed  load : 

^  r  ^      1      2  X  breadth  X  square  of  depth  X  A  ,     . 

Safe  load  = _- 1 (34) 

span  in  feet  X  S. 

,  ,          S  X  span  in  feet  X  load  ,     ^ 

or  breadth  =  ^ (35) 

2  X  square  of  depth  X  A. 

For  load  applied  at  a  point  other  than  the  centre,  m  and  ;^ 
being  the  segments  into  which  the  beam  is  divided : 

^  r  1      1      breadth  X  square  of  depth  X  span  X  A        ,  ^. 
Safe  load  = z t t - . .  (36) 

u      J  1               4 X  S X load y^my^n  ,     . 

or  breadth  =         ^^   -  ^ 1^ (37) 

square  of  depth  X  span  X  A, 

BEAMS    FIXED    AT   ONE    END. 

For  concentrated  load  at  extreme  end  : 

Safe  I0.H  =.  '^■•^'^'^^'^  X  ^q"^*"^  °^  ^"P^^  X  ^ (38) 

4  X  length  in  feet  X  S. 

u      A.x.      4  X  S  X  load  X  length  in  feet  ,     . 

or  breadth  =  ^      & (^^^ 

square  of  depth  X  A. 


152 


THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 


For  a  uniformly  distributed  load  : 

breadth  X  square  of  depth  X  A 


Safe  load  = . 


or  breadth  = 


2  X  length  in  feet  X  S. 
SX  load  X  length  in  feet  X  2 
square  of  depth  X  A. 


.(40) 
•(41) 


In  the  above  formulas  S  represents  iht  factor  of  safety ^  and 
its  value  in  different  cases  is  as  follows  :  For  ordinary  cases 
8  =  5  for  wooden  beams,  3  for  wrought-iron  beams,  and  4  for 
cast-iron  beams.  For  wooden  beams  in  roofs,  S  =  6 ;  for 
wooden  beams  in  floors  of  theatres,  lecture-halls,  etc.,  8  ;  in 
floors  of  stores,  6. 

The  values  of  the  constant  A  are  given  in  Table  IX. 

TABLE  IX. — VALUES  OF  A,  THE  COEFFICIENT  OF  CENTRE-BREAKING  LOADS. 


Materials. 

Value  of  A 
in  lbs. 

Materials. 

Values  of  A 
in  lbs. 

Cast-iron 

1,850 
2,700 
4,500 

590 
580 
534 
255 
340 
367 
380 
560 

American  white  oak . . 
"■        white  pine.. 
**        yellow  pine 
♦•        spruce 

Blue    stone   flagging, 

Hudson  Eiver 

Granite,  average 

Limestone,    **      

Marble,          '*      

Sandstone,     "      

Slate,              "      .    ... 

580 

Wrought-iron 

Steel 

American  ash 

"  red  beech. . 
yellow  birch 

•*        white  cedar. 

* '        elm 

:New  England  fir 

Hemlock        

460 
725 
548 

125 

100 

90 

^       100 

50 

American  red  oak 

300 

Example  I.  What  is  the  greatest  load  that  a  yellow  pine 
beam  8x  10  inches,  supported  on  two  piers  15  feet  apart,  will 
carry  with  safety,  if  the  load  is  uniformly  distributed  } 

Answer :  Formula  34  is  the  one  that  covers  this  case,  and, 
substituting  the  known  values  for  the  terms,  we  have : 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  1 53 

2X8X100X725  ^/:  lu 

Safe  load= Lj:=^  15,466  lbs. 

5X15 

Example  II.  What  shall  be  the  dimensions  of  a  spruce 
beam,  having  a  clear  span  of  10  feet,  that  shall  be  able  to 
support  a  concentrated  load  of  12,000  lbs.,  suspended  from 
the  beam  at  a  point  4  feet  from  one  end  ? 

Answer:  In  this  case  Formula  t,6  is  the  one  to  use,  and 
m  and  ;/  equal  4  and  6.  In  order  to  obtain  the  breadth  we 
must  assume  the  depth,  which  we  will  take  at  12  inches. 

Then  the  breadth  =  t^SX}^oo>Uy^  ^  ^^  . ^^^^^^^ 
144 X  -0x548 

Example  III.  A  beam  of  white  pine  10  inches  square 
has  one  end  securely  fixed  in  a  wall,  and  the  other  projects 
out  from  the  wall  6  feet.  What  is  the  greatest  load  that  can 
with  safety  be  suspended  from  the  extreme  end  ? 

Answer :  This  is  the  case  of  a  beam  fixed  at  one  end  and 
loaded  at  the  extreme  end,  and  is  to  be  solved  by  means  of 
Formula  2,^. 

Then  safe  load  =  ^^^^^^1^  =  z,^z^  lbs. 
4X6X5 

From  an  inspection  of  Formulas  32,  34,  36,  38  and  40,  we 
see  that  the  relative  strength  of  rectangular  beams  in  different 
cases  is  as  follows  : 

Beam   supported  at  both  ends,  and  loaded  with  a  uni- 
formly distributed  load i 

Beam  supported  at  both  ends  and  loaded  at  the  centre .     ^ 
Beam  fixed  at  one  end,  and  loaded  with  a  uniformly 

distributed  load. }{. 

Beam  fixed  at  one  end,  and  loaded  at  the  other ^ 


154  i^HE  builder's  guide, 

Also  the  following  can  be  shown  to  be  true : 
Beam   firmly   fixed   at   both    ends,  and   loaded  at  the 

centre i 

Beam  fixed  at  both   ends,  and  loaded  with  distributed 

load i^ 

These  facts  are  also  true  of  a  uniform  beam  of  any  form  of 
cross-section. 

Wheji  a  square  beam  is  supported  on  its  edge,  instead  of  on 
its  side — that  is,  has  its  diagonal  vertical — it  will  bear  about 
7-10  as  great  a  breaking  load. 

A  Cylindrical  Beam  is  only  1-1.7  as  strong  as  a  square 
beam,  whose  side  is  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  circle. 
Hence,  to  find  the  load  for  a  cylindrical  beam,  first  find  the 
proper  load  for  the  corresponding  square  beam,  and  then 
divide  it  by  1.7. 

Strength  of  Inclined  Beams.  For  inclined  beams  the  same 
formulas  apply  as  for  horizontal  beams,  except  that  the  length 
is  the  horizontal  projection  of  the  beam,  or  the  horizontal  dis- 
tance from  the  foot  of  the  beam  to  a  plumb  line  dropped  from 
its  upper  end. 

Example  :  What  is  the  safe  load  for  a  beam  of  white  pine 
3  inches  broad,  6  inches  deep,  and  10  feet  long,  uniformly 
loaded,  and  having  ojie  end  6  feet  above  the  other  ? 

Answer :    In  this  case  the  horizontal  length  is  8  feet,  and 

the  safe  load  = ±_Ji__ =  2,484  lbs. 

5X8 

Weight  of  the  Beam  Itself  to  be  take?i  ifito  Account. — The 
formulas  we  have  given  for  the  strength  of  beams,  do  not  take 
into  account  the  weight  of  the  beam  itself,  and  hence  the  safe 
load  of  the  formulas  includes  both  the  external  load  and  the 
weight  of  the  material  in  the  beam.    In  small  wooden  beams, 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


155 


the  weight  of  the  beam  is  generally  so  small,  compared  with 
the  external  load,  that  it  need  not  be  taken  into  account. 
But  in  larger  wooden  beams,  and  in  metal  and  stone  beams, 
the  weight  of  the  beam  should  be  subtracted  from  the  safe 
load,  if  the  load  is  distributed,  and  if  the  load  is  applied  at 
the  centre  one-half  the  weight  of  the  beam  should  be  sub- 
tracted. 

To  obtain  the  weight  of  the  beam,  it  is  necessary  to  know 
the  weight  of  one  cubic  foot  of  the  material.  Table  X.  gives 
the  weight  of  one  cubic  foot  of  the  most  common  kinds  of 
wood  and  stone,  and  also  of  iron  and  steel.  It  is  made  up 
from  a  table  given  by  Mr.  R.  G.  Hatfield,  in  his  excellent 
work  on  "Transverse  Strains." 

TABLE   X.  — SHOWING    THE    WEIGHT    IN    POUNDS    OF    ONE     CUBIC   FOOT  OF 
DIFFERENT   KINDS   OF   BUILDING   MATERIALS. 


Material. 

Weight  per 
Cubic  Foot. 

Material. 

Weight  per 
Cubic  Foot 

STONES. 

Bath  stone 

lbs. 
139 
129 
160 
165 
169 
170 
144 
159 

454 

480 
489 

WOODS. 
Ash 

Beech 

Birch.     .    . 

lbs. 
49 

Beton  coignet 

Blue  stone 

46 
42 

Granite,  average 

Limestone,     **     ...    . 

Cedar 

Elm 

31 

46 

Marble,            -     ...    . 
Sandstone,     **     ..... 

Hemlock 

Oak,  red 

26 
51 

Slate  

METALS. 

Cast-iron 

Oak,  white 

Pine,  white 

Pine,  yellow 

Spruce 

50 
28 
33 
30 

Wrought-iron 

Steel  

Rule  for  Fhidhig  the  Weight  of  a  Rectangular  Beam.^' 
Weight  in  pounds  =  breadth  X  depth  in  inches  X  length  in 
feet  X  weight  per  cubic  foot  -i-  144 (42) 


156  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Tables  Showing  the  Strength  of  Bea?ns  one  inch  wide  and 
of  different  depths  and  spans  can  be  easily  calculated,  so  that 
by  the  aid  of  one  of  these  tables  all  we  have  to  do  to  find  the 
strength  of  any  beam,  is  to  take  from  the  table  for  beams  of 
that  material  the  safe  load  for  a  beam  of  the  same  depth  and 
span,  and  then  multiply  this  load  by  the  breadth  of  the  given 
beam.  In  this  article  space  will  not  permit  us  to  give  such  a 
table  for  more  than  one  material,  and  we  have  choosen  white 
pine  as  the  material  most  used  in  construction.  This  table 
can  be  used,  however,  for  yellow  pine  and  spruce  beams  by 
adding  to  the  members  in  the  table  one-half  for  yellow  pine 
and  one-fifth  for  spruce. 

Example.  What  is  the  safe  load  of  a  white  pine  beam 
2yy^(>  inches,  supported  at  both  ends,  and  loaded  uniformly 
over  its  whole  length,  the  clear  span  being  1 2  feet  ? 

Answer:  From  Table  XI.  we  find  the  safe  load  of  a  beam 
1x6  inches,  and  span  of  12  feet,  loaded  at  the  centre,  to 
be— 276  pounds.  Multiplying  this  by  the  breadth  of  the 
beam,  3,  we  have  the  safe  load  =  828  pounds,  if  it  were 
loaded  at  the  centre,  but  as  it  is  loaded  with  a  distributed 
load  it  will  be  twice  as  strong,  and  hence  the  safe  load  will 
be  1656  pounds. 

The  Bearing  of  the  ends  of  a  beam  on  a  wall  beyond  a 
certain  amount  does  not  strengthen  the  beam  any.  In 
general,  a  beam  should  have  a  bearing  of  4  inches,  though  if 
the  beam  be  very  short  the  bearing  may  be  less. 

Continuous  Beams,  When  a  long  beam  is  laid  over  several 
points  of  support,  a  very  common  occurrence  in  building,  the 
strength  of  the  intermediate  parts  is  nearly  doubled,  or 
twice  as  much  as  when  cut  into  small  lengths,  hence  the  ad- 
vantage of  using  long  timbers  for  girders.* 

*Tredgold's  "  Carpentry, '  by  Hurst,  pp.  66. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


157 


TABLE  XI.  — SHOWING  THE  SAFE  LOAD  IN  ROUNDS  OF  WHITE  PINE  BEAMS, 
LOADED  AT  THE  CENTRE,  ONE  INCH  WIDE,  AND  FOR  DEPTHS  AND 
SPANS  VARYING  FROM  2  TO  16  INCHES,  AND  FROM  4  TO  29  FEET. 

( Calculated  with  a  Factor  of  Safety  of  5). 


Span  in  Feet 

Depth  in  Inches. 

4 

6 

8 

lO 

12 

2 

92 

61 

46 

37 

30 

3 

207 

136 

103 

82 

69 

4 

368 

245 

184 

147 

122 

5 

575 

383 

287 

230 

191 

6 

828 

552 

414 

331 

276 

7 

1,127 

751 

563 

450 

375 

8 

1,472 

981 

736 

591 

491 

9 

1,863 

1,242 

931 

745 

621 

10 

2,300 

1,533 

1,150 

920 

766 

11 

2,783 

1,855 

1,391 

1,113 

927 

12 

3,312 

2,208 

1,656 

1,325 

1,104 

13 

3,887 

2,591 

1,943 

1,555 

1,295 

14 

4,508 

3,005 

2,254 

1,803 

1,503 

15 

5,175 

3,450 

2,587 

2,070 

1,725 

16 

5,888 

3,925 

2,944 

5,889 

1,962 

Span  in  Feet 

Depth  in  Inches. 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

2 

26 

23 

20 

18 

16 

3 

59 

51 

45 

41 

38 

4 

105 

92 

81 

73 

67 

5 

164 

143 

127 

115 

104 

6 

236 

207 

184 

165 

150 

7 

322 

282 

250 

225 

205 

8 

420 

368 

327 

295 

268 

9 

532 

466 

414 

372 

339 

10 

657 

575 

511 

460 

418 

11 

795 

695 

618 

556 

506 

12 

946 

828 

736 

662 

602 

13 

1,110 

971 

863 

777 

707 

14 

1,288 

1,127 

1,002 

901 

820 

15 

1,478 

1,294 

1,150 

1,035 

941 

16 

1,682 

1.472 

1,308 

2,944 

1,070 

158  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

STRENGTH    OF    IRON    BEAMS. 

When  it  is  required  to  support  very  heavy  loads,  it  is  often 
found  to  be  cheaper  and  better  to  use  iron  beams  instead 
of  wood.  Formerly  cast-iron  beams  were  the  only  iron 
beams  used;  but  since  the  improvements  in  the  process  of 
rolling  iron,  wrought-iron  beams  have  almost  wholly 
superseded  those  of  cast-iron.  Still,  as  cast-iron  beams  are 
sometimes  used,  it  is  well  to  know  how  to  calculate  their 
strength. 

Cast-iron  Beams.  Most  of  our  knowledge  of  the  strength 
of  cast-iron  beams  is  derived  from  the  experiments  of  Mr. 
Eaton  Hodgkinson.  From  these  experiments  he  found  that 
the  form  of  ^.loss-section  of  a  beam  which  will  resist  the 
greatest  transverse  strain  is  that  in  which  the  bottom  flange 
contains  six  times  as  much  metal  as  the  top  flange. 

(Perhaps  it  would  be  well  to  say  that  the  usual  form  of 
iron  beams  is  that  of  the  letter  I.  The  top  and  bottom  parts 
are  called  \\\t  flanges^  and  the  vertical  part  the  web). 

When  cast-iron  beams  are  subjected  to  very  light  strains, 
the  areas  of  the  two  flanges  ought  to  be  nearly  equal.  As  in 
practice  it  is  usual  to  submit  beams  to  strains  less  than  the 
ultimate  load,  and  yet  beyond  a  sHght  strain,  it  is  found  that 
when  the  flanges  are  as  i  to  4  we  have  a  proportion  which 
approximates  very  nearly  the  requirements  of  practice.  The 
thickness  of  the  three  parts — web,  top  flange  and  bottom 
flange — may,  with  advantage,  be  made  in  proportion  as  5,  6, 
and  8. 

If  made  in  this  proportion,  the  width  of  the  top  flange  will 
be  equal  to  one-third  of  that  of  the  bottom  flange.  As  the 
result  of  his  experiments,  Mr.  Hodgkinson  gives  the  following 
rule  for  the  breaking  weight  at  the  centre  for  a  cast-iron  beam 
of  the  above  form  : 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  I59 

^      _      ,      ,      Area  of  bot.  flange^/ depth  ..       ,     . 

Breaking  load      . X  j^  ins.  X  2.166. .  .(43) 

in  tons      =         in  sq.  ins. 


clear  span  in  feet. 

Cast-iron  beams  should  always  be  tested  by  a  load  equal 
to  that  which  they  are  designed  to  carry. 

ROLLED-IRON    BEAMS. 

Owing  to  the  deceptive  character  of  cast-iron,  and  the 
much  greater  resistance  offered  to  transverse  strain  by 
wrought  iron,  compound  wrought-iron  plate  beams  and 
girders  were  formerly  used  to  support  very  heavy  loads. 
These  beams  became  so  popular  that,  to  supply  the  demand, 
iron  manufacturers  made  rolls  similar  to  those  for  making 
railroad  iron,  by  which  they  were  enabled  to  furnish  beams 
rolled  out  in  one  piece  with  all  the  best  features  of  the  plate 
beam,  and  which  could  be  much  more  readily  and  cheaply 
made.  Owing  to  the  large  cost  of  the  rolls,  only  a  very  few 
sizes  were  at  first  made,  but  as  the  demand  increased  new 
sizes  were  added,  until  now  we  have  them  in  great  variety — 
from  3  to  15  inches  high. 

Rolled-iron  beams  are  of  the  shape  of  the  letter  I,  and 
have  their  top  and  bottom  flanges  of  the  same  size.  The 
vertical  part  is  the  web,  and  is  generally  considered  to  resist 
the  tendency  of  the  load  to  shear  the  beam. 

Formulas.  We  cannot  deduce  a  rule  for  rolled-iron  beams 
in  the  manner  in  which  we  derived  the  formulas  for  wooden 
beams,  both  on  account  of  lack  of  experiments  and  the  pe- 
culiar shape  of  the  beam.  The  formulas  for  this  class  of 
beams  must  be  derived  by  mathematical  demonstration,  re- 
quiring a  considerable  degree  of  proficiency  in  the  higher 
mathematics.  While  not  attempting  to  give  the  precise 
method  by  which  the  formulas  are  derived,  we  will,  however. 


l6o  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

undertake  to  indicate  it  sufficiently,  so  that  the  method  can 
be  compared  with  those  given  by  more  advanced  works  on 
the  subject. 

The  fundamental  formula,  from  which  all  others  must  be 
derived,  is  obtained  by  placing  the  bending  moment  equal  to 
the   moment  of  resistance^   and   may   be   expressed   by  the 

^        1           M-RI  ^     ^ 

formula  :  (44) 

y 

y  in  beams  of  regular  cross-section  being  equal  to  one-half  of 
the  depth.  The  letter  M  denotes  the  bending  moment,  the 
letter  R  the  modulus  of  rupture,  obtained  from  experiments, 
and  the  letter  I  the  moment  of  inertia. 

The  values  of  the  letters  I  and  y  vary  only  with  the  size  of 
the  beam ;  while  the  value  of  the  letter  M  varies  only  with 
the  span,  the  mode  of  support,  and  the  manner  of  loading. 

The  value  of  R  is  generally  taken  at  42,000  lbs.  for  a  break- 
ing load,  and  for  a  safe  load  yi  of  this,  or  14,000  lbs.  per 
square  inch. 

Substituting  the  correct  values  of  the  letters  in  Formula  44, 
we  have  the  formula  for  safe  load  of  rolled-iron  beam,  loaded  at 
the  centre  and  supported  at  both  ends : 

Safe  load  =  _J.^'L.  X  (b  X  d^— bi  X  di^) (45) 

9LXd 

in  which  L  =  span  in  feet,  d  =  the  whole  depth  of  beam,  b  = 
width  of  flange,  bi  =  the  width  of  flange  minus  average  thick- 
ness of  the  web,  and  di  the  whole  depth  minus  twice  the 
average  thickness  of  the  flange. 

The  value  of  I,  employed  in  Formula  45,  is  obtained  by 
considering  the  flanges  to  be  perfect  rectangles,  with  square 
corners ;  but  there  is  a  value  of  I,  obtained  by  considering 
the  area  of  the  flange  as  concentrated  on  a  horizontal  line 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  l6t 

passing  throngh  its  centre  of  gravity,  which  is  very  much 
easier  of  appHcation.  Substituting  this  latter  value  of  I  in 
place  of  the  former  value,  and  we  have  the  safe  load,  for  the 
case  above  described,  as  follows : 

Safe  load  at  centre  =  '^^^^  xC-+^X^^....  (46) 
3  X  L        V6  d'  J 

in  which  d  =  whole  depth  of  beam,  L  =  span  of  beam  in  feet, 
ai  =  area  of  the  web,  a  =  area  of  one  flange,  and  di  =  effec- 
tive depth  in  inches  between  centres  of  gravity  of  flanges. 

If  we  put  this  into  a  rule,  it  would  read  as  follows : 

Rule. — Multiply  the  square  of  the  effective  depth  by  the 
area  of  one  flange,  and  divide  by  the  square  qf  the  whole 
depth  of  the  beam ;  to  this  quotient  add  one-sixth  of  the  area 
of  the  web,  and  multiply  the  sum  by  14,000,  multiplied  by 
the  whole  depth,  and  divided  by  3  times  the  span  in  feet. 

Formula  46  is  the  one  employed  by  the  Union  Iron  Mills 
Co.  for  calculating  the  strength  of  their  beams.  For  a  dis- 
tributed load,  multiply  the  safe  load  at  the  centre  by  two. 

In  using  iron  beams,  of  course  it  is  a  great  deal  cheaper  to 
use  a  pattern  already  manufactured,  rather  than  to  have  a 
special  beam  made  to  order.  There  are  three  prominent 
companies  which  manufacture  iron  beams,  and  each  of  these 
companies  have  handbooks  containing  full  information  con- 
cerning the  different  forms  of  iron  beams  and  bars  which  they 
manufacture. 

These  companies  are  the  A^ew  Jersey  Steel  and  Iron  Co., 
of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  who  manufacture  the  Trenton  beams; 
Carnegie  Brothers  df  Co.,  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  who  manufacture 
the  U7iion  Iron  Mills  beams ;  and  the  Phoenix  Iroft  Co.,  of 
Philadelphia,  who  manufacture  the  Phoenix  beams.  The 
handbooks  issued  by  these  companies  contain  the  moment  of 


1 62  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

inertia  of  each  beam,  and  when  we  have  this  value  we  can 
substitute  it  directly  in  the  formula : 

Safe  load  at  )  =        28,000  X  moment  of  inertia ^^^^ 

centre  in   lbs.  )  3  x  span  in  ft.  X  depth  of  beam 

N.  B. — In  formulas  45,  46,  47,  a  factor  of  safety  of  3  has 
been  adopted. 

We  will  now  compare  the  results  of  these  three  formulas, 
by  calculating  the  strength  of  a  rolled-iron  beam  by  each 
method: 

Example.  What  is  the  largest  load  that  a  heavy  lo-inch 
I-beam,  of  the  Union  Iron  Mills  pattern,  will  bear  with  safety 
at  the  centre,  the  distance  between  supports  being  10  feet? 
We  will  first  solve  it  by  Formula  45.  In  this  case  L=  10, 
d  =  10,  b  =  4.5,  bi  =  4,  and  di  =  8.38. 

The  values  of  the  last  three  quantities  are  obtained  from 
the  book  of  sections  published  by  Carnegie  Bros.  &  Co. 

Substituting  these  values  in  equation  45,  we  have ; 

Safe  load  at  centre  = X 

9X  10  X  10 

(4.5  X  1000  —  4  X  588.5)  ^  16,690  lbs. 

We  will  now  solve  it  by  Formula  46.  From  the  same 
book  of  sections  we  find  ai  =  5.i,  a  =  3.15,  di=:9.i9  inches. 

Substituting  these  values  with  those  of  d  and  L  in  equation 
46,  we  have : 

r.     r     ^         J  14,000   X    iO  .    . 

bafe  load  at  centre  = X 

3X10 

^5;i_^3^5_X9.i9\^,6^38oibs. 
V  6  100         ^ 

We  also  find  from  the  same  source  the  value  of  the  mo- 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  163 

nient  of  inertia  of  this  beam  to  be  175.5.      Substituting  this 
value  in  Equation  47,  we  have: 

r.  r  1      1                      28,000X175.5        ^    o    It- 
Safe  load  at  centre  = [ 1_  =  16,380  lbs. 

3X10X10 
Comparing  results,  we  find  that : 

By  Formula  45,  safe  load  =  16,690  lbs. 
"         "  46,    "       "    =  16,380    " 

47,    "       "    =16,380    " 

Formulas  46  and  47  give  the  same  result,  because  they 
have  the  same  moment  of  inertia.  These  results  do  not 
differ  much  from  that  of  Formula  45,  and  what  error  there  is, 
is  on  the  safe  side. 

For  the  benefit  of  those  w^ho  have  not  the  handbooks 
mentioned,  we  give  Tables  XII.  and  XIII.,  which  are  made 
up  from  tables  published  by  the  Union  Iron  Mills  Co.,  and 
those  published  by  the  New  Jersey  Steel  and  Iron  Co. 

The  number  designatmg  the  size  of  the  beam  is  its  depth 
in  inches.  Thus  a  lo-inch  beam  is  10  inches  deep.  The 
values  for  the  safe  distributed  load  given  in  column  II.  are 
for  one  foot  of  span,  and  to  get  the  load  for  any  span  it  is 
only  necessary  to  divide  the  load  for  a  span  oi  07ie  foot  by  the 
given  span  in  feet.  To  get  the  safe  load  if  applied  at  the 
centre  of  the  beam,  divide  the  safe  distributed  load  by  2.  In 
designing  an  iron  beam,  the  weight  of  the  beam  itself  should 
be  subtracted  from  the  calculated  load,  to  give  the  true  work- 
ing load,  if  the  load  is  distributed ;  and  if  applied  at  the 
centre,  one-half  of  the  weight  of  the  beam  should  be  sub- 
tracted from  the  safe  load. 

Iron  beams  should  have  at  least  four  inches  bearing  on  a 
wall,  pier,  or  other  support.  We  will  illustrate  the  applica- 
tion of  Tables  XII.  and  XIII.  by  two  examples. 


164 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


TABLE  Xn.  — SHOWING  THE  STRENGTH,  WEIGHT  AND  DIMENSIONS  OF  UNION 

IRON    MILLS   ROLLED    I-BEAMS 

SIGNATION 

I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

De 

OF 

Beam. 

Weight 
yard  in 

Safe  dis- 
tributed 
load  for  i 

fnr>t  nf  cnan 

Mo- 
ment of 

Width 

of 
flanjts 

Areas  in  sq.  ins. 

Effect- 
ive 

of  one 

of 

depth 

lbs. 

in  lbs. 

Inertia. 

in 
Inches. 

flange, 
a. 

Web, 
a,. 

in  ins, 

15  inch  Heavy. 

201 

848,000 

682 

5.5 

5.175 

9.75 

13.91 

15     ' 

'      Light.  . 

150 

658,000 

528.7 

5.0 

4.2 

6.60 

14.06 

12     ' 

*      Heavy . 

180 

582,000 

373.7 

5.15 

4.32 

9.36 

11.00 

12     * 

'     Light. . 

126 

416,000 

267 

4.5 

4.18 

6.24 

11.19 

lOJ  ' 

*     Heavy . 

105 

308,000 

173.8 

4.63 

2.625 

5.25 

9.84 

lOJ  ' 

•     Light. . 

94.5 

276,000 

154.9 

4.53 

2.58 

4.30 

9.84 

10     ' 

'      Heavy . 

114 

328,000 

175.5 

4.5 

3.15 

5.10 

9.19 

10     ' 

'     Light. 

90 

278,000 

149.0 

4.3 

2.90 

3.20 

9.25 

9     ' 

•      Heavy . 

90 

246,000 

118.7 

4.34 

2.925 

3.15 

8.25 

9     • 

'      Light,. 

71i 

206,000 

100 

4.06 

2.395 

2.34 

8.34 

8     ' 

'      Heavy . 

81 

198,000 

84.8 

4. 

2.61 

2.88 

7.28 

8     ♦ 

♦     Light. . 

66 

164,000 

70.4 

3.75 

2.185 

2.24 

7.37 

7     ' 

'      Heavy . 

60 

132,000 

49.2 

3.63 

2.09 

1.82 

6.37 

7     ♦ 

•     Light. . 

54 

124,000 

47.0 

3.56 

2.075 

1.26 

6.37 

6     • 

*      Heavy . 

48 

90,400 

29.2 

3.38 

1.685 

1.44 

5.44 

6     ' 

'     Light. . 

40.5 

76,600 

24.7 

3.22 

1.425 

1.20 

5.50 

5     • 

•      Heavy . 

36 

51,400 

13.8 

2.88 

0.925 

1.75 

4.62 

5     ' 

Light. . 

30 

43,800 

11.8 

2.75 

0.925 

1.15 

4.62 

4     ' 

•      Heavy . 

30 

32,600 

7.0 

2.63 

0.72 

1.56 

3.67 

4     ' 

'      Light. . 

24 

28,000 

6.0 

2.50 

0.72 

.96 

3.67 

3     ♦ 

'      Heavy . 

24 

19,600 

3.2 

2.34 

0.695 

1.01 

2.66 

3     • 

'      Light. . 

21 

18,200 

2.9 

2.25 

0.69 

.72 

2.66 

Example  i.  It  is  proposed  to  support  the  floor  of  a  lec- 
ture hall  by  means  of  rolled-iron  I-beams,  resting  upon  piers 
1 5  feet  apart ;  what  size  beam  will  be  required  ? 

Ans. :  If  the  beams  are  15  feet  span  and  12  feet  "on 
centres,"  they  will  each  have  to  support  a  floor  area  of  180 
square  feet.  The  average  weight  of  a  wooden  floor,  including 
joists,  etc.,  is  about  .  o  lbs.  per  square  foot.  The  load  that  is 
to  come  upon  the  floor  should  be  taken  at  120  lbs.  per  square 
foot,  making  the  weight  of  the  floor  and  its  load  130  lbs.  per 
souare  foot,  giving  a  total  load  on  each  beam  of   23,400  lbs. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


i6s 


Now,  in  Older  to  find  from  the  table  the  size  of  beam  re- 
quired to  carry  this  load,  we  must  multiply  the  total  load  by 
the  span,  which  is  the  same  thing  as  dividing  the  values  in 
column  II.  by  the  span.  23,400  X  15  —  351,006;  and  look- 
ing in  column  II.  of  Tables  XII.  and  XIII. ,  we  find  that  the 
beam  carrying  a  safe  load  next  above  this  is  the  r  2-inch  light 
'''Union"  beam,  or  the  loi^-inch  heavy  Trenton  beam. 
Therefore  these  must  be  the  sizes  required.  The  weight  of 
the  12-inch  beam  will  be  126X5  =  630  lbs.,  and  of  the 
10^ -inch  beam  135  X  5  =  675  lbs. 


TABLE  Xm. — SHOWING  THE   STRENGTH,  WEIGHT,  AND  DIMENSIONS  OF 
TRENTON   ROLLED    I-BEAMS. 


ESIGNATION 

I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

D] 

^ 

OF 

Safe  dis- 

Width 

Areas  in 

sq.  ins. 

Effect- 

Beam. 

Weight 

tributed 

Mo- 
ment of 
Inertia 

of 

^7- 

ya'd  in 
lbs. 

load  in  lbs., 
for   I   foot 
of  span. 

flanges 

in 
inches. 

of  one 

flange, 

a. 

5.48 

of 
web, 
a,. 

ive 
depth 
in  ins. 

15  inch  Heavy. 

200 

748,000 

701.1 

5i 

9.Q7 

13.9 

15 

♦♦     Light.. 

150 

551,000 

523.5 

5 

3.73 

7.59 

14.0 

121 

**      Heavy. 

170 

511,000 

391.2 

5J 

4.69 

7.39 

11.1 

121 

"     Light.. 

125 

377,000 

288.0 

48 

3.29 

5.75 

11.2 

lOJ 

♦•      Heavy. 

135 

360,000 

233.7 

5 

4.22 

4.93 

9.7 

101 

"     Light. 

105 

286,000 

185.6 

^ 

3.26 

3.93 

9.84 

9^ 

"     Extra.. 

125 

268,000 

150.8 

^ 

3.60 

5.13 

8.2 

9 

"      Heavy. 

85 

189,000 

106.5 

4 

2.43 

3.46 

8.25 

9 

*♦     Light. 

70 

152,000 

85.6 

3^ 

1.92 

2.70 

8.34 

8 

' '      Heavy . 

80 

168,000 

83.9 

H 

2.53 

2.96 

7.28 

8 

"     Light. 

65 

135,000 

67.4 

4 

1.99 

2.40 

7.37 

7 

55  lbs. 

55 

101,000 

44.3 

3f 

L70 

2.10 

6.40 

6 

"      120  *' 

120 

172,000 

64.9 

5 

4.04 

3.75 

5.00 

6 

-       90  - 

90 

132,000 

49.8 

5 

2.85 

3.00 

5.00 

6 

**     Heavy. 

50 

76,800 

29.0 

^ 

1.56 

1.80 

5.44 

6 

'♦     Light. 

40 

62,600 

23.5 

3 

1.26 

1.50 

5.5 

.5 

"      Heavy. 

40 

49,100 

15.4 

3 

1.17 

1.56 

4.62 

5 

"     Light. . 

30 

38,700 

12.1 

2J 

0.89 

1.20 

4.62 

4 

• '      Heavy . 

37 

36,800 

9.2 

3 

1.21 

1.25 

3.67 

4 

"     Light. 

30 

30,100 

7.5 

2| 

0.96 

1.00 

3.67 

4 

"ex.  Light 

18 

18,000 

4.5 

2 

0.51 

0.75 

3.70 

\6e 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


TABLE  XrV. — SHOWING  THE  STBENGTH  AND  WEIGHT  OP  TEENTON   ANI> 
UNION   IRON   MILLS   EOLLED    CHANNEL  BAES. 


Union  Iron  Mills. 

Trenton. 

)esignation 

I. 

II. 

Designation 

III. 

IV. 

I 

OF 

Bar. 

Weight 

Safe  dis- 
tributed 

OF 

Bar. 

Weight 

Safe  dis- 
tributed 

- 

per 

yard    111 
lbs. 

load  in  lbs., 

for  span  of 

I  foot. 

per 

yard  m 

lbs. 

load  in  lbs. 
lor  span  of 

I  foot. 

12  inch  Heavy. . 

150 

388,000 

15  inch  Heavy. 

190 

625,000 

12 

"    Medium 

90 

276,000 

15 

*♦     Light.. 

120 

401,000 

10 

**     Heavy  . 

105 

244.000 

121 

'♦     Heavy. 

140 

381,000 

10 

'•    Medium 

69 

186,000 

121 

*'      Light.. 

85 

238,000 

9 

' '    Heavy 

90 

185,600 

lO.i 

"     Light.. 

60 

134,750 

9 

*'    Medium 

54 

136,000 

9^ 

'*     Heavy. 

70 

146,000 

8 

"    Heavy  . 

75 

140,000 

9 

"     Light.. 

50 

104,000 

8 

* '    Medium 

48 

106,400 

8 

*'     Light. 

45 

88,950 

7 

' '    Heavy  . 

60 

102,000 

7 

"     Light.. 

36 

62,000 

7 

* '    Medium 

42 

83,600 

6 

"     Heavy. 

45 

58,300 

6 

♦*    Heavy  . 

33 

52,000 

6 

"     Light.. 

33 

45,700 

5 

"    Heavy  . 

30 

38,200 

5 

••  ex.  Light 

19 

22,800 

4 

**  ex.  Light 

16} 

15,700 

3 

"  ex.  Light 

15 

10,500 

Example  2.  It  is  required  to  support  a  16-inch  brick 
wall,  30  feet  high  and  15  feet  wide,  containing  six  windows, 
three  feet  by  six  feet,  by  two  rolled-iron  I-beams;  what  must 
be  their  size  ? 

Ans. :  It  is  first  necessary  to  find  the  cubic  contents  of 
the  Avail.  If  the  wall  were  solid,  with  no  windows,  it  would 
contain  i  J^  X  15X30,  or  600  cubic  feet  of  brick.  But  the 
six  windows  will  contain  6 X  1^X3X6,  or  144  cubic  feet; 
so  that  the  total  contents  of  the  wall  is  600 —  144,  or  456 
cubic  feet  of  brick.  A  cubic  foot  of  brickwork  weighs,  on 
the  average,  110  lbs.,  hence  the  weight  of  the  wall  will  be 
456  X  no  lbs.,  or  50,160  lbs.  The  load  on  each  beam  will 
therefore  be  25,080    lbs.     Multiplying   this    weight    by    the 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  167 

span,  we  have  376,200  lbs.,  and  looking  in  column  II.  of 
Tables  XII.  and  XIII.,  we  find  that  we  shall  need  a  12-inch 
light  "Union"  beam,  or  a  121.^-inch  light  "Trenton"  beam^ 
to  carry  this  load,  and  it  will  require  two  of  these  beams  to 
support  the  wall.  The  weight  of  the  12-inch  beam  will  be 
5  X  126,  or  630  lbs.,  and  of  the  12  i^-inch  beam,  125  X  5,  or 
625  lbs. 

There  are  several  other  forms  of  iron  bars  that  are  occa- 
sionally used  as  beams,  such  as  channel  bars,  deck  beams,, 
angle  irofis,  etc.,  but  these  are  not  enough  used  in  buildings 
to  warrant  us  in  taking  the  room  to  discuss  them  here. 
Table  XIV.  gives  the  safe  loads  of  the  "  Union "  and 
"Trenton"  channel  bars,  as  given  in  the  handbooks  pub> 
lished  by  their  respective  companies. 

From  the  foregoing  tables  the  strength  of  materials  may  be 
calculated  for  structures  of  considerable  importance,  and  the 
results  may  be  relied  upon  as  nearly  correct  as  it  is  possible 
to  get  them.  Mr.  Kidder  has  been  very  careful  in  calcula- 
ting, arranging,  and  compiling  these  tables,  and  adapting 
them  to  American  conditions. 


Bricks   and   Brick  Piers. 

It  has  been  thought  that  the  following  tests  of  the  strength 
of  bricks  and  brick  piers,  recently  made  by  Mr.  Kidder  for 
the  Massachusetts  Mechanics'  Association,  would  be  of  good 
service  where  brick  work  has  to  be  provided  for.  The  bricks 
tested  were  as  follows : 

*Three  Philadelphia  face-bricks. 

Four  New  England  pressed  bricks.  Four  ordinary  Cam- 
bridge (Mass.)  bricks. 

*Froiii  '*  American  Architect  and  Building  News." 


168  THE  builder's  guide, 

Three  bricks  from  Boston  Terra-Cotta  Company. 

•One  brick  of  selenitic  cement  and  coke. 

One  porous  terra-cotta  brick. 

Two  bricks  of  Selenitic  cement  and  sand. 

The  specimens  were  tested  in  the  government  testing- 
machine  at  Watertown,  Mass.,  and  great  care  was  exercised 
to  make  the  tests  as  perfect  as  possible.  As  the  parallel 
plates  between  which  the  bricks  were  crushed  are  fixed  in  one 
position,  it  is  necessary  that  the  specimen  tested  should  have 
perfectly  parallel  faces.  The  bricks  which  were  tested  were 
rubbed  on  a  revolving  bed  until  the  top  and  bottom  faces 
were  perfectly  true  and  parallel,  or  as  nearly  so  as  it  was  pos- 
sible to  make  them.  The  preparation  of  the  bricks  in  this 
way  required  a  great  deal  of  time  and  expense,  the  latter 
amounting  to  two  or  three  dollars  for  a  single  brick,  in  many 
cases. 

Philadelphia  Face-Brick  :  These  bricks  were  furnished 
by  Waldo  Brothers,  57  Kilby  St.,  Boston.  They  were  very  per- 
fect in  form,  but  quite  soft,  being  the  softest  clay  brick  tested. 

First  brick  measured  8.23"  x  4.1"  x  2.32"  thick.  It  was 
<:rushed  flatwise,  as  were  all  of  the  bricks.  The  brick  was 
first  subjected  to  a  pressure  of  50,000  lbs.,  which  was  grad- 
ually increased.  The  brick  commenced  to  crack  under  a 
pressure  of  145,000  lbs.,  or  4,303  lbs.  to  the  square  inch. 
The  cracks  first  appeared  on  one  edge,  and  then  the  other 
edges  soon  cracked.  Before  the  brick  was  finally  crushed  it 
was  cracked  badly,  and  several  pieces  had  fallen  from  the  out- 
side. The  brick  failed  tinder  204,300  Ibs.^  or  6,062  lbs.  per 
square  inch. 

Second  brick  mesLSured  8.3"  x  2.3"  thick.  This  brick  com- 
menced to  crack  under  113,000  lbs.,  or  3,400  lbs.  to  the 
square  inch,  and  failed  under  193,600  Ibs.^  or  5,831  lbs.  pef 
square  inch. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  169 

Third  brick  measured  4.1"  x  8.3"  x  2.25 "  thick.  It  com- 
menced to  crack  under  98,000  lbs.  pressure  (2,879  ^t)S.  per 
square  inch),  and  was  badly  cracked  under  154,000  lbs.  pres- 
sure.   Net  stre7igth  199,500  Ibs.^  or  5,860  lbs.  to  the  square  i?ich. 

Common  Brick  (from  Mr.  M.  W.  Sand's  brick-yard,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.)  :  These  bricks  represent  good  Eastern  brick, 
and  were  very  hard,  containing  considerable  flint.  It  was  so 
difficult  to  rub  down  the  faces  of  these  bricks  to  parallel  sur- 
faces that  only  one  whole  brick  was  prepared,  and  the  re- 
maining specimens  were  half  bricks. 

First  brick  measured  7.88"  x 3.27"  x  1.97"  thick;  cracked 
slightly  under  a  pressure  of  150,000  lbs.,  but  the  cracking  did 
not  increase  until  after  the  pressure  had  reached  200,000 
lbs.  The  net  strength  of  the  brick  was  333,500  Ibs.^  or  12,940^ 
lbs,  per  square  inch. 

First  half-brick  measured  3.25"  x  3.35"  x  2.02"  thick- 
Commenced  to  crack  under  40,000  lbs.  pressure  (3,670  lbs. 
per  square  inch).  Net  strength  107,000  Ibs.^  or  g,S2^  lbs.  to' 
the  square  inch.  The  brick  cracked  most  on  the  sides  which 
had  been  the  outside  edges  of  the  whole  brick. 

Seco?id  half  brick  measured  3.25"  x  3.9"  x  2.1"  thick. 
Cracks  first  appeared  under  43,000  lbs.  pressure  (3,393  lbs. 
per  square  inch).  Net  strength  148,000  lbs.,  or  11,681  lbs.  ta 
the  square  inch. 

Third  half  brick  measured  3.4"  x  3.95"  x  2.05"  thick.  This, 
brick  did  not  fit  between  the  plates  of  the  machine  very  per- 
fectly. Commenced  to  crack  under  51,000  lbs.  pressure 
(3,797  lbs.  per  square  inch).  Net  stre?igth  192,000  lbs.,  or 
14,296  lbs.  to  the  square  inch. 

New  England  Pressed  Brick,  made  in  Danvers,  Mass.:: 
These  samples  were  selected  from  a  lot  of  brick  exhibited  at 
the  recent  fair  of  the  Association  by  the  New  England 
Pressed  Brick  Company. 


170  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

These  bricks  being  made  under  hydraulic  pressure  are  ex- 
tremely hard  (so*  hard  that  it  was  almost  impossible  to  cut 
them  with  stone-cutters'  chisels),  and  are  very  regular  in 
shape.  All  the  specimens  of  this  kind  of  bricks  were  half- 
bricks  cut  from  whole  ones. 

First  brick  measured  3.5"  x  3.7"  x  1.98"  thick.  Cracks  were 
iirst  observed  while  the  brick  was  under  a  pressure  of  50,000 
lbs.  (3,862  lbs.  per  square  inch).  Net  strength  133,000  Ibs.^ 
or  10,270  lbs.  per  square  ijich. 

It  was  observed,  while  testing  this  brick,  that  while  the 
€dge  face  of  the  brick  that  had  been  the  end  of  the  whole 
Lrick  cracked  and  fell  off  in  pieces,  the  face  which  had  been 
at  the  centre  of  the  brick  remained  intact. 

Second  brick  m eas  ured  3 . 7  5 "  x  3 . 5  2 "  x  2 .  i "  t h ick .  First 
crack  appeared  when  the  brick  was  under  a  pressure  of 
108,000  lbs.,  or  8,180  lbs.  per  square  inch.  Ultimate  strength 
178,600  lbs.,  being  13,530  lbs.  to  the  square  inch.  This  brick 
did  not  crack  very  badly. 

Third  brick  measured  3.5"  X3.8"  x  1.9 1"  thick.  First  crack 
appeared  when  the  pressure  reached  33,000  lbs.  (2,480  lbs. 
per  square  inch),  and  the  brick  failed  under  174,000  Ibs.^  or 
13,082  lbs.  to  the  squafe  inch.  Very  much  of  the  outside  of 
the  brick  scaled  off  before  the  brick  was  crushed. 

Fourth  brick  measured  -t^.'^"  x  3.54"  x  2.12"  thick.  It  com- 
menced to  crack  under  61,000  lbs.  pressure  (4,535  lbs.  per 
square  inch),  and  was  crushed  under  a  pressure  of  176,000 
Ibs.^  or  13,085  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

Brick  Manufactured  by  the  Boston  Terra-Cgtta  Co. 
(Messrs.  Lewis  &  Lane,  Proprietors) :  These  bricks  are 
made  from  finer  clay  than  the  common  brick  tested,  and 
were  more  uniform  in  quality. 

First  brick.  This  brick  was  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  square, 
with  one  corner  cut  off;  the  brick  measured  3.82"  x  3.78"  on 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  I7I 

the  long  sides,  and  was  1.36"  thick.  The  area  of  the  com- 
pressed surface  was  only  11.46  square  inches.  The  brick  did 
not  fit  between  the  plates  of  the  machine  very  perfectly,  so 
that  it  was  necessary  to  use  very  thin  brass  packing.  The 
brick  cracked  a  litde  at  one  corner,  under  a  pressure  of 
40,000  lbs.,  but  this  was  owing  to  imperfectly  fitting  the  ma- 
chine, and  the  crack  did  not  increase  until  the  pressure 
reached  132,000  lbs.,  11,518  lbs.  per  square  inch.  Net 
stre?tgth  of  the  brick,  158,400  lbs.,  or  i^^^^ic^  lbs.  per  square 
inch. 

Second  brick.  This  brick  was  shaped  like  an  ordinary 
brick  with  one  corner  cut  off,  except  that  it  had  a  slight  de- 
pression in  one  face.  This  depression  was  filled  with  plaster- 
of- Paris,  that  being  the  best  material  at  hand ;  the  depression 
was  not  more  than  one-tenth  of  an  inch.  The  brick  had  an 
area  on  its  face  of  25.6  square  inches,  and  was  1.86"  thick. 
It  commenced  to  crack  when  under  a  pressure  of  220,000  lbs. 
(8,593  lbs.  per  square  inch),  and  was  crushed  under  272,000 
lbs.,  or  11,406  lbs.  to  the  square  inch. 

Third  brick.  This  brick  was  of  the  same  shape  as  the  pre- 
vious brick,  and  the  depression  in  its  face  was  filled  in  the 
same  way.  It  is  very  probable  that  the  strength  of  these 
two  bricks  was  lowered  by  the  depression  filled  with  plaster- 
of- Paris.  The  area  of  the  face  of  the  brick  was  28.88  square 
inches,  and  it  was  1.9"  thick.  The  brick  commenced  to 
crack  while  under  a  pressure  of  3,530  lbs.  per  square  inch. 
Net  strength  253,000  lbs.,  or  9,766  lbs.  to  the  square  inch. 

The  tensile  strength  of  brick  of  this  manufacture  was  de- 
termined, by  testing  4  briquets  of  the  usual  form,  to  be  about 
520  lbs.  to  the  square  inch,  being  equal  to  that  of  the  best 
Portland  cement  a  year  old. 

Brick  of  Selenitic  Cement  and  Sand  :  These  bricks 
(furnished  by  the  Patent  Selenitic  Cement  Co.,  of  Boston), 


172  THE    BUILDER^S    GUIDE, 

were  exhibited  at  the  recent  fair  of  the  Association.  These 
brick  are  only  dried,  not  baked,  and  are  not  very  hard. 

First  brick  measured  8.5"  x  4.3"  x  2.05"  thick,  and  weighed 
5I  lbs.  Owing  to  imperfect  fitting  it  was  necessary  to  use 
brass  packing  at  two  corners.  The  brick  commenced  to 
crack  under  a  pressure  of  656  lbs.  per  square  inch,  a?id failed 
U7ide7  56,600  Ibs.^  or  1,548  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

Second  bjick  measured  4.35"  x  8.54"  x  2.2"  thick ;  com- 
menced to  crack  under  a  pressure  of  1,284  lbs.  per  square 
inch,  and  was  crushed  under  55,900  lbs.,  or  1,504  lbs.  pei 
square  inch.  Both  of  these  bricks  were  so  disintegrated  by 
being  crushed  that  they  could  be  crumbled  into  a  powder 
between  the  fingers. 

Brick  of  Selenitic  Cement  and  Coke:  This  is  a  fire- 
proof brick  manufactured  for  the  Patent  Selenitic  Cement 
Co.  This  brick  measured  4.35"  x  8.5"  x  2.15"  thick,  and 
weighed  4  lbs.,  being  both  soft  and  light.  It  commenced  to 
crack  when  under  a  pressure  of  24,000  lbs.  (650  lbs.  per 
square  inch),  and  failed  under  47,700  lbs.,  or  1,290  lbs.  to  the 
square  inch, 

Brick  of  Porous  Terra-Cotta  (manufactured  for  fire- 
proofing,  for  Mr.  E.  S.  Loring,  under  his  patents) :  This 
brick  is  of  a  low  grade  of  fire-clay,  mixed  with  sawdust  and 
burnt.  The  sawdust  burning  out  leaves  the  brick  very 
porous.  The  specimen  tested  measured  3.7"  x  7.85"  x  2.25" 
thick.  It  cracked  at  9,000  lbs.,  and  would  stand  no  more 
pressure ;  hence,  its  7iet  strength  was  9,000  lbs.,  or  309  lbs.  to 
the  square  inch. 

The  following  table  shows  the  strength  of  each  brick 
tested,  with  the  area  of  the  face  to  which  the  pressure  was 
applied,  and  the  average  strength  of  the  different  makes  of 
bricks. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


173 


Name  of  Brick. 

Area  of 

Face 

in  sq.  ins. 

Commenced  to 

crack  under 
lbs.    per  sq.  in. 

Net 
strength 
sq.   in. 

Philadelphia  Face  Brick 

(«              (i         i< 

Average, 

33.7 
32.2 
34.03 

4,303 
3,400 

2,879 
3,527 

6,062 
5,831 
5,862 
5,918 

Cambridge  Brick  (Eastern) 

((                          (1                          n 

Average, 

25.77 

10.89 
12.67 
13.43 

7,760 
3,670 
3,393 
3,797 
4,655 

12,941 
9,825 
11,681 
14,296 
12,186 

New  England  Pressed  Brick 

Average, 

12.95 
13.2 
13.30 
13.45 

3,862 
8,180 
2,480 
4,535 
4,764 

10,270 
13,530 
13,082 
13,085 
12,490 

Boston  Terra-Cotta  Co. 's  Brick. 
Average, 

11.46 
25.60 
28.88 

11,518 
8,593 
3,530 

7,880 

13,839 

11,406 

9,766 

11,670 

Selenitic  Cement  and  Sand 

Av€ra<je, 

36.55 
37.15 

656 

1,284 

970 

1,548 
1,504 
1,526 

Selenitic  Cement  and  Coke 

36.97 

650 

1,290 

Porous  Terra-Cotta 

29.04 

309 

309 

Comparing  the  strength  of  the  hard-burned  brick,  we  see 
that  the  weakest  is  9,766,  while  the  strongest  is  14,296  lbs.  to 
the  square  inch. 

Mr.  Trautwine  gives  the  strength  of  brick  at  from  777  lbs. 
to  4,662  lbs.  per  square  inch,  and  the  average  strength  as 
2,720  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

Hence,  in  using  the  figures  given  by  Mr.  Trautwine  for  the 
strength  of  our  common  Eastern  brick,  we  use  a  value  which 
is  at  least  one-third  smaller  than  it  should  be. 


174  'I'HE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 

The  tests  just  described,  being  made  on  full-size  bricks, 
selected  at  random,  and  with  a  very  perfect  testing-machine, 
are  worthy  of  considerable  confidence. 

TESTS    OF   THE    STRENGTH    OF    BRICK    PIERS,    LAID   WITH 
VARIOUS    MORTARS. 

These  tests  were  made  for  the  purpose  of  testing  the 
strength  of  brick  piers  laid  up  with  different  cement  mortars, 
as  compared  with  those  laid  up  with  ordinary  mortar.  The 
brick  used  in  the  piers  were  procured  at  M.  W.  Sands'  brick- 
yard, Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  were  good  ordinary  brick. 
They  were  from  the  same  lot  as  the  samples  of  common  brick 
tested,  as  described. 

The  piers  were  8"  x  12",  and  nine  courses,  or  about  22^'' 
high,  excepting  the  first,  which  was  but  eight  courses  high. 

They  were  built  November  29,  1881,  in  one  of  the  store- 
houses at  the  United  States  Arsenal  in  Walertown,  Mass. 
In  order  to  have  the  two  ends  of  the  piers  perfectly  parallel 
surfaces,  a  coat  of  about  half  an  inch  thick  of  pure  Portland 
cement  was  put  on  the  top  of  each  pier,  and  the  foot  was 
grouted  in  the  same  cement. 

March  3,  1882,  three  months  and  five  days  later,  the  tops 
of  the  piers  were  dressed  to  plane  surfaces  at  right  angles  to 
the  sides  of  the  piers.  On  attempting  to  dress  the  lower 
ends  of  the  piers,  the  cement  grout  peeled  off,  and  it  was 
necessary  to  remove  it  entirely  and  put  on  a  layer  of  cement 
similar  to  that  on  the  top  of  the  piers.  This  was  allowed  to 
harden  for  one  month  and  sixteen  days,  when  the  piers  were 
tested.  At  that  time  the  piers  were  four  months  and  twenty- 
six  days  old.  As  the  piers  Avere  built  in  cold  weather  the 
bricks  were  not  wet. 

The  piers  were  built  by  a  skilled  bricklayer,  and  the 
mortars  were  mixed  under  his  superintendence.     The    tests 


AND    ESTIMATOR'S    PRICE    BOOK.  1 75 

were   made   with   the    Government   testing-machine  at  the 

Arsenal. 

Her  No.  i.     (Bricks   laid   in    common  lime-mortar,   two 

days  old).     This  mortar  was  part  of  a  lot  prepared  for  use  in 

the  erection  of  a  building   then  being  built  in    Boston,  and 

was  such  as  is  commonly  used  in  building. 

Size  of  pier,  8"  x  12" . . Area,  96  sq.  ins. 

Length,  8  courses 20f  ins. 

Weight 144  lbs. 

Age 4  mo.  26  days. 

Ultimate  strength 150,000  lbs. 

Time  of  test 45  min. 

Under  a  load  of  80,000  lbs.  a  longitudinal  crack  was 
opened  in  first  and  second  courses ;  90,000  lbs.  extended  the 
crack  across  four  courses,  also  opening  crack  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  pier  across  seven  courses.  The  pier  sustained  the 
maximum  load  five  minutes,  rapidly  developing  longitudinal 
cracks,  and  crushing  some  of  the  bricks. 

Her  No,  2.     (Brick  laid  in  mortar  composed  of  one  part 

Portland  cement  and  three  parts  lime-mortar). 

Size,  8"  X  12" Area,  96  sq.  ins. 

Length,  9  courses 22i  ins. 

Weight 161  lbs. 

Age 4  mos.  26  days. 

Ultimate  strength 290,000  lbs. 

Time  of  test .55  min. 

A  load  of  180,000  lbs.  opened  a  longitudinal  seam  in  the 
fourth  course.  Sustained  the  maximum  load  one  minute. 
The  pier  failed  by  opening  longitudinal  seams,  and  did  not 
break  up  w^hen  removed  from  the  machine. 

Her  No.  3.  (Bricks  laid  in  mortar  composed  of  one  part 
Newark  and  Rosendale  cement,  and  three  parts  lime-mortar). 

Size  of  pier,  8  '  x  12" Area,  96  sq.  ins. 

Length,  9  courses 22 J  ins. 

Weight 159  lbs. 

Age 4  mos.  26  days. 

Ultimate  strength 245,000  lbs. 

Time  of  test 20  min. 


176  THE    BUILDER*S    GUIDE, 

At  130,000  lbs.  compression  longitudinal  seams  appeared 
in  the  second  and  fourth  courses.  Rapid  development  of  seams 
occurred  under  220,000  lbs.  The  pier  sustained  the  maximum 
load  one  minute,  failing  by  splitting  and  crushing  the  bricks. 

Pier  No.  4.     Brick  laid  in  mortar  composed  of  one   part 

Orchard  Roman  cement  and  three  parts  Hme-mortar. 

Size  of  pier,  8"  x  12" Area,  96  eq.  ins. 

Length,  9  courses 22|  ins. 

Weight 158  lbs. 

Age 4  mos.  26  days. 

Ultimate  strength 195,000  lbs. 

Time  of  test 25  min. 

At  100,000  lbs.  pressure  three  bricks  cracked,  and  at 
150,000  lbs.  pressure  there  were  cracks  in  sight  on  each  of 
the  four  faces.  It  sustained  the  maximum  load  one  minute, 
and  failed  by  cracking  and  crushing  the  bricks. 

Pier  No.  5.  (Bricks  laid  in  cement  mixed  in  the  propor- 
tion of  one  part  Portland  cement  and  two  parts  sand). 

Size  of  pier,  8"  x  12" Area,  96  sq.  ins. 

Length,  9  courses 23  ins. 

Weight 166  lbs. 

Age 4  mos.  26  days. 

Ultimate  strength 240,000  lbs. 

Time  of  test 30  min. 

At  125,000  lbs.  pressure  a  crack  appeared  in  the  third 
course,  and  one  in  the  fifth  course.  The  pier  failed  by  open- 
ing longitudinal  seams.  It  did  not  break  up  when  removed 
from  the  machine. 

Pier  No.  6.  (Brick  laid  in  cement  composed  of  one  pari 
Newark  and  Rosendale  cement,  and  two  parts  sand). 

Size  of  pier,  8"  x  12" Area,  96  sq.  ins. 

Length,  9  courses 23  1-16  ins. 

Weight 167  lbs. 

Age 4  mos.  26  days. 

Ultimate  strength 205,000  lbs. 

Time  of  test 20  min. 

At  68,000  lbs.  pressure  cracks  were  perceived  in  the  third 

course  from  each  end.     Failed  by  opening  longitudinal  seams. 


AND    estimators'    PRICE    BOOK.  1 77 

Pier  No..  7.  (Bricks  laid  in  cement  composed  of  one  part 
Orchard  Roman  cement  and  two  parts  sand). 

Size  of  pier,  8"  x  12" Area,  96  sq.  ins. 

Length,  9  courses 23J  ins. 

Weight 164  lbs. 

Age 4  mos.  26  days. 

Ultimate  strength 185,000  lbs. 

Time  of  test 20  min. 

Commenced  to  crack  when  under  170,000  lbs.  pressure. 
Failed  by  opening  longitudinal  seams  and  crushing  the 
bricks.  Pier  did  not  break  up  when  taken  from  the  testing- 
machine. 

Pier  No.  8.  (Four  courses  laid  in  Newark  and  Rosendale 
cement  one  part,  and  sand  one  part ;  remaining  five  courses 
laid  in  Pordand  cement  one  part  to  two  parts  of  sand). 

Size,  8"  X 12" Area,  96  sq.  ins. 

Length,  9  courses 23  1-16  ins. 

Weight 167  lbs. 

Age 4  mos.  26  days. 

Ultimate  strength 225,000  lbs. 

Time  of  test 25  min. 

Under  135,000  lbs.  pressure  the  third  course  laid  in 
Newark  and  Rosendale  cement  began  to  break  off.  When 
the  pier  failed  the  end  laid  in  Newark  and  Rosendale  cement 
was  thoroughly  cracked,  while  the  opposite  end  (laid  in  Port- 
land cement)  had  four  longitudinal  seams,  one  in  each  face. 
This  shows  that  the  mortar  composed  of  one  part  Pordand 
cement  to  two  parts  of  sand  is  stronger  than  that  of  Newark 
and  Rosendale  cements  mixed  m  the  proportion  of  one  part 
cement  to  one  of  sand. 

The  following  table  is  arranged  so  as  to  show  at  a  glance 
the  strength  of  the  piers  laid  wath  the  different  mortars,  and 
to  afford  a  ready  means  of  comparison.  It  is  interesting  to 
compare  the  figures  obtained  from  the  tests,  with  those  given 
in  the  hand-books.  Mr.  Trautwine,  who  is  considered  as 
gook  authority  as  any  one,  says  that  ordinary  brickwork 
cracks  with  20  to  30  tons  per  square  foot,  which  is  equiva- 


178 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


lent  to  31 1  to  466  lbs.  to  the  square  inch.  The  larger 
number  is  less  than  half  the  pressure  per  square  inch,  which 
produced  the  first  crack  in  the  pier  laid  with  lime-mortar. 


8"x  12"  Pier. 
Common  bricks  laid  in— 


Lime-mortar 

Lime-mortar,  3  parts  ;  Portland  cement, 

1  part 

Lime-mortar,   3  parts;  Newark  and  Ro- 

sendale  cements.  1  part 

Lime-mortar,    3  parts;    Roman  cement, 

1  part 

Portland  cement,  1  part;  sand,  2  parts. . 
Newark  and  Rosendale  cements,  1  part; 

sand,  2  parts 

Roman  cement,  1  part;  sand,  2 parts. . . . 


lbs. 

150,000 

290,000 

245,000 

195.000 
240,000 

205,000 
185,000 


<«.-  y 

u    ^  » 

«  c 

*.  c  u  w 

3  3  %-  b 


lbs. 
833 

1,875 

1,354 

1,041 
1,302 

708 
1,770 


Ctf    1/1 

;3 


lbs. 

1,562 

3,020 

2,552 

2,030 
2,500 

2,135 
1,927 


For  first-rate  brickwork  in  cement,  Mr.  Trautwine  gives 
numbers  which  correspond  to  770  to  1,088  lbs.  to  the  square 
inch.  These  numbers  are  also  very  much  less  than  those 
obtained  firom  the  tests  of  the  piers  laid  in  cement.  The 
Portland  cement  used  in  building  these  piers  was  the  kind 
known  as  Brooks,  Shoobridge  &  Co.'s  cement,  and  this  with 
the  other  brands  were  furnished  for  the  tests  by  Messrs.. 
Waldo  Bros.,  Boston,  Mass. 

After  making  the  tests  above  described,  a  block  of  Selenitic 

concrete,    consisting    of    two    plates    of    Selenitic    cement, 

20"  X  12",  i^"  thick,  placed  about  7  inches  apart,  and  filled 

in  with  concrete,  was  tested  under  compression.     The  plates 

were  dovetailed  into  the  concrete.     This  block  was  exhibited 

at  the  recent  fair  of  the  Association. 

Compression  Area 180  sq.  ins. 

Weight 103  lbs. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


no 


Brass  packing  was  used  to  secure  an  even  bearing.  The 
pressure  was  applied  to  the  long  sides  of  the  block  parallel  to 
the  faces.  At  50,000  lbs.  pressure,  277  lbs.  to  the  square 
inch,  one  of  the  facings  cracked.  The  block  finally  crushed 
under  120,000  lbs.,  666  lbs.  to  the  square  inch,  the  facings 
being  wedged  off,  and  the  central  part  crushed. 

Miscellaneous   Tables  and  Useful   Memoranda. 


THE  WEIGHT  OF  A  FOOT    SUPERFICIAL  OF   WROUGHT  AND  CAST  IRON,   BRASS, 
COPPER  AND   LEAD. 


Wrought-iron.  . 

Cast-iron 

Brass  

Copper 

Lead,  cast 


2.52 
2.35 

2.84 
2.89 
3.70 


5.04 
4.69 
5.68 
5.78 
7.39 


10.08 

9.37 

11.35 

11.56 

14.78 


15.12 
14.06 
17.03 
17.34 
22.17 


20.16 
18.75 
22.70 
23.12 
29.56 


25.20 
23.44 

28.38 
28.90 
36.95 


30.24 
28.11 
34.05 
34. 6.^ 
44.34 


35.28 
32.81 
39.72 
40.46 
51.73 


40.32 
37.50 
45.40 
46.24 
59.12 


Example. — To  find  the  weight  of  a  bar  of  iron  4  feet  long,  2  inches 
wide  and  J  inch  thick,  by  the  above  table.  1  foot  weighs  5.04  lbs., 
which  if  multiplied  by  4  (the  length)  will  give  20.16  lbs.,  the  weight. 


THE 

STRENGTH   OF   ROUND    ROPES. 

Hemp. 

Iron  Wire. 

Steel  Wire. 

Girth. 

Bkg.  Wt. 

Girth. 

Bkg.  Wt. 

Girth. 

Bkg.  Wt. 

Ins. 

Tons. 

Ins. 

Tons. 

Ins. 

Tons. 

1 

1-5 

1 

H 

24 

H 

i 

I1 

3 

1: 

3 

2 

4.5 

if 

4 

14 

4 

^ 

li 

l| 

5 

5i 

3 

14-5 

2 

6 

\i. 

74 

H 

2J 

2i 

7 

li 

/ 

4 

H 

^ 

9 

2 

10 

H 

4 

21 

11 

2i 

^2| 

5 

5 

3 

14 

2| 

15^ 

6 

7} 

H 

15 

2I 

19 

7 

n 

H 

19 

3 

22i 

8 

13 

3| 

23 

.   H 

31 

9 

16i 

4 

25 

4 

40 

10 

20 

i^ 

33 

Factor  for  safety 

11 

24 

5 

38 

=  1-6. 

12 

29 

6 

55 

i8o 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


SAFE    LOADS. 

The  greatest  safe  load  per  super  foot  in— 

Granite  piers T 40  tons. 

Cleveland  sand  stone 13     " 

Brickwork  in  cement 3     *« 

Bubble  masonry 2     '* 

Lime  concrete  foundation 21  ** 

Allow  for  floors  of — 

Dwellings IJ  cwt.  per  ft.  super. 

Public  buildings ij        ♦«  «* 

Warehouses,  etc 2J        "  ♦• 

WEIGHT   WHICH   FLOOES   HAVE   USUALLY   TO    SUSTAIN. 

Per  ft.  super. 

Ordinary  dwelling-house  floors   should  be   calculated   to 

sustain,  including  the  weight  of  the  floor  itself IJ  cwt. 

Public  buildings,  lecture  rooms,  etc  IJ  *« 

Warehouses,  factories,  etc 2J  *' 

WEIGHT  OF  SHEET  IRON. 

Weight  of  square  foot  of  Sheet  Iron  in  pounds  avoirdupois,  the  thickness 
heinrfthe  number  on  the  Wire  Gauge. — No.  1  is  5-16  of  an  inch;  No.  4, 
\  ;  Xo.  11,  i,  etc. 


No.    on 
Wire  Gauge. 

Pounds  Avoir. 

No.  on 
Wire  Gauge. 

Pounds  Avoir. 

1 

12.5 

12 

4.62 

2 

12. 

13 

4.31 

3 

11 

14 

4. 

4 

10. 

15 

3.95 

5 

9. 

16 

3. 

6 

8. 

17 

2.5 

7 

7.5 

18 

2.18 

8 

7. 

19 

1.93 

9 

6. 

20 

1.62 

10 

5.68 

21 

1.62 

11 

5. 

22 

1.37 

WEIGHT   OF  CAST-IRON   PLATES. 

Weight  of  Cast-iron  Plate  12  inches  square. 


Thickness. 


Ins. 


Weight. 


lbs. 

4 

9 

14 

19 


13f 

lol 


Thickness. 


Ins. 


Weight. 


lbs.  oz. 

24  2J 

29  0 

33  13| 

38  10| 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


i8i 


WEIGHT    OF   BOILER   IRON. 

Weight  of  a  sqiiarefoot  of  Boiler  Iron  from  ^to  1  inch  thick  in  pounds. 


Thickness. 

Weight. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 

Ins. 

Lbs. 

Ins. 

Lbs. 

i 

5. 

1 

25. 

3-16 

7.5 

11-16 

27.5 

i 

10. 

J 

30. 

5-16 

12.5 

13-16 

32.5 

1 

15. 

i 

35. 

7-16 

17.5 

15-16 

37.5 

i 

20. 

1 

40. 

9-16 

22.5 

WROUGHT  IRON   PIPES. 

The  weight  of  a  lineal  foot. 


i 

Thickness  of  Metal  in  Parts  of  an  Inch. 

m 

i-i6 

% 

5-i6 

K 

5-i6 

H 

7-i6 

K 

Ins. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

.. 

.20 

.49 

.H7 

1.32 

1.86 

2.48 

3.18 

3.96 

.j 

.29 

.66 

1.16 

1.65 

2.27 

2.97 

3.76 

4.62 

■  ■ 

.37 

.82 

1.36 

1.98 

2.68 

3.47 

4.34 

5.29 

1 

.45 

1.09 

1.61 

2.31 

3.10 

3.96 

4.92 

5.95 

■g" 

.53 

1.15 

1.86 

2.64 

3.51 

4.46 

5.49 

6.61 

.62 

1.32 

2.10 

2.97 

3.92 

4.96 

6.07 

7.27 

1 

.70 

1.49 

2.35 

3.30 

4.34 

5.45 

6.65 

7.93 

H 

.86 

1.81 

2.85 

3.99 

5.16 

6.44 

7.81 

9.25 

H 

1.03 

2.14 

3.34 

4.63 

5.99 

7.44 

8.96 

10.58 

If 

1.20 

2.48 

3.83 

5.29 

6.82 

8.43 

10.12 

11.90 

2 

1.36 

2.81 

4.34 

5.95 

7.64 

9.42 

11.28 

13.22 

2i 

1.52 

3.13 

4.83 

6.61 

8.47 

10.41 

12.44 

15.55 

2J 

1.69 

3.47 

5.33 

7.27 

9.30 

11.40 

13.59 

15.87 

21 

-1.86 

3.80 

5.82 

7.93 

10.12 

12.40 

14.75 

17.19 

3 

2.02 

4.13 

6.32 

8.60 

10.95 

13.39 

15.91 

18.52 

l82 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


BOUND   AND  FLAT   IRON  WIRE  ROPES. 

The  weight  of  a  fathom. 


Circum. 


Round. 


Weight 
per  fathom. 


Lbs. 
1 

I' 
I' 


Circum. 


Weight 
per  fathom. 


Lbs. 


10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17i 

19 

20 

22 

27 

32 


Flat. 


Weight 
per  fathom. 


Lb.s. 

8 

11 

13 
15 
16 
18 
20 
22 
25 
28 
32 
34 


COMPARATIVE  WEIGHTS  OF  HEMP  AND  IRpN  AND  STEEL  WIRE  ROPE, 


Hemp. 

Iron  Wire. 

Steel  Wire. 

Circum. 

Weight 

Weight 

Weight 

per  fathom. 

Circum. 

per  fathom. 

Circum. 

per  fathom. 

Ins. 

Lbs. 

Ins. 

Lbs. 

Ins. 

Lbs. 

2| 
3J 

2 
3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4i- 

5 

If 

2i 

1 

IJ 

5^ 

7 

2' 

3i 

l| 

^ 

6 

9 

2} 

4i 

2 

H 

7 

12 

^ 

sj 

2i 

H 

8 

16 

3 

7i 

2 

5i 

10 

26 

H 

10 

2| 

H 

12 

34 

4 

14 

3^ 

10 

AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


185 


CORRUGATED   IRON   ROOFING. 


B.  W.  gauge. 


16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 


Size  of  Sheets. 


Ft.  ins.  ft.  ins. 

6  X  2  to  8  X  3 


6x2 
6x2 

6x2 
6x2 
6x2 


8x3 
8x3 

7x2} 
7x2} 
7x2} 


Weight 
per  square. 


No.  of 
sup.  ft.  per  ton. 


800 
1000 
1250 
1550 
1880 
2170 


LEAD   PIPE. 

List  of  Calibre  and  Weight  of  Lead, 


Calibre. 


I  inch  light 

strong 

}  inch  extra  light. . 

light 

medium 

strong 

extra  strong . 
f  inch  extra  light . . 

light 

medium 

strong 

extra  strong 
I  inch  extra  light . . 

light 

medium.  . . . 

strong 

extra  strong 
1  inch  extra  light. . 

light 

medium .... 

strong 

extra  strong 
1 1  inch  extra  light . . 

light 

J  inch  medium .... 

strong 

extra  strong 
1}  inch  extra  light. . 


Weight 

Average 

per  yard. 

lengths. 

Lbs. 

Yards. 

^ 

60 

3 

50 

2}&3} 

60&48. 

4 

40 

5i6 

36 

30&2?> 

7&8 

22ife2i> 

^ 

36 

5 

33 

6 

28 

7 

24 

8&9 

21&18 

5 

33 

6 

28 

7 

24 

8 

21 

9&10 

18&16 

5 

33 

6 

28 

7 

24 

8 

21 

9&10 

18&1S 

6 

28 

8 

21 

10 

16 

12 

14 

14 

12 

10 

17 

i84 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 
LEAD  PIPE  {(Continued). 


Calibre. 


IJ  inch  light 

medium  . . . 

strong 

extra  strong 
If  inch  light 

medium 

strong. 

extra  strong 

2  inch  extra  light. . 

light 

medium  .  .  . 

strong 

extra  strong. 

2J  inch  light 

medium .... 

strong 

extra  strong 

3  inch  light 

medium .... 
strong 


Weight 
per  yard. 


Lbs. 
11 

12 

14 
16&18 

14 

16 

18 

20 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

20 

24 

27 
30&32 

27 

30 

34 


Average 
lengths. 


Yards. 
15 
1 
20 
17&16 
20 
17 
15 
14 
17 
15 

14  ) 
12  [ 
11 


31 


12  to  14  ft. 


THE  THICKNESS   OF  L^AJ>. 


Weight  in  lbs., 
per  ft.  superficial. 

Thickness  in 
inches. 

Weight  in  lbs., 
per  ft.  superficial. 

Thickness  in 
inches. 

1 

2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

0.02 
0.03 
0.05 
0.07 
0.09 
0.10 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 

0.12 
0.13 
0.15 
0.17 
0.19 
0.20 

For  roofs  and  gutters  use  7  lbs.  lead. 
For  ships  and  ridges  use  6  lbs.  lead. 
For  flushings  use  5  lbs.  lead. 

Gutters  should  have  a  fall  of  at  least  i  inch  in  10  feet. 
No  sheet  of  lead  should  be  laid  in  greater  lengths  than  10 
or  12  feet  without  a  drip  to  allow  of  expansion. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


185 


A  pig  of  lead  is  about  3  feet  long,  and  weighs  from  i  ^  ta 
i}4  cwt. 

Spanish  pigs  are  about  i  cwt. 

Joints  to  lead  pipes  require  1  lb.  01  solder  for  every  inch  diam.. 

SOLDERS. 

For  lead. — Tin,  i  part ;  lead,  2  parts. 

For  tin. — Pewter,  4  parts;  tin,  i  ;  bismuth,  i. 

For  pewter. — Bismuth,  2  parts;  lead,  i  part;  tin,  2. 

For  brass. — Brass,  2  parts ;  zinc,  i . 

For  gold. — Gold,  12  parts;  silver,  2  ;  copper,  4. 

For  silver. — Silver,  5  parts ;  brass,  6  ;  zinc,  2. 

Hard  solder. — Copper,  2  parts;  zinc,  i. 

Soft  solder. — Tin,  2  parts ;  lead,  i . 

FLUXES    FOR    SOLDERING. 

Tinned  iron. — Resin  or  chloride  of  zinc. 

Copper  and  brass. — Sal  ammoniac  or  chloride  of  zinc 

Zinc. — Chloride  of  zinc. 

Lead. — Resin. 


THE  WEIGHT  A  CAST-IRON  COLUMN  WILL  SUSTAIN 

WITH 

SAFETY. 

Length  or 
Height  in  feet. 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

Diameter. 

11 

V  0 

11 

2^  inches. 

91 

77 

65 

55 

47 

40 

34 

29 

25 

3-^   - 

145 

128 

111 

97 

84 

73 

64 

56 

49 

H     '' 

214 

191 

172 

156 

135 

119 

106 

94 

8a 

4    - 

288 

266 

242 

220 

198 

178 

160 

144 

130 

U      '' 

379 

354 

327 

301 

275 

251 

229 

208 

18^ 

5 

479 

452 

427 

394 

365 

337 

310 

285 

262 

C) 

573 

550 

525 

497 

469 

440 

413 

386 

360 

7 

989 

959 

924 

887 

848 

808 

765 

725 

686 

8 

1289 

1259 

1224 

1185 

1142 

1097 

1052 

1005 

959 

9 

1672 

1640 

1603 

1561 

1515 

1467 

1416 

1364 

1311 

10 

2077 

2045 

2007 

1964 

1916 

1865 

1811 

1755 

1697 

11 

2520 

2490 

2450 

2410 

2358 

2305 

2248 

2189 

2127 

12 

3020 

2970 

2930 

2900 

2830 

2780 

2730 

2670 

2600 

i86 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


STBENGTH   OP   MATEBIAIjS. 

Resistance  to  Extension  and  Compression,  in  pounds  per  Square  Inch 
Section  of  some  materials. 


Name  of  the 

Resistance 

Resistance 

Tensile  Strength 

Comp.  Strength 

Material. 

to  Extension. 

to  Compression. 

in  Practice. 

in  Practice. 

White  pine. . . 

10,000 

6,000 

2,000 

1.200 

White  oak. . . . 

15,000 

7,500 

3,000 

1,500 

Rock  elm 

16,000 

8,011 

3,200 

1,602 

Wrought  iron. 

60,000 

50,000 

12,000 

10,000 

Cast  iron 

20,000 

100,000 

4,000 

20,000 

In  practice,  from  one-fifth  to  one-sixth  of  the  strength  is 
all  that  should  be  depended  upon. 

NAILS. 

For  1000  shingles   allow  3|  to  5  lbs.  4d.  nails;  or  3  to  3^ 
lbs.  3d.  nails. 

For  1000  laths,  allow  about  6  lbs.  3d.  fine  nails. 
"     1000  feet  clapboards,  about  18  lbs.    6d.  box. 

^'     1000     ^'    boarding  boards,  20    "      8d.  com. 

''     1000     "  "  25    "    lod.     " 

"     1000     "   Top  floors,  sq.  edge,  ^S    "    lod.  floor. 

"     1000     "  "  "  41    "    i2d.     " 

''     1000     "  "  match'd  blind  nailed  35    "    lod.     " 

''    1000     "  ''         "  "  42    "    i2d.     " 

"     10         "  partition  studs  or  studding,     i     "    lod.  com. 
"     1000     "    furring,  1x3,  45     "    lod.     " 

"     1000     "    furring,  1x2,  65     "    lod.     *^ 

'^    1000     **   pine  finish,  about  30    "     8d.  finish 

2od.  nails.  3  ^  inches  long,  36  nails  to  a  pound. 
3od.     "      4  "  24 

4od.     "      4}4  "  18 

5od.     ''      s}i  "  13         ''  " 

6od.     "6  "  9         "  " 

7od.     "7  "  6         "  " 

Nails  made  by  different  firms  vary  a  little,  but  not  enough 
to  make  any  change  in  the  foregoing  table  desirable. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


187 


TABLE   OF   FOREIGN   WEIGHTS   AND   MEASURES. 

Reduced  to  the   Standard  of  the    United  States. 


FRANCE. 

Metre 3.28  feet. 

Decimetre    (l-lOth 

metre) 3.94  inches. 

Velt 2.00  galls. 

Hectolitre 26.42  galls. 

Decalitre 2.64  galls. 

Litre 2.11  pints. 

Kilolitre 35.32  feet. 

Hectolitre 2.84  bush. 

Decalitre 9.08  quarts. 

Millier 2.205  lbs. 

Quintal 220.54  lbs. 

Kilogramme 2.21  lbs. 

AMSTERDAM. 

100 lbs.  1  centner..  108. 93  lbs. 

Last  of  grain 85.25  bush. 

Ahm  of  "svine 41.00  galls. 

Amsterdam  foot  . .     0.93  foot. 

Antwerp  foot 

Ehineland  foot. .  . 
Amsterdam  ell. . . . 
Ell  of  the  Hague.. 
Ell  of  the  Brabant. 


0.94  foot. 
1.03  feet. 
2.26  feet. 
2.28  feet. 
2.30  feet. 


NETHERIiANDS. 

Ell 3.28  feet. 

Mudde  of  Zak. . . .  2.84  bush. 

Vat  hectolitre 26.42  galls. 

Kan  litre 2.11  pints. 

Pond  kilogramme.  2.21  lbs. 

HAMBURG. 

Last  of  grain 89.64  bush. 

Ahm  of  wine 38.25  galls. 

Hamburg  foot  ....     0.96  foot. 
Ell.... 1.92  feet. 

PRUSSIA. 

100  lbs.  of  2   Col- 
ogne marks  each..  103. 11  lbs. 
Quintal,  110  lbs.  ..113.42  lbs. 
Sheffel  of  grain. . .     1.56  bush. 
Eimar  of  wine  ....  18.14  galls. 

Ell  of  cloth 2.19  feet. 

Foot 1.03  feet. 

DENMARK. 

100 lbs.  1  centner.. 110.28  lbs.. 
Barrel  or  toende  of 

corn 3.95  bush. 


Viertel  of  wine 2.04  galls. 

Copenhagen        or 

Ehineland  foot  .     1.03  feet. 

SWEDEN. 

100  lbs.    or  5  lis- 

punds 73.76  lbs. 

Kan  of  Corn 7.42  bush. 

Last 75.00  bu«h. 

Cann  of  wine 69.09  galls. 

Ell  of  cloth 1.95  feet. 

RUSSIA. 

idO  lbs.  of  32  laths 

each 90.26  lbs. 

Chertwert  of  grain  5.95  bush. 
Vedro  of  wine.  . . .  3.25  galls. 
Petersburgh  foot. .     1.18  feet. 

Moscow  foot 1.10  feet. 

Pood 36.00  lbs. 

SPAIN. 

Quintal,  or  4  arro- 

bas 101.44  lbs. 

Arroba 25.36  lbs. 

Arroba  of  wine. ...  4.43  galls. 
Fanega  of  grain. . .     1.60  bush. 

PORTUGAL. 

100  lbs 101.19  lbs. 

22  lbs.  (1  arroba).  22.26  lbs. 
4  arrobasof  22  lbs. 

(1  quintal) 89.05  lbs. 

Alquiere 4.75  bush. 

Mojo  of  grain 23.03  bush. 

Last  of  salt. 70.00  bush. 

Almtide  of  wine. . .  4.37  galls. 

SICILY. 

Cantar  ogroso 192.50  lbs. 

Cantaro  sottile. ..  .175.00  lbs. 

100  lbs 70.00  lbs. 

Salma    grossa     of 

grain 9.77  bush. 

Salma  generale...  7.85  bush. 
Salma  of  wine  ....  23.06  galls. 

NAPLES. 

Cantaro  groso. . .  .196.50  lbs. 
Cantaro  picolo.  . .  .106.00  lbs. 

Carro  of  grain 52.24  bush. 

Carro  of  wine 264.00  galls. 


1 88 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


FOREIGN  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  {Continued). 


ROME. 

Rubbio  of  grain. . .     8.36  bush. 
Barih  of  wine 15.31  galls. 

GENOA. 

100  lbs.    or    peso 

groso 76.87  lbs. 

100  lbs.    or    peso 

sottile 69.89  lbs. 

Mina  of  grain 3.43  bush. 

Mezzarola  of  wine.  39.22  galls. 

FJX)RENCE  AND  LEGHORN. 

100  lbs.  or  1  can- 

taro 74.86  lbs. 

Moggio  of  grain. . .  16.59  bush. 

Barile  of  wine 12.04  galls. 

VENICE. 

100  lbs.  peso  groso  105.18  lbs. 
100  lbs.   peso  sot- 
tile  64.04  lbs. 

Moggio  of  grain  . .     9.08  bush. 
Anifora  of  wine. .  .137.00  galls. 


TRIESTE. 

100  lbs 123.60  lbs. 

Stajo  of  grain 2.34  bush, 

Orna  or  eimer  of 

wine 14.94  galls. 

Ell  for  woolens. . .     2.22  feet. 
Ell  for  silk 2.10  feet. 

MALTA. 

100  lbs.  1  cantar.  .174.50  lbs. 
Salma  of  grain ....     8.22  bush. 
Foot 0.85  foot. 

SMYRNA. 

100   lbs.    (1  quin- 
tal)  129.48  lbs. 

Oke 2.83  lbs.    . 

Quillot  of  grain. . .     1.46  bush. 
Quillot  of  wine. . .   13.50  galls. 

CHINA. 

Tail 1.33  oz. 

16  tails  1  catty....     1.33  lbs. 
100  catties  1  picul.133.25  lbs. 


FORCE    OF   THE   WIND. 


Miles 
per  Hour. 

Feet 
per  Minute. 

Feet 
per  Second. 

Force  ii 
Pounds  I 
Square  Fc 

jgj.                  Description, 
ot. 

1 

88 

1.47 

.005 

Hardly  perceptible. 

2 
3 

176 
264 

2.93 
4.4 

.020 
.044 

Just  perceptible. 

4 

352 

5.87 

.079 

Gentle  breeze. 

5 

440 

7.33 

0.123 

10 

880 

14.67 

0.492 

)-         Pleasant  breeze. 

15 

1,320 

22. 

1.107 

20 

1,760 

29.3 

1.970 

Brisk  gale. 

25 

2,200 

26.6 

3.067 

30 

2,640 

44.0 

4.429 

High  wind. 

35 

3,080 

51.3 

6.027 

40 
45 

3,520 
3,960 

58.6 
66.0 

7.870 
9.900 

Very  high  wind. 

50 

4,400 

73.3 

12.304 

Storm. 

60 
70 

5,280 
6,160 

88.0 
102.7 

17.733 
24.153 

Great  storm. 

80 

7,040 

117.3 

31.490 

Hurricane. 

100 

8,800 

146.6 

49.200 

EQUIVALENTS. 

Rods. 

Links. 

320         = 

8,000 

4          = 

100 

25 

1 

AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  1 89 

RELATIVE  STRENGTH   OF   BODIES  TO   RESIST    TORSION,    LEAD   BEING  1. 

Tin 1.4  I  Swedish  iron 9.5 

Copper 4.3  |  English  iron 10.1 

Yellow   brass 4.6  1  Blistered  steel Ifi.6 

Gun  metal 5.0    Shear  steel 17.0 

Cast  iron 9.0  | 

SURVEYOB's    LONG    MEASURE    FOR    MEASURING    DISTANCES,    BOUNDARIES, 
AREAS,    RAILWAYS,    ETC, 

7  92-100  inches 1  link.  I  4  rods 1  chain. 

25  links 1  rod.      80  chains  1  mile. 


Mile.  Chains.  Rods.  Links.  Inches. 

1  =  80  =         320         =        8,000       =        63,360 

1  =  4         r=  100        =  792 

198 
7.92 
Surveyor's  long  measure,  scale  of  units,  7.92,  25,  4,  80. 

TABLE  OF   MISCELLANEOUS   LINEAR   MEASURE. 

3  inches  1  palm. 

4  inches  1  hand    ^  ^^ed  in  measuring  the  height  of  horses 

*  3  at   the   shoulder. 

9  inches  1  span. 

3  feet  1  pace  or  step. 

3.28  feet  1  metre. 

6  feet  1  fathom.  ) 

880  fathoms  1  mile.         j"  ^^^^  ^"  measuring  depths  at  sea. 

3  geographical  miles   1  league. 

60               *•  •*  I    .    ^p„„p^     C  Of  latitude. 

69i  statute  **              |         "^gree.    ^  of  longitude  on  me  equator. 

surveyor's     square     measure,    for    measuring    the   CONTENTS   OP 
FARMS,    FIELDS,    ETC. 

625  square  links  {sq.  I.) 1  pole,  P. 

16  poles 1  square  chain,  sq.  ch. 

10  square  chains 1  acre,  A. 

640  acres 1  square  mile,  sq.  mi. 

36  square  miles  (6  miles  square) 1  township,  Tp. 

EQUIVALENTS. 
Tp.        Sq.  Mi.  A.  Sq.  Ch.  P.  Sq.  Links. 

1     =r    36    =    2304    =    230,400    =:    3,686,400    =    2,304,000,000 

1     =      640    =        6,400    =:        102,400    =         64,000,000 

10    =  160    =  10,000 

1     =  16    =  1,000 

1    =  625 

Surveyor's  square  measure,  scale  of  units,  625,  16,  10,  640,  36. 


190 


THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 


An  Acre  is  the  unit  of  land  measure,  and  is  10  square 
chains  (10,000  links),  or  a  piece  of  land  3  chains  161^  links 
(or  about  69^  yds.),  on  each  of  the  four  sides,  or,  if  of  a  dif- 
ferent shape,  as  much  land  as  is  embraced  in  that  compass. 

A  Rood  is  a  quarter  of  an  acre,  or  40  perches,  and  con- 
tains 25,000  square  links;  if  square,  it  should  measure  i 
chain  and  58  links,  or  about  34^  yds.  on  each  side. 

A  Perch  (sometimes  called  a  pole  or  rod)  is  the  i6oth  of 
an  acre,  and  contains  30 1^  square  yards,  or  625  square  links, 
and  embraces  ^}4  yds.,  or  25  running  links  of  the  chain,  on 
each  of  the  four  sides. 


ARITHMETICAIi  SIGNS  AND  THEIR  SIGNIFICATION. 

=  Sign  of  Equality,  and  signifies  as    4  -|-  12  =  16. 


+  '*  Addition, 
—  **  Subtraction  * 
X  **  Multiplication  ' 
-i-        "      Division  * 

^        *'      Square  root      * 

Koot. 
62  Sign  of  to  be  Squared  ' 
73         *•      to  be  cubed      • 

Powers. 


as    8 -j-- 8  =  16  the  sum. 

as  12  —  4  =  8  the  remainder. 

as  12  X  3  =  36  the  product. 

as  24  -:-  3  =  8  or  24-3  =  8. 

Evolution  or  Extraction  of  Square 


thus  82  =r  64  Involution,  or 
thus    33  =  27     the     Kaising 


of 


EFFECTS   OF  HEAT   ON  VARIOUS  BODIES. 


Fine  gold  melts 2590° 

"    silver     '*    1250 

Copper  melts 2548 

Wrought-iron  melts 3980 

Cast  "         "      3479 

Bright  red  "  in  the  dark. .     752 
Eedhot      '♦  in  twilight..     884 

Glass  melts 2377 

Common  fire 790 

Brass  melts 1900 

Air  furnace 3300 

Antimony  melts . .     951 

Bismuth         '•     476 

Cadmium 600 

Steel 2500 

Lead 504 

Tin 421 


Heat,  cherrry  red 

1500^ 

•*     bright       *•   

1860 

"     red  visible  by  day. . 

1077 

*  *      white 

2900 

Mercury  boils 

662 

"         volatilizes 

680 

Platinum  melts 

3080 

Zinc  melts 

740 

Highest  natural    tempera- 

ture (Egypt) 

117 

Greatest  natural  cold  (be- 

low zero) 

56 

"    artificial          *'       *♦ 

106 

Heat  of  human  blood 

98 

Snow  and  salt,  equal  parts. 

0 

Ice  melts 

32 

Water  in  vacuo  boils 

98 

Furnace  under  steam  boiler  1100 

AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


191 


TVEIGHT  OF  CAST-IEON  PIPES   OF  DIFFERENT   THICKNESSES,    FROM   1   INCH 
TO   22   INCHES  IN   DIAMETER.       1   FOOT  IN  LENGTH. 


Thick- 
ness. 


Weight. 

Lbs. 

3.06 

5.05 

3.67 

6. 

6.89 

9.8 

7.8 
11.04 

8.74 
12.23 

9.65 
13.48 
10.57 
14.66 
19.05 
11.54 
15.91 
20.59 
12.28 
17.15 
22.15 
27.56 
18.4 
23.72 
29.64 
19.66 
25.27 
31.2 
20.9 
26.83 
33.07 
22.05 
28.28 
34.94 
23.35 
29.85 
36.73 
24.49 
31.4 
38.58 
25.7 
32.91 
40.43 


Diam. 


Ins. 

5. 


5.  J 
6. 

6.  A 


7-i 


8.J 


9.^ 


Thick- 
ness. 


Ins. 


Weight. 


Lbs. 

26.94 

34.34 

42.28 

29.4 

37.44 

45.94 

31.82 

40.56 

49.6 

58.96 

34.32 

43.68 

53.3 

63.18 

36.66 

46.8 

56.96 

67.6 

78.39 

39.22 

49.92 

60.48 

71.76 

83.28 

41.64 

52.68 

64.27 

76.12 

88.2 

44.11 

56.16 

68. 

80.5 

93.28 

46.5 

59.92 

71.7 

84.7 

97.98 

48.98 

62.02 

75.32 

88.98 


Diam. 


Ins. 
10. 


10.} 


11. 


ll-i 


12. 


12.i 


13. 


13.} 


14. 


Thick- 

ness. 


Ins. 
1. 


192  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

WEIGHT  OF  CAST-IRON  PIPES  {Gontmuea, 


14.: 


15. 


I5.J 


16. 


Thick- 
ness. 


ins. 
3. 


Weight. 


Lbs. 

108.46 

127.6 

147.03 

73.72 

92.66 

112.1 

131.86 

151.92 

75.96 

95.72 

115.78 

136.15 

156.82 

78.4 

98.78 

119.49 

140.4 

161.82 

80.87 


Diam. 


Ins. 


16.J 


17. 


17.i 


Thick- 
ness. 


Ins. 


Weight 


Lbs. 
101.82 
123.14 
144.76 
166.6 

83.3 
104.82 
126.79 
149.02 
171.6 

85.73 
107.96 
130.48 
153.3 
176.58 

88.23 
111.06 
134.16 
157.59 
181.33 


Dia.i 


Ins. 

18. 


19. 


20. 


21. 


22. 


Thick- 
ness. 


Ins. 

•f 

a 


Weight. 


Lbs. 

114.1 

137.84 

161.9 

186.24 

120.24 

145.2 

170.47 

195.92 

126.33 

152.53 

179.02 

205.8 

132.5 

159.84 

187.6 

215.52 

138.6 

167.24 

196.46 


TIME  IN   WHICH   A   SUM  WTLL.  DOUBLE. 


Rate  per  cent. 

Simple  Interest. 

Compound  Interest. 

2 

50  years. 

35  years      1  day. 

^ 

40  years. 

28  years    26  days. 

3 

33  years  4  months. 

23  years  164  days. 

3i 

28  years  208  days. 

20  years    54  days. 

4 

25  years. 

17  years  246  days. 

4i 

22  years  81  days. 

15  years  273  days. 

5 

20  years. 

15  years    75  days. 

6 

16  years  8  months. 

14  years  327  days. 

7 

14  years  104  days. 

10  years    89  days. 

8 

12J  years. 

9  years      2  days. 

9 

11  years  40  days. 

8  years    16  days. 

10 

10  years. 

7  years  100  days. 

AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


193 


NAMES    AND    DIMENSIONS    OF   VARIOUS    SIZES    OF    PAPER. 


PRINT. 

Medium 19  x  24 

itoyal  (20  x  24) 20  x  25 


Super  Koyal 22 

Imperial 22 

Medium  and  a  half 24 

Small  Double  Medium. .  .24 

Double  Medium 24 

Double  Koyal 26 

Double  Super  Royal 28 

Double  Super  Royal 29  x  43 

Broad  Twelves 23  x  41 

Double  imperial 32  x  46 

FOLDED. 

Billet  Note 6x8 

Octavo  Note 7    x    9 

Commercial  Note 8    x  10 

Packet  Note 9     x  11 

Bath  Note 8^  x  14 

Letter 10    x  16 

Commercial  Letter 11     x  17 


Packet  Post 11^  x  18 

Foolscap 12J  X  16 

FLAT. 

Legal  Cap 13  x  16 

Flat  Cap 14  x  17 

Crown 15  x  19 

Double  Flat  Letter. .  .  .16  x  20 

Demy 16  x  21 

Folio  Post 17  X  22 

Check  Folio 17  x  24 

Double  Cap 17  x  28 

Extra  Size  Folio 19  x  23 

Medium 18  x  23 

Royal 19  x  24 

Super  Royal 20  x  28 

Imperial 22  x  30 

Double  Demy 21  x  31 

Elephant 22^  x  27f 

Columbier 23  x  31^ 

Atlas 26  X  33 

Double  Elephant 26  x  40 


EXPLOSIVE   FORCE    OF   VARIOUS    SUBSTANCES   USED    FOR   BLASTING,    ETC. 


Blasting  powder 

Artillery       "       

Sporting       "       

Powder,  nitrate  of  soda  for  its  base. 
Powder,  chlorate  of  pot.  for  its  base 

Gun  cotton 

Picric  acid 

Picrate  potash 

Gun  cotton  mixed  with  chl.  potash . 
Picric  acid         "         •*       *'         " 
Picrate               "         "       "         •' 
Nitro-glycerin 


Heat. 


509 

608 

641 

764 

972 

590 

687 

578 

1420 

1424 

1422 

1320 


Voluire  of 
Gas. 


0.173  litre. 

0.225 

0.216 

0.248 

0.318 

0.801 

0.780 

0.585 

0.484 

0.408 

0.337 

0.710 


Estimated 

Explosive 

Force. 

88 
137 
139 
190 
309 
472 
536 
680 
680 
582 
478 
939 


The  above  instructive  table  is  by  the  celebrated  M.  Ber- 
thelot,  who  further  describes  nitro-glycerin  "  as  really  the 
ideal  of  portable  force.  It  burns  completely  without  residue ; 
in  fact,  gives  an  excess  of  oxygen ;  it  develops  twice  as  much 
heat  as  powder,  three  and  a  half  times  more  gas,   and  has 


194 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


seven  times  the  explosive  force,  weight  for  weight,  and,  taken 
volume  for  volume,  it  possesses  twelve  times  more  energy." 
From  the  extreme  danger  of  the  work,  none  but  a  competent 
chemist  should  attempt  to  manufacture  it. 


A  TABLE  OF  DAILY  SAVINGS  AT  COMPOUND  INTEREST. 


Cents  per  Day. 

2| 

27i 

55   

1.10  

1.37  


Per  ^'ear. 
. .    $10... 

. .  20... 
. .  40... 
..  100... 
. .  200... 
. .  400  .. 
. .  500... 


In  Ten  Years.                     Fifty  Years. 

.  ..     $130 $2,900 

. ..   260 5,800 

. ..   520 11,600 

.  ..  1,300 29,000 

. ..  2,600 58,000 

. .  5,200 116,000 

.  ..  6,500 145,000 


TABLE  TO  FIND  THE  NUMBER  OF  BRICK  REQUIRED  TO  CONSTRUCT  ANY 
BUILDING,  EMBRACING  WALLS,  FROM  4  INCHES  TO  20  INCHES  THICK, 
RECKONING    7    BRICKS    TO   EACH    SUPERFICIAL    FOOT. 

Mcample. — Required  the  number  of  bricks  in  100  superficial  feet 
of  wall  12  inches  thick.  Under  12  inch,  and  opposite  100.  j  ou  will 
find  the  answer,  2250,  the  number  of  bricks  required. 


iU 

Number  of  Bricks  to  Thickness  of. 

^-A 

tC  o 

4-inch. 

8-inch. 

1 2-inch. 

i6-inch. 

2o-inch. 

24- inch. 

1 

7 

15 

23 

30 

38 

45 

2 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

3 

23 

45 

68 

90 

113 

135 

4 

30 

60 

90 

120 

150 

180 

5 

38 

75 

113 

150 

188 

225 

6 

45 

90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

7 

53 

105 

158 

210 

263 

315 

8 

60 

120 

180 

240 

300 

360 

9 

68 

135 

203 

270 

338 

405 

10 

75 

150 

225 

300 

375 

450 

20 

150 

300 

450 

600 

750 

900 

30 

225 

450 

675 

900 

1125 

1350 

40 

300 

600 

900 

1200 

1500 

1800 

50 

375 

750 

1125 

1500 

1875 

2250 

60 

450 

900 

1350 

1800 

2250 

2700 

70 

525 

1050 

1575 

2100 

2625 

3150 

80 

600 

1200 

1800 

2400 

3000 

3600 

90 

675 

1350 

2025 

2700 

3375 

4050 

100 

750 

1500 

2250 

3000 

3750 

4500 

AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  I95 

TABLE    TO    FIND    THE    NUMBER    OF   BRICK,   ETC.   {Continued). 


Number  of  Bricks  to  Thickness  of. 

^S'^ 

4-inch. 

8-inch. 

12-inch. 

16-inch. 

20-inch. 

24-inch. 

200 

1500 

3000 

4500 

6000 

7500 

9000 

300 

2250 

4500 

6750 

9000 

11250 

13500 

400 

3000 

6000 

9000 

12000 

15000 

18000 

500 

3750 

7500 

11250 

15000 

18750 

22500 

600 

4500 

9000 

13500 

18000 

22500 

27000 

700 

5250 

10500 

15750 

21000 

26250 

31500 

800 

6000 

12000 

18000 

24000 

30000 

36000 

900 

6750 

13500 

20250 

27000 

33750 

45000 

1000 

7500 

15000 

22500 

30000 

37500 

45000 

1000  Shingles,  laid  4  inches  to  the  weather,  will  cover 
100  sq.  ft.  of  surface,  and  5  lbs.  of  shingle  nails  will  fasten 
them  on. 

One-fifth  more  siding  and  flooring  is  needed  than  the 
number  of  sq.  feet,  of  surface  to  be  covered,  because  of  the 
lap  in  the  siding  and  matching. 

1000  Laths  will  cover  70  yards  of  surface,  and  11  lbs.  of 
lath  nails  will  nail  them  on.  8  bushels  of  good  lime,  16 
bushels  of  sand,  and  i  bushel  of  hair,  will  make  enough  good 
mortar  to  plaster  100  sq.  yds. 

A  cord  of  stone,  3  bushels  of  lime,  and  a  cubic  yard  of 
sand,  will  lay  100  cubic  ft.  of  wall. 

5  coui:3es  of  brick  will  lay  1  ft.  in  height  on  a  chimney,  16 
bricks  in  a  course  will  make  a  flue  4  ins.  wide  and  12  ins. 
long,  and  24  bricks  in  a  course  will  make  a  flue  8  ins.  wide 
and  16  ins.  long. 

Cement,  i  bush.,  and  sand,  2  bush.,  will  cover  ;^)4  sq. 
yds.  I  in.  thick,  4^  sq.  yds.  ^  inch  thick,  and  6^  sq.  yds. 
^  inch  thick,  i  bush,  cement  and  i  of  sand  will  cover  2  i^ 
sq.  yds.  i  in  thick,  3  sq.  yds.  ^  inch  thick,  and  4j4  sq.  yds. 


196  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

8  lbs.  of  Asphalte  Flooring  composition  will  cover  i  super- 
ficial ft.  y^  inch  thick.  308  pounds  of  finely-ground  cement 
will  make  from  3.7  to  t^.^  cubic  feet  of  stiff  paste,  i  cwt.  of 
mastic  and  i  gal.  of  oil  will  cover  \\  yds.  at  ^,  or  2\  at  \ 
inch  in  thickness.  Pointing  Mortar  consists,  by  weight,  of 
finely-ground  cement,  1  part  to  from  3  to  3^  parts  of  fine 
silicious  sand,  mix  under  cover,  in  small  quantities  at  a  time. 

I  bundle  of  16-inch  shingles  will  cover  30  square  ft.; 
.1  bundle  of  18-inch  shingles  will  lay  2iZ  square  ft.,  when  laid 
5 J  ins.  to  the  weather;  6  lbs.  4d.  nails  will  lay  1000  split 
pine  shingles. 

130  yards  of  lath,  lay  and  set,  require  i  load  of  laths, 
10,000  nails,  2\  cwt.  of  lime,  \\  double  load  of  sand,  and  7 
bushels  of  hair ;  plasterer,  laborer  and  boy,  6  days  each. 

Render  and  Set.  100  yards  require  i\  cwt.  of  lime,  i 
double  load  of  sand,  and  4  bushels  of  hair;  plasterer,  la- 
borer and  boy,  3  days  each. 

Setting.  375  yards  require  i\  cwt.  of  lime  and  5  bushels 
of  hair. 

In  lathing,  i  bundle  of  laths  and  384  nails  will  cover  5 
yards.  In  rendering,  187^  yards  require  ij  cwt.  of  lime,  2 
double  loads  of  sand,  and  5  bushels  of  hair.  Floating  re- 
quires more  labor,  but  only  half  as  much  material  as  render- 
ing. 

1000  bricks,  closely  stacked,  occupy  56  cubic  feet;  1000 
old  bricks,  cleaned  and  loosely  stacked,  occupy  72  cubic  ft. 

I  rod  of  brickwork  requires  126  gals,  water  to  slack  the 
lime  and  mix  the  mortar.  Bricks  absorb  1-15  of  their  weight 
in  water.  No.  of  bricks  in  cubic  yard,  384.  A  bricklayer's 
hod  will  hold  20  bricks,  or  2/3  cubic  ft.  of  mortar,  or  |  bushel, 
nearly. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


197 


TABLE  SHOWING  DIAMETER  AND   HEIGHT   OF    CHIMNEY     FOR  ANY  BOIUEK. 


II.  P.  cf 

.Alt.  of  Chimney 

Interior  Diam- 

H. P.  of  Alt  cf  Chimney 

Interior  Diam- 

Boiler 

in  Feet. 

eter  at  Top 

Boiler. 

in  Feet. 

eter  at  '1  op. 

10 

60 

14  inches. 

70 

120 

30  inches. 

12 

75 

14 

90 

120 

34       '♦ 

16 

90 

16        " 

120 

135 

38       - 

20 

99 

17       " 

160 

150 

43       - 

30 

105 

21 

200 

165 

47       *♦ 

50 

120 

26       - 

j     250 

180 

52       - 

60 

120 

27       " 

1     380 

195 

57       *' 

Slating.  The  pitch  of  a  slated  roof  should  be  about  i  in 
height  to  4  in  length ;  the  usual  lap  is  about  3  ins.,  but  it  is 
sometimes  4.  Each  slate  should  be  fastened  by  2  nails, 
cither  of  copper  or  zinc.  A  square  of  slate  is  1 00  superficial 
feet,  allowances  being  made  for  the  trouble  of  cutting  the 
slates  at  the  hips,  eaves,  round  chimneys,  etc.  The  sides  and 
bottom  edges  of  the  slates  should  be  trimmed,  and  the  nail 
holes  punched  as  near  the  head  as  possible  ;  they  should  be 
sorted  in  sizes,  when  they  are  not  all  of  one  size,  and  the 
smallest  size  placed  near  the  ridge.  The  thickness  of  slates 
varies  from  3-16  to  5-16  of  an  inch,  and  their  weight  from 
^.6  to  4.53  lbs.  per  square  foot.  The  following  table  of  sizes, 
etc.,  of  roofing  slates,  is  very  useful : 


Description. 

Size. 

Average 

gauge 

in 

inches. 

No.  of 
squares 
1200  will 
cover. 

Weight 
per  120:) 
ill  tons. 

No.  re- 
quired 

to  cover 

one 
square. 

No.  of 
nails  re- 
quired 

Len 

gth. 

Bre'th. 

to  one 
square. 

Doubles  . . 

ft. 

1 

in. 

1 

ft.     in. 
0      6 

5i- 

2 

, 

480 

480 

Ladies .... 

1 

4 

0    8 

7 

U 

Ij 

280 

280 

Oount'sses 

1 

8 

0  10 

9 

7 

2 

176 

352 

Duchesses 

2 

0 

1    0 

10^ 

10 

3 

127     1     254 

Imperials. 
Rags     and 

2 
3 

6 
0 

2     0 
2     0 

J-a  ton 

will  cover  2J  to 

2^  squares. 

Queens 

) 

W  e  s  t  - 

morel  'ds 

of  vari- 

ous sizes 

198 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


The  next  table  exhibits  the  comparative  weight  of  various 
roof  coverings. 


Weight. 

Least  Slope. 

Plain  tiles,  per  square  of  100  sup'l  feet . 
Pantiles        .          

8  to  18  cwt. 
9J  cwt. 
7  to  9  cwt. 
6.V  cwt. 
3  "cwt. 

560  to  672  lbs. 
2J  cwt. 
5  cwt. 
35  cwt. 

26J  to  30^ 

Slating,  an  average 

25^  to  30^ 

Lead,  7  lbs.  per  sup'l  feet 

4°" 

Corrugated  iron 

4° 

Copper,  or  zinc,  16  ozs  per  sup'l  feet. . . 
Timber  framing  for  slated  or  tiled  roofs.. 
Boarding,  #  in.  thick 

4° 

25° 

Boarding,  1^  in.  tliick  

25° 

Additional  load  for  pressure  of  wind . .  . 
Gothic  roofs,  steepest  angle 

60° 

Width  of 
Tread. 

6  inches 8^^  inches. 

7  "      8" 

8  "      7J       *' 

9  *'      7 


Height  of     Width  of 
Riser.  Tread. 


STAXR-CASES. 

Height  of 
Riser. 

10  inches ^  inches. 

11  '*     6 

12  -     5J       - 

13  *'     5 


PAINTING. 

I  gal.  priming  color  will  cover  50  superficial  yards. 


a 

white  zinc 

a 

so 

a 

white  paint 
lead  color 

u 

4.4. 

li 

a 

so 

a 

black  paint 

a 

SO 

n 

stone  color 

iC 

44 

it 

yellow  paint 

u 

44 

u 

blue  color 

it 

45 

a 

green  paint 

C( 

4S 

a 

bright  emer.  green  " 

25 

a 

bronze  green 

a 

45 

One  pound  of  paint  will  cover  about  4  superficial  yards 
the  first  coat,  and  about  6  yards  each  additional  coat.  One 
pound  of  putty  for  stopping  every  20  yards.     One  gallon  of 


AND    ESTIMATOR'S    PRICE    BOOK.  I99 

tar,  and  i  lb.  pitch,  will  cover  1 2  yds.  superficial  the  first  coat, 
and  17  yds.  each  additional  coat. 

MEASUREMENT   OF   STONE   OR  BRICK  WORK. 

1.   Perch,   Masons'  or    Qaarrymen's  Measure, 

16J  feet  long      )  ( 

16  inches  wide  J-  =     -<  22  cubic  feet.     To  be  measured  in  wall. 

12        -      high)  ( 

16J  feet  long       )  ( 

18   inches  wide  V  =     J  24.75  cubic  feet.     To  be  measured  in  pile. 

12        -      high)  ( 

I   cubic  yard  =  3  feet  X  3  feet  X  3  feet  =27  cubic  feet. 

The  cubic  yard  has  become  the  standard  for  all  contract 

work  of  late  years.     Stone  walls  less  than   1 6  inches  thick 

count  as  if  16  inches  thick  to  masons;  over  16  inches  thick, 

each  additional  inch  is  counted. 

NUMBER  OF  BRICK  REQUIRED   IN   WALL  PER   SQUARE  FOOT   FACE   OF  WALL. 

Thickness  Thickness 

of  wall.  of  wall. 


4  inches 7J 

8      '*      15 

12      "      22J 

16      '*      30 

20      *'      37i 


24  inches 46 

28      "       52J 

32      «'      60 

36      "       67i 

42      '♦       75 


Cubic  yard  =  600  bricks  in  wall. 
Perch  (22  cubic  feet)  ==500  bricks  in  wall. 
To  pave  i  sq.  yard  on  flat  requires  48  bricks. 
"         I  "        edge        ''        6S     " 

STRENGTH    OF    WOODS. 

The  following  tabulated  form  shows  the  results  of  Mr. 
Hodgkinson's  experiments  on  the  crushing  strengths  of  dif- 
ferent woods  per  square  inch  of  section.  The  samples 
crushed  were  short  cylinders  i  inch  diameter,  aixl  2  inches 
long,  flat  at  the  ends.  The  results  given  in  the  first  column 
are  those  obtained  when  the  wood  was  moderately  dry.  The 
samples  noted  in  the  second  column  were  kept  seasoning  2 


-200 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


months  longer  than  the  first.  The  third  column  is  appended 
by  the  author,  to  illustrate  the  resilience  or  toughness  of 
certain  woods. 


Kind  of  Wood. 

Crushing  Strength  per 
Square  Inch  of  Section. 

Length  in  Feet  of  a  Rod  i 

Inch  Square  that  would 
Break  by  its  own  Weight. 

Alder 

6831  to    6960 

Ash 

8683  to    9363 

42,080 

Bav 

7518  to    7518 

Box 

10300 

3eecli 

7733  to     7363 

38,940 

Birch 

10300 

English  Birch 

3297  to    6402 

€edar 

5674  to    5863 

Deal,  Christiana. 

55,500 

Red  Deal 

5748  to     6586 
6781  to     7299 

White  Deal 

Hornbeam 

7300 

Elder 

7451  to    9973 

Elm 

7451  to  10331 

39,050 

Eir  (Meniel) 

Eir  (Spruce) 

40,500 

6499  to     6819 

Earch 

42,160 

Mahogany 

8198  to    8198 

Lignum  Vitse 

9900 

Oak  (Quebec) 

4231  to    5982 

Oak  (English) .... 

6484  to  10058 

32,900 

Pine  (Pitch) 

6790  to     6790 

Pine (Red) 

5395  to     7518 

Poplar 

3107  to    5142 

Plum  (Dry) 

8241  to  10493 

Sycamore 

35,800 

Teak 

8241  to  12101 

36,049 

Walnut 

6063  to    7227 

Willow 

2898  to    6128 

PERMANENT  LOADS  ON   BRIDGES,  ETC. 

For  rough  calculations  the  weight  of  the  bridge  itself  may 
be  assumed  to  be  (in  wrought-iron  bridges) : 

For    30  feet  spans,  single  line 560  lbs.  per  foot  run. 

-  60  -  ''         672 

"100  ♦'  "         1,008 

-  150  "  -         1,344 

-*  200  "  ''         1.680 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


20 1 


Dense  crowds  average  120  lbs.  per  square  foot. 

For  flooring,  168  to  224  lbs.  per  square  foot,  exclusive  of 
the  weight  of  the  flooring,  is  generally  allowed. 

In  storehouses,  from  224  to  450  lbs.  per  square  foot. 

Beams  of  timber,  when  laid  with  their  concentric  layers- 
vertical,  are  stronger  than  when  laid  horizontal,  in  the  pro- 
portion of  8  to  7. 

Mercury  freezes  at  40°  below  zero,  and  melts  at  39°. 
Ether  freezes  at  47°  below  zero;  wine  freezes  at  20°;  sea. 
water  freezes  at  28^3.  Alcohol  has  been  exposed  to  110° 
and  120°  below  zero  without  freezing.  Granite  decomposes 
at  a  red  heat.  The  second's  pendulum,  of  39.139  ins.,  is 
lengthened  by  30°  of  temperature  128th  of  an  inch,  or  8 
vibrations  in  24  hours. 

SAJ^  LOAD  IN  STRUCTURES,  INCLUDING  WEIGHT  OF  STRUCTURE. 

In  cast-iron  columns \  breaking  weight, 

Wrougbt-iron  structures \ 

In  cast-iron  girders  for  tanks {- 

In  cast-iron  for  bridges  and  tanks 1-6 

In  timber 1-10 

Stone  and  bricks i 


WEIGHT   OF  LUMBER  PER  ' 

rnOUSAND    (M. 

)    FEET  BOARD 

MEASURE. 

Dry. 

Partly 
Seasoned. 

Green. 

Pine  and  hemlock 

2,500  lbs. 
3,000    " 
4,000    «' 
3,500    ♦' 

2,700  lbs. 
4,000    *♦ 
5,000    '« 
4,000    - 

3  000  lbs 

Norway  and  yellow  pine . . . 
Oak  and  walnut 

5,000    «* 

Ash  and  maple. 

WEIGHTS  OP   CORDWOOD. 


Car- 
lbs,       bon. 

1  cord  of  hickory 4468  100  | 

hard  maple..  2864  58 

beech 3234  64 

ash  3449  79 

birch 2368  49 

pitch  pine.  ..  1903  43 


Car- 
lbs.  bon. 

1  cord  of  Canada  pine . .   1870  42 

yellow  oak 2920  61 

white  oak 1870  81^ 

"        Lombardy  pop- 
lar    1775  41 

red  oak 3255  70 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


TENSILE  STRENGTH  OF  DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  WOOD,  SHOWING    THE  WEIGHT 
OR  POWER  REQUIRED  TO  TEAR  ASUNDER  1  SQUARE  INCH. 


Lbs. 

Lance 23,000 

Locust 25,000 

Mahogany 21,000 

Box 20,000 

African  Oak 14,500 

Bay 14,500 

Teak 14,000 

Cedar 14,000 

Ash 14,000 

Oak,  seasoned 13,600 

Elm 13,400 

Sycamore 13,000 

Willow 13,000 

Christiana  Deal 12,400 

Spanish  Mahogany 12,000 


Lbs. 

Pitch  Pine 12,000 

White  Pine  (American). . .  11,800 
White  Oak  •'  ...11,500 

Lignum  vitae 11,800 

Beech 11,500 

Chestnut,  sweet 10,500 

Maple 10,500 

White  Spruce 10,290 

English  Oak 10,000 

Pear 9,800 

Larch 9,500 

Mahogany,  Spanish 8,000 

Walnut 7,800 

Poplar 7,000 

Cypress 6,000 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITIES  AND  WEIGHTS    OF    METALS,    WOODS,    LIQUIDS,    ETC. 

Engineers'  and   Contractors'   Pocket  Book. 


Names. 


Platina 

Pure  gold . . . . 

Mercury 

Lead 

Pure  silver.  . . 

Bismuth 

Copper,  cast. . 

**  sheet 
Brass,  cast  . .  . 

**  sheet  .  . 
Iron,  cast 

'  *  bar 

Steel,  soft.  .  .  . 

**     hard. .  . 

Tin  cast  

Zinc,  cast.  . . . 


P 


19500 

19258 

13560 

11352 

10474 

9823 

8788 

8910 

7824 

8396 

7264 

7700 

7833 

7816 

7291 

7190 


r6 


1.417 
1.435 
2.038 
2.435 
2.638 
2.814 
3.146 
3.103 
3.533 
3.293 
3.806 
3.592 
3.530 
3.537 
3.790 
3.845 


^4 


.7053 

.6965 

.4904 

.4105 

.3788 

.3552 

.3178 

.3225 

.3036 

.3037 

.263 

.279 

.2833 

.2827 

.2636 

.26 


STONES,  EARTHS,  ETC. 


Names. 


Marble,  aver'g*^ 
Granite      ** 
Purbeck  stone. 
Portland     * ' 
Bristol 
Millstone    " 
Paving        ** 
Craigleith  " 
Grindstone. . .  . 
Chalk,  British. 

Brick 

Coal,  Scotch  . 
"    Newc'stle 
"  Staffords'e 
"    Cannel... 


r?^ 

.»§ 

tbc 

'CCi 

2720 

170.00 

2651 

165.68 

2601 

162.56 

2570 

160.62 

2554 

159.62 

2484 

155.25 

2415 

150.93 

2362 

147.62 

2143 

133.93 

2781 

173.81 

2000 

125.00 

1300 

81.15 

1270 

79.37 

1240 

77.50 

1238 

77.37 

V  a 
His 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 
SPECIFIC  GRAVITIES,   ETC.,    {Continued). 


203 


Names. 


Xjgnum  vitae. . . 

Eox,  French.  . . 
'•    Dutch... 

Ebony,  Indian. 
**     Americ'ij 

Oak,  just  felled 
**      seasoned.. 

BogoakoflrelM 

Mahog'ny  Sp'sh 
"     bay  wood 

Medlar  tree .... 

Logwood 

Olive  tree 

Beech 

Ash 

Alder 

Apple-tree 

Plum-tree 

Maple 

Teak 

Cherry-tree.  . .  . 

Elm 

Walnut 

Red  pine 

Yellow  " 

Pear-tree 

Syc'm're,  chest- 
nut, and  lime- 
tree,  each .... 

Willow 

Popl'r,  white  Sp 
"   common 

Oedar 

White  pine .... 

Larch 

Cork 


1331 

1328 

912 

1209 

1331 

1113 

743 

1046 

1063 

637 

944 

913 

927 

852 

845 

800 

793 

755 

752 

750 

715 

673 

671 

657 

652 

650 


604 
585 
529 
383 
561 
551 
530 
240 


83.31 

83.00 
58.00 
75.56 
83.18 
69.50 
46.43 
65.37 
66.43 
39.81 
59.00 
57.06 
57.93 
53.25 
52.81 
50.00 
49.56 
47.18 
47.00 
46.87 
44.68 
42.06 
41.93 
47.06 
40.70 
40.62 


37.75 
36.50 
33.00 
23.93 
35.00 
34.43 
33.02 
15.00 


Name: 


Acid,  sulphuric 
**  nitric. . . 
**  muriatic 
**  fluoric  . 
"  citric,  . . 
**  acetic... 
Water  from  Bal- 
tic  

'  *      from    the 

Dead  Sea 

'*     from   the 

Mediter'n 

"     from  the 

Irish  Ch'l 

"     ice 

*'     distilled 
Oils,  expresed 
linseed. . 
sw't  alm'd 
whale  .  . . 
hempseed 
olive  .... 
Oils,  essential  . 
cinnamon 
lavender  . 
turp'ntine 
amber. . . 
Alcohol  of  com- 
merce, at  60^ 
Fahrenheit .  . 
Alcohol,     abso- 
lute       . 

Ether,  nitric .  . . 
"  muriatic 
Proof  spirit. .  .  . 

Tar 

Vinegar,  dist'ld 


1850 
1271 
1200 
1060 
1034 
1062 

1015 

1240 

1029 

1028 
1001 
1000 

940 
932 
923 
926 
915 

1043 

894 
870 
868 


825 

797 
908 
729 
922 
1015 
1009 


204 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


NUMBER  OF  FEET  IN  LENGTH  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  DIMENSIONS  OF  TIMBER 
REQUIRED  TO  MAKE  1000  FEET  OF  BOARD  AND  CUBIC  MEASURE  RE- 
SPECTIVELY. 


No.  of  feet  in 

No.  of  feet  in 

No.  of  feet  in 

Size. 

length  to 
make  looo  ft. 

Size. 

length  to 
make  i coo  ft. 

Size. 

length  to 
u.ake  looo  ft. 

cubic  m. 

board  m. 

board  m. 

5x5 

5,760 

2 

X    6 

1,000 

6  X  10 

200 

5x6 

4,800 

2 

X    7 

857.2 

6  X  11 

181.10 

5x7 

4,114.3 

2 

X    8 

750 

6  X  12 

166.8 

5x8 

3,600 

2 

X    9 

666.8 

7x7 

244.11 

5x9 

3,200 

2 

X  10 

600 

7x8 

214.3 

5  X  10 

2,880 

2 

X  11 

545.6 

7x9 

190.6 

5  x  11 

2,618.2 

2 

X  12 

500 

7  x  10 

171.5 

5  X  12 

2,400 

2J 

X    5 

960 

7  X  11 

155.10 

6x6 

4,000 

^ 

X    6 

800 

7  X  12 

142.10 

6x7 

3,428.7 

^ 

X     7 

685.9 

8x8 

187.6 

6x8 

3,000 

2i 

X    8 

600 

8x9 

166.8 

6x9 

2,666.8 

2i 

X    9 

533.4 

8  X  10 

150 

6  X  10 

2,400 

^ 

X  10 

480 

8  X  11 

136.4 

6  X  11 

2,181.8 

3 

X    5 

800 

8  X  12 

125 

6  X  12 

2,000 

3 

X     6 

666.8 

9x9 

148.2 

7x7 

2,938.9 

3 

X    7 

571.5 

9  X  10 

133.4 

7x8 

2,571.4 

3 

X    8 

500 

9  X  11 

121.3 

7x9 

2,285.8 

3 

X    9 

444.4 

9  X  12 

111.2 

7  X  10 

2,057.3 

3 

X  10 

400 

10  X  10 

120 

7  X  11 

1,870.1 

3 

X  11 

363.7 

10  X  11 

109.1 

7  X  12 

1,714.3 

3 

X  12 

333.4 

10  X  12 

100 

8x8 

2,550 

4 

X    5 

600 

11  X  11 

99.2 

8x9 

2,000 

4 

X     6 

500 

11  X  12 

90.9 

8  x  10 

1,800 

4 

X     7 

428.7 

12  X  12 

83.4 

8  X  11 

1,636.4 

4 

X    8 

375 

12  X  14 

71.5 

8  X  12 

1,500 

4 

X    9 

333.4 

12  X  16 

62.5 

9x9 

1,777.9 

4 

X  10 

300 

12  X  18 

55.6 

10  X  10 

1,600 

4 

X  11 

272.8 

12  X  20 

50 

9  X  11 

1,455.5 

4 

X  12 

250 

16  X  18 

41.8 

9  X  12 

1,333.4 

5 

X    6 

400 

20  X  20 

30 

10  X  10 

1,440 

5 

X    7 

342.10 

20  X  24 

25 

10  X  12 

1,200 

5 

X    8 

300 

22  X  24 

22.8 

11   X  11 

1,190 

5 

X    9 

266.8 

18  X  24 

27.10 

11  X  12 

1,091 

5 

X  10 

540 

18  X  20 

33.4 

12  X  12 

1,000 

5 

X  11 

218.2 

14  X  16 

53.7 

U  X  16 

642.10 

5 

X  12 

200 

15  X  18 

44.5 

16  X  18 

500 

6 

X    6 

333.4 

16  X  20 

37.6 

18  X  20 

400 

6 

X    7 

285.8 

13  X  14 

66.11 

20  X  22 

327.3 

6 

X    8 

250 

30  X  40 

10 

22  X  24 

272.8 

6 

X    9 

222.2 

36  X  36 

9.3 

AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


205 


NUMBER  OF  CUBIC   FEET   OF   TIMBER  IN   A   TON    (AVOIRDUPOIS),    TOGETHER 
WITH   THE   WEIGHT   IN    LBS.    PER   CUBIC  FOOT. 


Woods. 


Alder,  dry. 
Ash        **   . 


Apple     •*   

Bay 

"     dry 

Beech 

'•      dry  

Birch,  common. . 

"     Am'can  black 

Box 

Bullet-wood 

Butternut,  dry. . . . 
Cedar,  *•   .... 

Cork,  "  .... 

Cherry,  *'   ... 

Chestnut,       "  .... 
Ebony,  mean  of  2 

sets 


Elm,  dry j 

Fir,  white 

Fir,  New  Eng.,  dry 
Fir,  Norw'y  spruce, 

dry 

Fir,  Riga 

Gum,  blue,  dry.  . 
Hackmatack,  "  . .  . 
Hazel,  "  . .  . 

Hemlock,         *'  .  .  . 
Hickory,   pig  nut. . 
'♦       shell  bark 

Holly,  dry 

Juniper,  "    

Lance  wood,  dry .  . 


Lbs. 

per 

Cubic 

Foot. 


50. 

52.812 

43.125 

49.562 

43.601 

51.375 

43.8 

53.25 

43.8 

46.9 

62.5 

58. 

23.5 

35.62 

15. 

44.687 

38.125 

79.4 

41.937 

35.625 

35.57 

34,4 

32. 

46.9 

52.687 

37.10 

53.75 

23. 

49.5 

43.125 

47.5 

35.375 

45. 


Cubic 

Feet  per 

Ton. 


44.80 
42.414 

45.18 

43.601 


39.40 


63.866 
149.333 


53.25 
62.97 


60.37 


45.252 
51.942 


Woods. 


Larch,  dry j 

Lignum  vitce 

Logwood 

Mahogany V 

Maple,  dry 

Oak,  Canadian .... 

English 

live,  seasoned 
"    green   . . 

white  upland 

dry 


Pear, 
Plum, 

Poplar 

Pine,  pitch,  dry . . . 

*•     red         "... 

'*     white,   "... 

"     well  seasoned 

"     yellow 

"      dry:.. 
Poplar,     mean,      2 

sorts 

Rosewood,  dry 

Satinwood,    **  .... 

Spruce,  " 

Tamarack,      *'  .... 
Teak,  African  oak. 

Walnut,  dry 

black,  dry. 
Willow,  dry 


Lbs. 

per 
Cubic 
Foot. 


34. 

35. 

83.312 

57.062 

35. 

66.437 

46.876 

54.5 

58.25 

66.75 

78.75 

43. 

41.312 

49.062 

26.31 

41.25 

36.875 

34.625 

29.562 

33.812 

28.812 

.5 
45.5 
55.312 
31.25 
23.937 
46.9 
41.9 
31.25 
36.56! 
30.37n 


Cubic 

Feet  per 

Ton. 


65.8 

26.866 

39.225 

64. 

33.714 

47.66 

41.101 

38.455 

33.558 

52.09 

47.47 

54.303 
60.745 
64.693 
75.773 

66.248 


71.68 


53.42 
71.68 
61.265 
73.744 


COMPARATIVE   VALUE    OF    DIFFERENT  WOODS,  EXHIBITING  THEIR  CRUSHING 
STRENGTH    AND    STIFFNESS. 


Teak. 

English  oak.  . 

Ash... 

Elm 


6555 
4074 
3571 
3468 


Beech 3079 

Quebec  oak 2927 

Mahogany 2571 

Spruce 2522 


Walnut 2374 

Yellow  pine....  2193 

Sycamore 1833 

Cedar 700 


2o6 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


RELATIVE    HARDNESS    OF    WOODS. 

Taking  shell  bark  hickory  as  the  highest  standarcl  of  our 
forest  trees,  and  calling  that  loo,  other  trees  will  compare 
with  it  for  hardness  as  follows : 


Skellb'rkhick'ry..lOO 

Pignut  hickory ...  96 

White  oak 84 

White  ash 77 

Dogwood 75 

Scrub  oak 73 

White  hazel 72 

Apple  tree 70 


Ked  oak 69 

White  beech 65 

Black  walnut 65 

Black  birch 62 

Yellow  oak 60 

Hard  maple 56 

White  Elm 58 

Red  cedar 56 


Wild  cherry 55 

Yellow  pine 54 

Chestnut 52 

Yellow  poplar 51 

Butternut 43 

White  birch 43 

White  pine 30 


COMPARATIVE  WEIGHT    OF    DIFFERENT   WOODS  IN    GREEN  AND 
SEASONED  STATES  IN  POUNDS  AND  OUNCES  PER  CUB.  FT. 

Ash,  green,  58.3;  do.,  seasoned,  50.  Beech,  green,  60; 
do.,  seasoned,  50.  American  pine,  green,  44. 1 2  ;  do.,  sea- 
soned, 30.11.  Cedar,  green,  32;  do.,  seasoned,  28.4. 
English  oak,  green,  71.10;  do.,  seasoned,  43.8.  Riga  fir, 
green,  48.12^    do.,  seasoned,  35.8. 


SHRINKAGE  IN   DIMENSIONS  OF  TIMBER  BY  SEASONING. 


Woods. 


Pitch  pine,  South.. 

Spruce 

White  pine,  Am. . . 
Yellow  pine 


Ins. 


18|  to  18^ 

H  to  8f 

12  to  ll| 

18  to  17^ 


Woods. 


Cedar,  Canada  . 

Elm 

Oak,  English. . . 
Pitch  pine 


Ins. 


14  to  13^ 

11  to  lOf 

12  to  11|    [9J 
10  X 10  to  9|  X 


PERCENTAGE    OF    WATER    IN    DIFFERENT    WOODS. 


Alder 41.6 

Ash 28.7 

Birch 30.8 

Elm 44.5 

Horse  Chestnut.  38.2 


Larch 48.6 

Mountain  ash. . .  28.3 

Oak 34.7 

Pine 39.7 

Red  beech 39.7 


Red  pine 45.2 

White  oak 36.2 

White  pine 37.1 

White  poplar...  50.6 
Willow 26.0 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


207 


TBANSVEESE  STRENGTH  OF  WOODS,  SHOWING  THEIR  BREAKING  WEIGHT 
FOR  A  THICKNESS  OF  ONE  INCH  SQUARE  AND  ONE  FOOT  IN  LENGTH, 
WITH   WEIGHT   SUSPENDED   FROM   ONE   END. 


IjOCUSt 

Hickory  

Oak,  live,  Americ'n 

^*      white      •* 

*  *      African 

Teak 

Maple 

Oak,  English,  best. 

Ash 

Pine,  American. . . . 

Birch 

Chestnut 


Break- 

Value 

ing 
Weight; 

for  Use. 

Lbs. 

295 

80 

250 

55 

245 

55 

230 

50 

208 

50 

206 

60 

202 

188 

45 

168 

55 

60 

50 

160 

40 

160 

53 

Oak,  Canadian 

*♦  live,  Americ'n 
*'    English 

Deal  Christiana  . . . 

Pine,  pitch 

Beech 

Pine,  white,  Am. . . 

Elm 

Pine,  Norway 

Oak,  Dantzic 

White  wood 

Riga  fir 

Pine,  white 


iJreak- 

Value 

WeTght. 

for  Use. 

Lbs. 

146 

36 

245 

55 

140 

35 

137 

45 

136 

45 

130 

32 

130 

45 

125 

30 

123 

40 

122 

30 

116 

38 

94 

30 

92 

30 

COHESIVE  STRENGTH  OF  TIE-BARS,    SUSPENSION  RODS,    ETC. 

Breaking  weight  in  tons,  equal  area  of  section  of  rod  in  square 
inches,  multiplied  by  cohesive  force  per  square  inch  in  tons. 


Tons. 

Cohesive  strength  of  steel  =  50 
««  <<  wrought  iron        23 

**  **  cast  iron  7 J 

'*  <«  wrought  copper  15 

**  **  cast  brass  8 

"  lead  0.75 

"  "  boxwood  10 


Tons. 

Cohesive  strength  of  Ash  =  8 

**  **           beech        5.5 

'*  "           oak            5.5 

**  "         seasoned    6 

**  "         pitch  pine  6 

**  "         chestnut    5 
fir               5.5 


In  use  take  J  of  the  above  as  breaking  weight. 


BREAKING  AND  CRUSHING  STRAINS  OP  IRON  AND  STEEL. 
CALCULATIONS. 


AVEBAGE 


Breaking  strain  of  wrought  iron  =  23  tons  per  sq.  inch  of  section. 
Crushing      **  «*  =  17        **  <<  «« 

Breaking  strain  of  cast  iron  =    7J 

Crushing      "  «♦  =50 

Breaking  strain  of  steel  bars  =  50 

Crushing      "  "  =166 


208 


THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 


The  following  table  shows  weight  in  tons  required  to  tear  asunder 
bars  1  inch  square  of  the  following  materials. 


Oak 5J  tons 

Fir 5J    ♦ 

Cast  iron 7J    *  • 

Wrought  iron 10      *  * 


Wrought  copper 15  tons 

English  bar  iron 25     " 

American  iron  37  J  " 

Blistered  steel 59 J  *' 


WEIGHT  or  SQUARE  AND   ROUND   CAST  IRON. 


Square  per  Foot. 


Size. 


Inches 
Square. 


1 

H 
H 

If 

if 
If 

1* 

2 

n 

2f 

2} 
2- 

2J 
3 

^ 

O  I 

31 
^} 
3; 


Weight. 


Pounds. 

.78 

1.22 

1.75 

2.39 

3.12 

3.95 

4.88 

5.90 

7.03 

8.25 

9.57 

10.98 

12.50 

14.11 

15.81 

17.62 

19.53 

21.53 

23.63 

25.83 

28.12 

30.51 

33. 

35.59 

38.28 

41.06 

43.94 

46.92 


Inches 
Square. 


Weight. 


Pounds. 

50. 

53.14 

56.44 

59.81 

63.28 

66.84 

70.50 

74.26 

78.12 

82.08 

86.13 

90.28 

94.53 

98.87 

103.32 

107.86 

112.50 

122.08 

132.03 

142.38 

153.12 

164.25 

175.78 

187.68 

200.12 

212.56 

225.78 

239.25 

253.12 


Round  per  Foot. 


Size. 


Inches 
Diam. 


Weight. 


Pounds. 
.61 

.95 

1.38 

1.87 

2.45 

3.10 

3.83 

4.64 

5.52 

6.48 

7.51 

8.62 

9.81 

11.08 

12.42 

13.84 

15.33 

16.91 

18.56 

20.28 

22.18 

23.96 

25.92 

27.95 

30.16 

32.25 

34.51 

36.85 

39.27 


Size. 


Inches 
Diam. 


Weight. 


Pounds. 

41.76 

44.27 

46.97 

49.70 

52.50 

55.37 

58.32 

61.35 

64.46 

67.64 

70.09 

74.24 

77.65 

91.14 

84.71 

88.35 

95.87 

103.69 

111.82 

120.26 

129. 

138.05 

147.41 

157.08 

167.05 

177.19 

187.91 

198.79 

210. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


209 


EXPANSION  AND  CONTRACTION   OP  BODIES. 

The  following  table   exhibits  the  linear  dilatation  of  various 
bodies  from  32°  to  212°,  according  to  Laplace,  Smeaton,  Koy,  etc. 


9 

C/3 

3 
1 

1. 

1 

Flint  glass 

1-1232 
1-1000 

1-1200 

to 
1-923 

1-1161 

Glass  (barometer  tubes) . . 
*  *     solid  rod 

1-1289 
1-1237 

*'     cast  prism  of 

1-901 

Platinum,  per  Borda 

Palladium,  per  Wollaston 
Gold  (French  standard) . . 
Silver  (French  standard .  . 
Copper  8  parts,  tin  1 

M167 
1-1000 
1-661 
1-524 

1-1131 

1-1008 

1-480 

1-550 
1-588 
1-486 
1-524 
1-517 
1-533 
1-399 
1-719 
1-517 
1-795 
1-816 
1-438 
1-349 
1-340 

Copper 

1-584 

1-521 

Copper  2,  zinc  1 

Brass  16,  tin  1 

Brass  wire 

Brass  cast  

1-535 

1-528 

Solder,  tin  1,  lead  2 

Bismuth 

Speculum  metal 

Iron    .           .            

1-819 
1-807 
1-460 
1-351 

1-846 

Steel  (yellow  temper) 

Tin,  Falmouth         .    .    . 

1-840 

1-874 

Lead 

Zinc 

Mercury,  in  volume 

Water 

100-5550 

1-23 

1-9 

100-287 

Alcohol 

All  the  gases 

SHKINKAGE   OF   CASTINGS. 

Iron,  small  cylinders =  1-16  inch  per  foot. 

"    pipes =i  **  *' 

**    girders,  beams,  etc =  |  in.  in  15  inches. 

**    large  cylinders,  the  contraction 

of  diameter  at  top =  1-16  per  foot. 

"            do.        do.        at  bottom..  ..=  1-12     •*     '* 
'*  do.        do.        in  length =  J  in  16  inches. 

Brass,  thin =  J  in  9        ** 

•*       thick =  I  in 


2IO 


THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 


Zinc =  5-16  in  a  foot. 

Lead =5-16     **     " 

Copper =3-16     '♦     " 

Bismuth =  5-32     "     •* 

Green  sand  iron  castings  are  6  per  cent,  stronger  than 
dry,  and  30  per  cent,  stronger  than  chilled,  but  when  the 
castings  are  chilled  and  annealed,  a  gain  of  115  per  cent,  is 
attained  over  those  made  in  green  sand.  Chilling  the  under 
side  of  cast  iron  very  materially  increases  its  strength. 


LINEAL  EXPANSION  OF  METALS. 

Produced  by  raising  their  temperature  from  32°  to  212°  Fahrenheit. 


Zinc 

Platinum 

Tin  (pure) 

Tin  (impure). 

Silver 

Copper 

Brass 

Falmouth  tin 

English  brass  rod . . 

Brass  wire 

Blistered  steel 


1  part  in  322 
351 
403 
500 
524 
581 
584 
462 
528 
517 
870 


Gold 

Bismuth 

Iron 

Antimony 

Palladium 

Platinum 

Flint  glass 

Soft  rolled  iron. . . 
Prism  of  cast  iron. 
Beflector  metal. . . . 
Eefined  silver 


1  part 


in  682 

719 

812 

923 

1000 

1100 

1248 

819 

901 

517 

528 


TENSILE    STRENGTH   OF   MATERIALS,    SHOWING     THE    STRENGTH    OR  FORCE 
REQUIRED   TO  TEAR  ASUNDER    1   SQUARE  INCH. 


Lbs. 

Iron  wire,  wrought 103,000 

Swedish  bar  iron 72,000 

Russian     "      " 59,500 

Mean  of  English  iron. . . .  53,900 
Gun  metal,  mean  of  iron  37,232 
Clyde,  No.  1,  ♦♦      16,125 

♦*    2,  *'      23,468 

Stirling,  mean  of  *'      25,764 

American,  mean  of  *'  45,970 
Low  Moor,  No.  2,  cast  "  14,076 
Crankshaft  "      44,750 

American  boiler    plates,  J  48,000 

iron j  62,000 

English  plates  mean 51,000 

♦♦    lengthwise    53,800 

**  "    crosswise  .    48,800 

German  piano  steel  wire.  268,800 


Lbs. 

Cast  steel,  maximum 142,000 

"       ♦'      mean 88,000 

Steel 100,000  to  130,000 

Chrome  steel,  mean.   . . .  170,980 

Shear        *'       124,000 

American  Tool  Co 179,980 

Blistered  steel,  soft |  104  000 

Razor          "        15^000 

Steel  plates,  lengthwise.  96,300 

**         "        crosswise..  93,700 

Yellow  metal 48,700 

Cast  copper 19,000 

American  copper 24,250 

Brass  wire 50,000 

Copper  bolts 38,000 

wire 60,000 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


TENSILE  BTEENGTH  OF  MATERIALS,    ETC.    {Continued). 


Lbs 

Wire  rope 37,000 

Whalebone 7,600 

Leather  belting 333 

Gutta-percha 3,500 

Slate 12,000 

Well-burned  brick 750 

Inferior  «     ....100  to  290 

Portland  stone 857  to  1,000 

Crown  glass 42,346 

Limestone 670  to  2,800 

Hydraulic  lime 140 

••         cement 234 

Portland          •♦     6  mos. . .        414 
Plaster-of-Paris 72 


Lbs. 

Brass 42,000 

Gold.  .. 20,490 

Gold,  5  pts.,  copper,  1  pt.  50,000 

Silver  cast 40,997 

Bronze 17,698  to  56,788 

Tin  cast,  block 5,000 

'♦    banca 2,122 

Platinum  wire 5,300 

Zinc 7,000 

Sheet  lead 3,000 

Antimony 1,060 

Bismuth,   cast 3,120 

Ivory 16,070 

Manilla  rope 9,300 

Tarred  hemp  rope 15,000 

Remarks. — Owing  to  the  damage  inflicted  by  the  hot  tar,  tarred 
ropes  are  25  per  cent,  weaker  than  white  ropes.  Hemp  rope  is 
stronger  than  Manilla,  but  tarred  hemp  and  Manilla  are  nearly  of 
equal  strength.  Manilla  ropes  are  from  25  to  30  per  cent,  weaker 
than  white  ropes.  Twisted  hempen  cords  will  sustain  the  follow- 
ing weights  per  square  inch  of  their  section:  \  inch  to  1  inch  thick, 
8,746  lbs.;  1  to  3  ins.  thick,  6,860  lbs.;  3  to  5  ins.  thick,  5,342  lbs.; 
5  to  7  ins.  thick,  4,860  lbs.  Ropes  of  four  strands,  up  to  8  ins.,  are 
about  17  per  cent,  stronger  than  those  having  but  three  strands. 


Mensuration    of  Superficies. 

TO    FIND    THE    AREA    OF   A    SQUARE. 

/^u/e. — Multiply  the  side  by  itself,  or  in  other  words,  the 
base  by  the  perpendicular. 

Example. — To  find  the  area  of  a  square  whose  side  is  17 
feet.     17X17  =  289,  the  area  of  the  square  in  feet. 

To  find  the  side  of  a  square,  the  area  being  given,  extract 
the  square  root  of  the  area. 

TO    FIND    THE   AREA    OF   A    RECTANGLE. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  length  by  the  breadth,  and  the 
product  will  be  the  area. 

Example. — To  find  the  area  of  the  rectangle. 


212  THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 

ft.  in. 

10.7    its  length. 
7.3         breadth. 


74.1 
2.7.9 


Feet,  76.8.9 

TO    FIND    THE    AREA    OF    A    RHOMBUS    OR    RHOMBOIDli. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  base  by  the  perpendicular  height  and 
half  the  product  will  be  the  area. 

Multiply  the  length  by  the  perpendicular  breadth,  and  the 
product  will  be  the  area. 

Let  the  side  be  1 7  feet,  and  the  perpendicular  1 5  feet,  then 
17X15  =255,  the  area  required. 

TO    FIND    THE    AREA    OF    A   TRIANGLE. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  base  by  the  perpendicular  height,  and 
half  the  product  will  be  the  area.     Let  the  base  of  the  tri- 
angle be  14  feet  and  the  perpendicular  height  9  feet,  then 
14  )<  9  =  126  -i-  2  =  63  feet  the  area  of  the  triangle. 

Another  Rule. — Add  the  three  sides  together,  and  from 
half  the  sum  subtract  each  side  separately ;  then  multiply  the 
half  sum  and  the  three  sides  together,  and  the  square  root  of 
the  product  will  the  area  required. 

Let  the  sides  of  a  triangle  be  30, 40,  and  50  ft.  respectively. 
30  +  40+50      120 

2  ~~        ~~  60,  half  the  sum  of  the  sides. 

60  —  50  =  10,  first  remainder. 
60  —  40  =  20,  second  remainder. 
60  —  30  =  30,  third  remainder. 
Then  60  X  10  X  20,  X  30  =  360,000. 
And  the  square  root  of  360,000  is  equal  to  600,  the  area  in  ft. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  213 

ANY    TWO    SIDES    OF    A    RIGHT-ANGLED     TRIANGLE     BEING 
GIVEN,    TO    FIND    THE    THIRD    SIDE. 

1.  When  the  base  and  perpendicular  are  given. 

Rule. — To  the  square  of  the  base  add  the  square  of  the 
perpendicular,  and  the  square  root  of  the  sum  will  give  the 
hypothenuse. 

Let  the  base  of  the  right-angled  triangle  be  24,  and  the 
perpendicular  18,  to  find  the  hypothenuse  or  third  side. 

576  square  of  the  base. 

324  square  of  the  perpendicular. 
576 -f  324  =  900. 
And  the  square  root  of  900  is  equal  to  30  feet,  the  length  of 
the  third  side. 

2.  When  the  hypothenuse  and  one  side  is  given. 

Rule, — Multiply  the  sum  of  the  hypothenuse  and  one  side 
by  their  difference  ;  the  square  root  of  the  product  will  give 
the  other  side. 

If  the  hypothenuse  of  a  right-angled  triangle  be  30,  and 
the  perpendicular  18,  what  will  be  the  base? 

30  f  18  =  48  sum  of  the  two  sides. 

30  —  18=  12  difference  of  the  two  sides. 

48X12  =  576. 

TO    FIND    THE    AREA    OF    A    TRAPEZIUM. 

Rule. — Divide  the  trapezium  into  two  triangles  by  a  diag- 
onal drawn  from  one  angle  of  the  figure  to  another.  The 
areas  of  the  triangles  may  be  found  by  the  rules  already 
given,  and  the  sum  will  give  the  area  of  the  trapezium.  It  is^ 
unnecessary  to  give  an  example  of  this  problem,  as  it  would 
only  be  a  repetition  of  what  has  been  already  illlustrated. 

IRREGULAR    POLYGONS,    OR    MANY-SIDED    FIGURES. 

Tt  is  only  necessary  to  reduce  them   into    triangles  and 


2  14  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

parallelograms,  and,  calculating  these  severally,  to  add  their? 
together ;  the  sum  will  give  the  area  of  the  figure. 

In  this  manner  the  land-surveyor  estimates  the  quantity  of 
acres,  roods  and  perches  contained  within  certain  boundaries, 
and  it  may  be  done  with  considerable  accuracy  by  subdivid- 
ing the  space  until  the  whole  area  is  contained  within  a 
number  of  single  figures.  The  architectural  surveyor,  how- 
ever, has  seldom  a  necessity  for  this  mode  of  proceeding,  for 
it  is  customary,  in  all  those  cases  where  a  surface  has  a  vari- 
able height,  to  take  the  medium  between  the  two  extremes, 
and  consider  the  superficies  as  a  parallelogram.  But,  as  the 
builder  is  sometimes  required  by  circumstances  to  measure 
the  ground  which  is  chosen  as  the  site  of  a  building,  it  is 
necessary  that  he  should  be  able  to  do  so  when  required. 

TO    FIND    THE    DIAMETER    OR    CIRCUMFERENCE    OF   A    CIRCLE, 
THE    DIAMETER    OR    CIRCUMFERENCE    BEING    GIVEN. 

1.  To  find  the  circumference,  the  diameter  being  given. 
Rule. — As  7  is  to  22,  so  is  the  diameter  to  the  circum- 
ference. 

Example. — If  the  diameter  of  a  circle  be  84.5  inches,  what 
is  the  circumference  ? 

As  7  is  to  22.0,  so  is  84.5  to  265,751  the  circumference 
required. 

2.  To  find  the  diameter,  the  circumference  being  given. 
Rule, — As   22  is  to  7,  so  is  the  circumference  to  the  di- 
ameter. 

TO    FIND    THE    AREA    OF    A    CIRCLE. 

1.  When  the  diameter  and  circumference  are  both  given. 
Rule. — Multiply  half  the  circumference  by  half  the  diam- 
eter, and  the  product  will  be  the  area. 

2.  When  the  diameter  is  given. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  21$ 

Rule, — Multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  by  .7854,  and 
the  product  will  be  the  area,  or  the  diameter  by  the  circum-^ 
ference  and  divide  by  4. 

3.  When  the  circumference  is  given. 

Rule, — Multiply  the  square  of  the  circumference  by  .07958^ 
and  the  product  will  be  the  area. 

TO    FIND    THE    AREA    OF   A    SECTOR   OF   A   CIRCLE. 

Rule, — Multiply  the  radius  of  the  circle  by  one-half  of  the 
arc  of  the  sector. 

TO    FIND   THE   AREA   OF   THE    SEGMENT   OF   A   CIRCLE. 

Rule, — Find  the  area  of  a  circle  having  the  same  arc,  and 
deduct  the  triangle  formed  between  the  two  radii  and  the 
chord  of  the  arc. 

PROPERTIES    OF   THE    CIRCLE. 

Diameter  X  3. 141 59    =  circumference. 

Diameter  X    .8862      =  side  of  an  equal  square. 

Diameter  X    -7071      =  side  of  an  inscribed  square^ 

Radius  squared  X    .314159  =  area  of  circle. 
Radius  X  6.28318    =  circumference. 

Circumference    -7-3.14159    =  diameter. 

Measurements  of  Solids. 

TO    FIND    THE    SOLIDITY    OF    A    CUBE. 

A  cube  is  a  solid  enclosed  by  six  equal  square  surfaces. 
Rule. — Multiply  the  side  of  the  square  by  itself  and  that 
product  by  the  side  of  the  square. 
Example, — The  side  being  9  feet. 

^  X9=   81  then. 
81  X 9  =  729  =  the  sohdity  required. 


2l6  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

TO    FIND   THE    SOLIDITY    OF   A    PARALLELOPIPEDON. 

A  parallelopipedon  is  a  solid  having  six  sides.  Every  op- 
posite two  being  equal  and  parallel  to  each  other. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  length  by  the  breadth,  and  the  product 
hy  the  depth,  and  it  will  give  the  solidity  required. 

Example, — Length  82  inches,  breadth  54,  depth  10  inches. 
82  X  54  =   4428,  then 
4428  X  10  =  44280,  the  solidity  required. 

TO    FIND    THE    SOLIDITY    OF    A    PRISM. 

A  prism  is  a  solid,  the  ends  of  which  are  parallel,  equal, 
and  of  the  same  figure.  Specific  names  are  given  to  them, 
-according  to  the  form  of  their  bases  or  ends. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  area  of  the  base  by  the  perpendicular 
height,  and  the  product  will  be  the  solidity  required. 

To  find  the  solidity  of  a  rectangular  prism  whose  base  is 
^o  inches,  and  height  53. 

30  X  53  =  1590?  the  solidity  in  inches. 

TO    FIND    THE    SOLIDITY    OF   A    CYLINDER. 

A  cylinder  is  a  round  prism,  having  circles  for  its  ends, 
and  is  formed  by  the  revolution  of  a  right  line  about  the  cir- 
cumference of  two  equal  circles  parallel  to  each  other. 

Rule, — Multiply  the  area  of  the  base  by  the  perpendicular 
height  of  the  cyhnder,  and  it  will  give  the  solidity. 

TO    FIND    THE    SOLIDITY    OF    A    SPHERE. 

A  sphere  is  a  solid  formed  by  the  revolution  of  a  serai- 
■circle  round  a  fixed  diameter. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  cube  of  the  diameter  by  .5236,  and  the 
product  will  be  the  solidity. 

FOR    THE    AREA    OF    A    SPHERE. 

Multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  by  3.1416. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


217 


FOR    THE    CIRCUMFERENCE. 

Multiply  the  diameter  by  3'. 416. 

The  surface  of  a  spherical  segmefit  or  zone  may  be  found  by 
multiplying  the  diameter  by  the  height,  and  then  by  3'! 41 6. 

The  solidity  of  a  spherical  segment  or  zone  may  be  found 
thus — to  3  times  the  square  of  the  radius  (or  half  of  the  di- 
ameter) add  the  square  of  the  height,  then  multiply  the  sum 
by  the  height  and  the  product  by  .5236. 

BEOULAR  POLYGONS. 


10 

11 


Name. 


Triangle . . . 

Square 

Pentagon.. . 
Hexagon . . . 
Heptagon. . 
Octagon  . . , 
Nonagon  . . 

Decagon 

dndecagon 


rt  i: 

^1 

J3 

3  c 

i5  0 

•53 

"^•O 

1- 

.^ii-S 

11^ 

^  0 

\\ 

"1^ 

■m 

"11 II 

a^ 

./:U3JS 

^  •« 

OS 

V-     > 

=  c  ^ 

rt  G 

c  n 

D    ^ 

■'S  <-)  "^ 

li 

< 

;3| 

Pi 

1.299 

0.433 

3.464 

0.289 

.577 

1.000 

1.000 

2.000 

0.500 

.707 

.908 

1.720 

1.453 

0.688 

.851 

.866 

2.508 

1.555 

0.866 

1.000 

.843 

3.634 

.963 

1.039 

1.152 

.828 

4.828 

.828 

1.207 

1.307 

.819 

6.182 

.728 

1.374 

1.462 

.812 

7.694 

.650 

1.539 

1.618 

807 

9.366 

.587 

-.St) 


1.732 
1.414 
1.176 
1.000 

.868 
.765 
.684 
.618 


AREA    OF    POLYGONS. 

Rule, — Multiply  the  square  of  the  side  by  the  figures  in 
column  2. 

Trigon 3  sides  0.4330 

Pentagon 5  sides  1.720a 

Hexagon 6  sides  2.5981 

Heptagon 7  sides  3.6339 

Octagon 8  sides  4.8284 

Nonagon 9  sides  6.1818 

Decagon 10  sides  7.6942 

Undecagon 11  sides  9.3656 

Dodecagon 12  sides  11.1962 


2l8  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

SURFACES    AND    SOLIDITIES    OF    REGULAR    BODIES. 

Rule. — For  the  "  surface  "  multiply  the  square  of  the  length 
of  one  of  the  edges  by  column  2,  and  for  the  solidity  multiply 
the  cube  of  the  length  by  column  3. 

Surface.  Solidity. 

Tetraedron 4  faces  1.7321  0.1178 

Hexaedron 6     "  6.0000  1.0000 

Octaedron 8     "  3.4641  0.4714 

Dodecaedron 12     "  20. 6458  7. 6631 

Icasaedron 20     "  8.6603  2.1817 

NUMBER    FOR   CALCULATING   AREAS. 

Circum.  of  circle      =  Diam.  X  3.1416,  or  by  3  i-yth. 

Length  of  arc  of  circle  =  Take  span  from  8  times  the  chord 
of  half  the  arc  and  one-third  remainder  =  length  of  arc  re- 
quired. 

Ditto  when  arc  contains  120°  =  Span  X  1.2092. 

Area  of  circle  =  Square  of  diam.  X  .7854. 

Area  of  segment  of  circle  =  To  twice  square  root  of  span 
flus  square  of  rise  add  chord  of  half  arc,  the  result  multiplied 
by  4-15  of  rise  equals  area. 

Area  when  it  contains  120^  =  Square  of  span  X. 20473. 

Area  of  sector  of  circle  =  Radius  X  half  the  length  of  arc. 

Area  of  ellipse  =  Product  of  the  two  diameters  X  .7834. 

Area  egg-shaped  sewer  =  Square  of  transverse  diameter  X 

Solidity  of  a  cone  =  Area  of  base  X  one-third  perpendicular 
height. 

Solidity  of  globe  =  Cube  of  diameter  X  .5236. 

Prismoidal  formula  =  Sum  of  end  areas  plus  4  times  middle 

area  multiplied  by  one-sixth  of  length. 

Note. — The  prismoidal  formula    applies  to  earthworks,  casks,  and 
truncated  cones.  ' 

GUNTER's    CHAIN. 

Generally  adopted  in  land  surveying,  is  22  yards  in  length, 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


219 


or  100  links  of  7.92  inches  long.  The  length  was  fixed  at  22 
yards  because  the  square  whose  side  is  22  contains  exactly 
i-ioth  of  an  acre — or  i  chain  in  width  and  10  in  length  con- 
tains an  acre ;  80  chains  make  i  mile,  and  a  square  mile  is 
the  square  of  80,  or  640  acres. 


TABLE  OF  SPHEBICAL  CONTENTS. 


Diameters 
1 

2 
3 

5 

10 
15 
20 
25 
30 
40 


Surfaces. 
3.141 
12.567 
28.274 
50.265 
78.540 
314.159 
706.9 
1256.6 
1963.5 
2827. 
5026. 


Capacities. 

.523 
4.188 
14.137 
33.51 
65.45 
523.6 
1767.1 
4189. 
8181. 
14137. 
33510. 


SQUABES   AND   CUBES   OF   NUMBERS. 


Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

1 

1 

1 

23 

529 

12167 

2 

4 

8 

24 

576 

13824 

3 

9 

27 

25 

625 

15625 

4 

16 

64 

26 

676 

17576 

5 

25 

125 

27 

729 

19683 

6 

36 

216 

28 

784 

21952 

7 

49 

343 

29 

841 

24389 

8 

64 

512 

30 

900 

27000 

9 

81 

769 

31 

961 

29791 

10 

100 

1000 

32 

1024 

32768 

11 

121 

1331 

33 

1089 

35937 

12 

144 

1728 

34 

1156 

39304 

13 

169 

2197 

35 

1225 

42875 

14 

196 

2744 

36 

1296 

46656 

15 

225 

3375 

37 

1369 

50653 

16 

256 

4096 

38 

1444 

54872 

17 

289 

4913 

39 

1521 

59319 

18 

324 

5832 

40 

1600 

64000 

19 

361 

6859 

41 

1681 

68921 

20 

400 

8000 

42 

1764 

74088 

21 

441 

9261 

43 

1849 

79507 

22 

484 

10648 

44 

1936 

85184 

THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

SQtjA.ilES   AND   CUBES   OF   NUMBERS    {ConiuiUed). 


Number. 

Square. 

2025 

Cube. 

Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

45 

91125 

90 

8100 

729000 

46 

2116 

97336 

91 

8281 

753571 

47 

2209 

103823 

92 

8464 

778688 

48 

2304 

110592 

93 

8649 

804357 

49 

2401 

117649 

94 

8836 

830584 

50 

2500 

125000 

95 

9025 

857375 

51 

2601 

132651 

96 

9216 

884736 

52 

2704 

140608 

97 

9409 

91267a 

53 

2809 

148877 

98 

9604 

941192 

54 

2916 

157464 

99 

9801 

970299 

55 

3025 

166375 

100 

10000 

1000000 

56 

3136 

175616 

101 

10201 

1030301 

57 

3249 

185193 

102 

10404 

1061208 

58 

3364 

195112 

103 

10609 

1092727 

59 

3481 

205379 

104 

10816 

1124864 

60 

3600 

216000 

105 

11025 

1157625 

61 

3721 

226981 

106 

11236 

1191016 

62 

3844 

238328 

107 

11449 

1225043 

63 

3969 

250047 

108 

11664 

1259712 

64 

4096 

262144 

109 

11881 

1295029 

65 

4225 

274625 

110 

12100 

1331000 

66 

4356 

287490 

111 

12321 

1367631 

67 

4489 

300763 

112 

12544 

1404928 

68 

4624 

314432 

113 

12769 

1442897 

69 

4761 

328509 

114 

12996 

1481544 

70 

4900 

343000 

115 

13225 

1520875 

71 

5041 

357911 

116 

13456 

1560896 

72 

5184 

373248 

117 

13689 

1601613 

73 

5329 

389017 

118 

13924 

1643032 

74 

5476 

405224 

119 

14161 

1685159 

75 

5625 

421875 

120 

14400 

1728000 

76 

5776 

438976 

121 

14641 

1771561 

77 

5929 

456533 

122 

14884 

1815848 

78 

6084 

474552 

123 

15129 

1860867 

79 

6241 

493039 

124 

15376 

1906624 

80 

6400 

512000 

125 

15625 

1953125 

81 

6561 

531441 

126 

15876 

2000376 

»  82 

6724 

551368 

127 

16129 

2048383 

83 

6389 

571787 

128 

16384 

2097152 

84 

7056 

592704 

129 

16641 

2146689 

85 

7225 

614125 

130 

16900 

2197000 

86 

7396 

636056 

131 

17161 

'   2248091 

87 

7569 

658503 

132 

17424 

2299968 

88 

7744 

681472 

133 

17689 

2352637 

89 

7921 

704969 

134 

17956 

2406104 

AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 
SQUARES  AND  CUBES  OF  NUMBERS  {Continued). 


221 


Numbtr. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Number. 

180 

Square. 

Cube. 

135 

18225 

2460375 

32400 

5832000 

136 

18496 

2515456 

181 

32761 

5929741 

137 

18769 

2571353 

182 

33124 

6028568 

138 

19044 

2628072 

183 

33489 

6128487 

139 

19321 

2685619 

184 

33856 

6229504 

140 

19600 

2744000 

185 

34225 

6331625 

141 

19881 

2803221 

186 

34596 

6434856 

142 

20164 

2863288 

187 

34969 

6539203 

143 

20449 

2924207 

188 

35344 

6644672 

144 

20736 

2985984 

189 

35721 

6751269 

145 

21025 

3048625 

190 

36100 

6859000. 

14G 

21316 

3112136 

191 

36481 

6967871 

147 

21609 

3176523 

192 

36864 

7077888  •. 

148 

21904 

3241792  i 

193 

37249 

7189057 

149 

22201 

3307949 

194 

37636 

7301384 

150 

22500 

3375000 

195 

38025 

7414875 

151 

22801 

3442951 

196 

38416 

7529536 

152 

23104 

3511808 

197 

38809 

7645373 

153 

23409 

3581577 

198 

39204 

7762392 

154 

23716 

3652264 

199 

39601 

7880599 

155 

24025 

3723875 

200 

40000 

8000000 

156 

24336 

3796416 

201 

40401 

8120601 

157 

24649 

3869893 

202 

40804 

8242408 

158 

24964 

3944312 

203 

41209 

8365427 

159 

25281 

4019679 

204 

41616 

8489664 

160 

25600 

4096000 

205 

42025 

8615125 

161 

25921 

4173281 

206 

42436 

8741816 

162 

26244 

4251528 

207 

42849 

8869743 

163 

26569 

4330747 

208 

43264 

8998912 

164 

26896 

4410944 

209 

43681 

9129329 

165 

26225 

4492125 

210 

44100 

9261000 

166 

27556 

4574296 

211 

44521 

9393931 

167 

27889 

4657463 

212 

44944 

9528128 

168 

28224 

4741632 

213 

45369 

9663597 

169 

28561 

4826809 

214 

45796 

9800344 

170 

28900 

4913000 

215 

46225 

9938375 

171 

29241 

5000211 

216 

46656 

10077696 

172 

29584 

5088448 

217 

47089 

10218313 

173 

29929 

5177717 

218 

47524 

10360232 

174 

30276 

5268024 

219 

47961 

10503459 

175 

30625 

5359375 

220 

48400 

10648000 

176 

30976 

5451776 

221 

48841 

10793861 

177 

31^29 

5545233 

222 

49284 

10941048 

178 

31684 

5639752 

223 

49729 

11089567 

179 

32041 

5735339 

224 

50176 

11239424 

222  THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 

SQUARES  AND  CUBES  OF  NUMBERS  {Continued). 


Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 
11390625 

Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

225 

50625 

270 

72900 

19683000 

226 

51076 

11543176 

271 

73441 

19902511 

227 

51529 

11697083 

272 

73984 

20123648 

228 

51984 

11852352 

273 

74529 

20346417 

229 

52441 

12008989 

274 

75076 

20570824 

230 

52900 

12167000 

275 

75625 

20796875 

231 

53361 

12326391 

276 

76176 

21024576 

232 

53824 

12487168 

277 

76729 

21253933 

233 

54289 

12649337 

278 

77284 

21484952 

234 

54756 

12812904 

279 

77841 

21717639 

235 

55225 

12977875 

280 

78400 

21952000 

236 

55696 

13144256 

281 

78961 

22188041 

237 

56169 

13312053 

282 

79524 

22425768 

238 

56644 

13481272 

283 

80089 

22665187 

239 

57121 

13651919 

284 

80656 

22906304 

240 

57600 

13824000 

285 

81225 

23149125 

241 

58081 

13994521 

286 

81796 

23393656 

242 

58564 

14172488 

287 

82369 

23639903 

243 

59049 

14348907 

288 

82944 

23887872 

244 

59536 

14526784 

289 

83521 

24137569 

245 

60025 

14706125 

290 

84100 

24389000 

246 

60516 

14886936 

291 

84681 

24642171 

247 

61009 

15069223 

292 

85264 

24897088 

248 

61504 

15252992 

293 

85849 

25153757 

249 

62001 

15438249 

294 

86436 

25412184 

250 

62500 

15625000 

295 

87025 

25672375 

251 

63001 

15813251 

296 

87616 

25934336 

252 

63504 

16003008 

297 

88209 

26198073 

253 

64009 

16194277 

298 

88804 

26463592 

254 

64516 

16387064 

299 

89401 

26730899 

255 

65025 

16581375 

300 

90000 

27000000 

256 

65536 

16777216 

301 

90601 

27270901 

257 

66049 

16974593 

302 

91204 

27543608 

258 

66564 

17173512 

303 

91809 

27818127 

259 

67081 

17373979 

304 

92416 

28094464 

260 

67600 

17576000 

305 

93025 

28372625 

261 

68121 

17779581 

306 

93636 

28652616 

262 

68644 

17984728 

307 

94249 

28934443 

263 

69169 

18191447 

308 

94864 

29218112 

264 

G9696 

18399744 

309 

95481 

29503629 

265 

70225 

18609625 

310 

96100 

29791000 

266 

70756 

18821096 

311 

96721 

30080231 

267 

71289 

19034163 

312 

97344 

30371328 

268 

71824 

19248832 

313 

97969 

30664297 

269 

72361 

19465109 

314 

98596 

30959144 

AND    ESTIMATOR'S    PRICE    BOOK. 
SQUARES  AND  CUBES  OF  NUMBERS  (Continued). 


223 


Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

315 

99225 

31255875 

360 

129600 

46656000 

316 

99856 

31554496 

361 

130321 

47045881 

317 

100489 

31855013 

362 

131044 

47437928 

318 

101124 

32157432 

363 

131769 

47832147 

319 

101761 

32461759 

364 

132496 

48228544 

320 

102400 

32768000 

365 

133225 

18627125 

321 

103041 

33076161 

366 

133956 

49027896 

322 

103684 

33386248 

367 

134689 

49430863 

323 

104329 

33698267 

368 

135424 

49836032 

324 

104976 

34012224 

369 

136161 

50243409 

325 

105625 

34328125 

370 

136900 

50653000 

326 

106276 

34645976 

371 

137641 

51064811 

327 

106929 

34965783 

372 

138384 

51478848 

328 

107584 

35287552 

373 

139129 

51895117 

329 

108241 

35611289 

374 

139876 

52313624 

330 

108900 

35937000 

375 

140625 

52734375 

331 

109561 

36264691 

376 

141376 

53157376 

332 

110224 

36594368 

377 

142129 

53582633 

333 

110889 

36926037 

378 

142884 

54010152 

334 

111556 

37259704 

379 

143641 

54439939 

335 

112225 

37595375 

380 

144400 

54872000 

336 

112896 

37933056 

381 

145161 

55306341 

337 

113569 

38272753 

382 

145924 

55742968 

338 

114244 

38614472 

383 

146689 

56181887 

339 

114921 

38958219 

384 

147456 

56623104 

340 

115600 

39304000 

385 

148225 

57066625 

341 

116281 

39651821 

386 

148996 

57512456 

342 

116964 

40001688 

387 

149769 

57960603 

343 

117649 

40353607 

388 

150544 

58411072 

344 

118336 

40707584 

389 

151321 

58863869 

345 

119025 

41063625 

390 

152100 

59319000 

346 

119716 

41421736 

391 

152881 

59776471 

347 

12U409 

41781923 

392 

153664 

60236288 

348 

121104 

42144192 

393 

154449 

60698457 

349 

121801 

42508549 

394 

155236 

61162984 

350 

122500 

42875000 

395 

156025 

61629875 

351 

123201 

43243551 

396 

156816 

62099136 

352 

123904 

43614208 

397 

157609 

62570773 

353 

124609 

43986977 

398 

158404 

63044792 

354 

125316 

44361864 

399 

159201 

63521199 

355 

126025 

44738875 

400 

160000 

64000000 

356 

126736 

45118016 

401 

160801 

64481201 

357 

127449 

45499293 

402 

161604 

64964808 

358 

128164 

45882712 

403 

162409 

65450827 

359 

128881 

46268279 

404 

163216 

65939264 

224  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

SQUARES  AND  CUBES  OF  NUMBERS  {Continued). 


Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Number, 

Square. 

202500 

Cube. 

405 

164025 

66430125 

450 

91125000 

406 

164836 

66923416 

451 

203401 

91733851 

407 

165649 

67419143 

452 

204304 

92345408 

408 

166464 

67917312 

453 

205209 

92959677 

409 

167281 

68417929 

454 

206116 

93576664 

410 

168100 

68921000 

455 

207025 

94196375 

411 

168921 

69426531 

456 

207936 

94818816 

412 

169744 

69934528 

1   457 

208849 

95443993 

413 

170569 

70444997 

1   458 

209764 

96071912 

414 

171396 

70951944 

459 

210681 

96702579 

415 

172225 

71473375 

460 

211600 

97336000 

416 

173056 

71991296 

461 

212521 

97972181 

417 

173889 

72511713 

462 

213444 

98611128. 

418 

174724 

73034632 

463 

214369 

99252847 

419 

175561 

73560059 

464 

215296 

99897344 

420 

176400 

74088000 

465 

216225 

100544625 

421 

177241 

74618461 

466 

217156 

101194696 

422 

178084 

75151448 

467 

218089 

101847563 

423 

178929 

75686967 

468 

219024 

102503232 

424 

179776 

76225024 

469 

219961 

103161709 

425 

180625 

76765625 

470 

220900 

103823000 

426 

181476 

77308776 

471 

221841 

104487111 

427 

182329 

77854483 

472 

222784 

105154048 

428 

183184 

78402752 

473 

223729 

105823817 

429 

184041 

78953589 

474 

224676 

106496424 

430 

184900 

79507000 

475 

225625 

107171875 

431 

185761 

80062991 

476 

226576 

107850176 

432 

186624 

80621568 

477 

227529 

108531333 

433 

187489 

81182737 

478 

228484 

109215352 

434 

188356 

81746504 

479 

229441 

109902239 

435 

189225 

82312875 

480 

230400 

110592000 

436 

190096 

82881856 

481 

231361 

111284641 

437 

190969 

83453453 

482 

232324 

111980168 

438 

191844 

84027672 

483 

233289 

112678587 

439 

192721 

84604519 

484 

234256 

113379904 

440 

193600 

85184000 

485 

235225 

114084125 

441 

194481 

85766121 

486 

236196 

114791256 

442 

195364 

86350888 

487 

237169 

115501303 

443 

196249 

86938307 

488 

238144 

116214272 

444 

197136 

87528384 

489 

239121 

116930169 

445 

198025 

88121125 

490 

240100 

117649000 

446 

198916 

88716536 

491 

241081 

118370771 

447 

199809 

89314623 

492 

242064 

119095488 

448 

200704 

89915392 

493 

243049 

119823157 

449 

201601 

90518849 

494 

244036 

120553784 

AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 

SQT'ARES   AND   CUBES   OF   NUMBERS    {C07ltinued). 


225 


Numbvr. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

495 

245025 

121287375 

540 

291600 

157464000 

496 

246016 

122023936 

541 

292681 

158340421 

497 

247009 

122763473 

542 

293764 

159220088 

498 

248004 

123505992 

543 

294849 

160103007 

499 

249001 

124251499 

544 

295936 

160989184 

500 

250000 

125000000 

545 

297025 

161878625 

501 

251001 

125751501 

540 

298116 

162771336 

502 

252004 

126506008 

547 

299209 

163667323 

503 

253009 

127263527 

548 

300304 

164566592 

•504 

254016 

128024064 

549 

301401 

165469149 

^05 

255025 

128787625 

550 

302500 

166375000 

506 

256038 

129554216 

551 

303601 

167284151 

507 

257049 

130323843 

552 

304704 

168196608 

508 

258064 

131096512 

553 

305809 

169112377 

•509 

259081 

131872229 

554 

306916 

170031464 

510 

260100 

132651000 

555 

308025 

170953875 

511 

261121 

133432831 

556 

309136 

171879616 

512 

262144 

134217728 

557 

310249 

172808693 

513 

263169 

135005697 

558 

311364 

173741112 

514 

264196 

135796744 

559 

312481 

174676879 

515 

265225 

136590875 

560 

313600 

175616000 

516 

266256 

137388096 

561 

314721 

176558481 

517 

267289 

138188413 

562 

315844 

177504328 

518 

268324 

138991832 

563 

316969 

178453547 

519 

269361 

139798359 

564 

318096 

179406144 

520 

270400 

140608000 

565 

319225 

180362125 

521 

271441 

141420761 

566 

320356 

181321496 

522 

272484 

142236648 

567 

321489 

182284263 

523 

273529 

143055667 

568 

322624 

183250432 

524 

274576 

U3877824 

569 

323761 

184220009 

525 

275625 

144703125 

570 

324900 

185193000 

526 

276676 

145531576 

571 

326041 

186169411 

527 

277729 

146363183 

572 

327184 

187149248 

•528 

278784 

147197952 

573 

328329 

188132517 

529 

279841 

148035889 

574 

329476 

189119224 

530 

280900 

148877000 

575 

330625 

190109375 

531 

281961 

140721291 

576 

331776 

191102976 

532 

283024 

1505687(58 

577 

332929 

192100033 

533 

284089 

151419437 

578 

334084 

193100552 

534 

285156 

152273304 

579 

335241 

194104539 

535 

286225 

153130375 

580 

336400 

195112000 

536 

287296 

153990656 

581 

337561 

196122941 

537 

288369 

154854153 

582 

338724 

197137368 

538 

289444 

155720872 

583 

339889 

198155287 

539 

290521 

156590819 

584 

341056 

199176704 

226  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

SQUARES  AND  CUBES  OF  NUMBERS  {Continued). 


Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

585 

342225 

200201625 

630 

396900 

250047000 

586 

343396 

201230056 

631 

398161 

251239591 

587 

344569 

202262003 

632 

399424 

252435968 

588 

345744 

203297472 

633 

400689 

253636137 

589 

346921 

204336469 

634 

401956 

254840104 

590 

348100 

205379000 

635 

403225 

256047875 

591 

349281 

206425071 

636 

404490 

257259456 

592 

350464 

207474688 

637 

405769 

258474853 

593 

351649 

208527857 

638 

407044 

259694072 

594 

352836 

209584584 

G39 

408321 

260917119 

595 

354025 

210644875 

640 

409600 

262144000 

596 

355216 

211708736 

641 

410881 

263374721 

597 

356409 

212776173 

642 

412164 

264609288 

598 

357604 

213847192 

643 

413449 

265847707 

599 

358801 

214921799 

644 

414736 

267089984 

600 

360000 

216000000 

645 

416025 

268336125 

601 

361201 

217081801 

646 

417316 

269586136 

602 

362404 

218167208 

647 

418609 

270840023 

603 

363609 

219256227 

648 

419904 

272097792 

604 

364816 

220348864 

649 

421201 

273359449 

605 

366025 

221445125 

650 

422500 

274625000 

606 

367236 

222545016 

651 

423801 

275894451 

607 

368449 

223648543 

652 

425104 

277167808 

608 

369664 

224755712 

653 

426409 

278445077 

609 

370881 

225866529 

654 

427716 

279726264 

610 

372100 

226981000 

655 

429025 

281011375 

611 

373321 

228099131 

656 

430336 

2823004ie 

612 

374544 

229220928 

657 

431649 

283593393 

613 

375769 

230346397 

658 

432964 

284890312 

614 

376996 

231475544 

659 

434281 

286191179 

615 

378225 

232608375 

660 

435600 

287496000. 

616 

379456 

233744896 

661 

436921 

288804781 

617 

380689 

234885113 

662 

438244 

290117528 

618 

381924 

236029032 

663 

439569 

291434247 

619 

383161 

237176659 

664 

440896 

292754944 

620 

384400 

238328000 

665 

442225 

294079625 

621 

385641 

239483061 

me 

443556 

29540829^ 

622 

386884 

240641848 

667 

444889 

29674096a 

623 

388129 

241804367 

668 

446224 

293077632 

624 

389376 

242970624 

669 

447561 

29941830^ 

625 

390625 

244140625 

670 

448900 

300763000 

626 

391876 

245314376 

671 

450241 

302111711 

627 

393129 

246491883 

672 

451584 

303464448 

628 

394384 

247673152 

673 

452929 

304821217 

629 

395641 

248858189 

674 

454276 

306182024 

AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 
SQUARES  AND  CUBES  OF  NUMBERS  {Continued). 


227 


Number. 

Square. 

455625 

Cube. 

Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

675 

307546875 

720 

518400 

373248000 

676 

456976 

308915776 

721 

519841 

374805361 

677 

458329 

310288733 

722 

521284 

376367048 

678 

459684 

311665752 

723 

522729 

377933067 

679 

461041 

313046839 

724 

524176 

379503424 

680 

462400 

314432000 

725 

525625 

381078125 

681 

463761 

315821241 

726 

527076 

382657176 

682 

465124 

317214568 

727 

528529 

384240583 

683 

466489 

318611987 

728 

529984 

385828352 

684 

467856 

320013504 

729 

531441 

387420489 

685 

469225 

321419125 

730 

532900 

389017000 

686 

470596 

322828856 

731 

534361 

390617891 

687 

471969 

324242703 

732 

535824 

392223168 

688 

473344 

325660672 

733 

537289 

393832837 

689 

474721 

327082769 

734 

538756 

395446904 

690 

476100 

328509000 

735 

540225 

397065375 

691 

477481 

329939371 

736 

541696 

398688256 

692 

478864 

331373888 

737 

543169 

400315553 

693 

480249 

332812557 

738 

544644 

401947272 

694 

481636 

334255384 

739 

546121 

403583419 

695 

483025 

335702375 

740 

547600 

405224000 

696 

484416 

337153536 

741 

549081 

406869021 

697 

485809 

338608873 

742 

550564 

408518488 

698 

487204 

340068392 

743 

552049 

410172407 

699 

488601 

341532099 

744 

553536 

411830784 

700 

490000 

343000000 

745 

555025 

413493625 

701 

491401 

314472101 

746 

556516 

415160936 

702 

492804 

345948408 

747 

558009 

416832723 

703 

494209 

347428927 

748 

559504 

418508992 

704 

495616 

348913664 

749 

561001 

420189749 

705 

497025 

350402625 

750 

562500 

421875000 

706 

498436 

351895816 

751 

564001 

423564751 

707 

499849 

353393243 

752 

565504 

425259008 

708 

501264  • 

354894912 

753 

567009 

426957777 

709 

502681 

356400829 

754 

568516 

428661064 

710 

504100 

357911000 

755 

570025 

430368875 

711 

505521 

359425431 

756 

571536 

432081216 

712 

506944 

360944128 

757 

573049 

433798093 

713 

508369 

362467097 

758 

574564 

435519512 

714 

509796 

363994344 

759 

576081 

437245479 

715 

511225 

365525875 

760 

577600 

438976000 

716 

512656 

367061696 

761 

579121 

440711081 

717 

514089 

368601813 

762 

580644 

442450728 

718 

515524 

370146232 

763 

582169 

444194947 

719 

516961 

371694059 

764 

583C06 

445913744 

328  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

SQUARES  AND  CUBES  OF  NUMBERS  {Continued). 


Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

765 

585225 

447697125 

810 

656100 

531441000 

766 

586756 

449455096 

811 

657721 

533411731 

767 

588289 

451217663 

812 

659344 

535387328 

768 

589824 

452984832 

813 

660969 

537367797 

769 

591361 

454756609 

814 

662596 

539353144 

770 

592900 

456533000 

815 

664225 

541343375 

771 

594441 

458314011 

816 

665856 

543338496 

772 

595984 

460099648 

817 

667489 

545338513 

773 

597529 

461889917 

818 

669124 

547343432 

774 

599076 

463684824 

819 

670761 

549353259 

775 

6U0625 

465484375 

820 

672400 

551368000 

776 

602176 

467288576 

821 

674041 

553387661 

111 

603729 

469097433 

822 

675684 

555412248 

lis 

605284 

470910952 

823 

677329 

557441767 

779 

606841 

472729139 

824 

678976 

559476224 

780 

608400 

474552000 

825 

680625 

561515625 

781 

609961 

476379541 

826 

682276 

563559976 

782 

611524 

478211768 

827 

683929 

565609283 

783 

613089 

480048687 

828 

685584 

567663552 

784 

614656 

481890304 

829 

687241 

569722789 

785 

616225 

483736625 

830 

688900 

571787000 

786 

617796 

485587656 

831 

690561 

573856191 

787 

619369 

487443403 

832 

692224 

575930368 

788 

620944 

489303872 

833 

693889 

578009537 

789 

622521 

491169069 

834 

695556 

580093704 

790 

624100 

493039000 

835 

697225 

582182875 

791 

625681 

494913671 

836 

698896 

584277056 

792 

627264 

496793088 

837 

700569 

586376253 

793 

628849 

498677257 

838 

702244 

588480472 

794 

630436 

500566184 

839 

703921 

590589719 

795 

632025 

502459875 

840 

705600 

592704000 

796 

633616 

504358336 

841 

707281 

594823321 

797 

635209 

506261573 

842 

708964 

596947688 

798 

636804 

508169592 

843 

716649 

599077107 

799 

638401 

510082399 

844 

712336 

601211584 

800 

640000 

512000000 

845 

714025 

603351125 

801 

641601 

513922401 

846 

715716 

605495736 

802 

643204 

515849608 

847 

717409 

607645423 

803 

644809 

517781627 

848 

719104 

609800192 

804 

646416 

519718464 

849 

720801 

611960049 

805 

648025 

521660125 

850 

722500 

614125000 

806 

649636 

523606616 

851 

724201 

616295051 

807 

651249 

525557943 

852 

725904 

618470208 

808 

052864 

527514112 

853 

727609 

620650477 

809 

654481 

529475129 

854 

729316 

62283e5864 

AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 
SQUARES   AND   CUBES   OF   NUMBERS    (Coulinned). 


229 


Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

855 

731025 

625026375 

900 

810000 

729000000 

856 

732736 

627222016 

901 

811801 

731432701 

857 

734449 

629422793 

902 

813604 

733870808 

858 

736164 

631628712 

903 

815409 

736314327 

859 

737881 

633839779 

904 

817216 

738763264 

860 

739600 

636056000 

905 

819025 

741217625 

861 

741321 

638277381 

906 

820836 

743677416 

862 

743044 

640503928 

907 

822649 

746142643 

863 

744769 

642735647 

908 

824464 

748613312 

864 

746496 

644972544 

909 

826281 

751089429 

865 

748225 

647214625 

910 

828100 

753571000 

866 

749956 

649461896 

911 

829921 

756058031 

867 

751689 

651714363 

912 

831744 

758550528 

868 

753424 

653972032 

913 

833569 

761048497 

869 

755161 

656234909 

914 

835396 

763551944 

870 

756900 

658503000 

915 

837225 

766060875 

871 

758641 

660776311 

916 

839056 

768575296 

872 

760384 

663054848 

917 

840889 

771995213 

873 

762129 

665338617 

918 

842724 

773620632 

874 

763876 

667627624 

919 

844561 

776151559 

875 

765625 

669921875 

920 

846400 

778688000 

876 

767376 

672221376 

921 

848241 

781229961 

877 

769129 

674526133 

922 

850084 

783777448 

878 

770884 

676836152 

923 

851929 

786330467 

879 

772641 

679151439 

924 

853776 

788889024 

880 

774400 

681472000 

925 

855625 

791453125 

881 

770161 

683797841 

926 

857476 

794022776 

^82 

777924 

686128968 

927 

859329 

796597983 

883 

779689 

688465387 

928 

861184 

799178752 

884 

781456 

690807104 

929 

863041 

801765089 

885 

783225 

693154125 

930 

864900 

804357000 

■886 

784996 

695506456 

931 

866761 

806954491 

887 

786769 

697864103 

932 

868624 

809557568 

888 

788544 

700227072 

933 

870489 

812166237 

889 

790321 

702595369 

934 

872356 

814780504 

890 

792100 

704969000 

935 

874225 

817400375 

891 

793881 

707347971 

936 

876096 

820025856 

892 

795664 

709732288 

937 

877969 

822656953 

893 

797449 

712121957 

938 

879844 

825293672 

894 

799236 

714516984 

939 

881721 

827936019 

895 

801025 

716917375 

940 

883600 

830584000 

896 

802816 

719323136 

941 

885481 

833237621 

897 

804609 

721734273 

942 

887364 

835896888 

898 

806404 

724150792 

943 

889249 

838561807 

899 

808201 

726572699 

944 

891136 

841232384 

230 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


SQUABES  AND   CUBES   OF  NUMBERS   {Contifmed). 


Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Number. 

Square. 

Cube. 

945 

893025 

843908625 

973 

946729 

921167317 

946 

894916 

846590536 

974 

948676 

924010424 

947 

896809 

849278123 

975 

950625 

926859375 

948 

898704 

851971392 

976 

952576 

929714176 

949 

900601 

854670349 

977 

954529 

932574833 

950 

902500 

857375000 

978 

956484 

935441352 

951 

904401 

860085351 

979 

958441 

938313739 

952 

906304 

862801408 

980 

960400 

941192000 

953 

908209 

865523177 

981 

962361 

944076141 

954 

910116 

868250664 

982 

964324 

946966168 

955 

912025 

870983875 

983 

966289 

949862087 

956 

913936 

873722816 

984 

968256 

952763904 

957 

915849 

876467493 

985 

970225 

955671625 

958 

917764 

879217912 

986 

972196 

958585256 

959 

919681 

881974079 

987 

974169 

961504803 

960 

921600 

884736000 

988 

976144 

964430272 

961 

923521 

887503681 

989 

978121 

967361669 

962 

925444 

890277128 

990 

980100 

970299000 

963 

927369 

893056347 

991 

982081 

973242271 

964 

929296 

895841344 

992 

984064 

976191488 

965 

931225 

898632125 

993 

986049 

979146657 

966 

933156 

901428696 

994 

988036 

982107784 

967 

935089 

904231063 

995 

990025 

985074875 

968 

937024 

907039232 

996 

992016 

988047936 

969 

938961 

909853209 

997 

994009 

991026973 

970 

940900 

912673000 

998 

996004 

994011992 

971 

942841 

915498611 

999 

998001 

997002999 

972 

944784 

918330048 

1000 

1000000 

1000000000 

AND    estimator's    PRICE    ROOK. 


231 


DIAMETEBS,    CIRCUMFEBENCES   AND   AREAS   OF  CIRCLES. 

Example. — Required  the  circumference  of  a  circle,  hoop,  or  ring,, 
the  diameter  being  3  ft.  4  in.  In  the  column  of  circumferences, 
opposite  the  indicated  diameter,  stands  10  ft.  5|  in.,  the  circumfer- 
ence required. 


Circum. 
in  inch. 


.196 
.392 
.589 
.785 
.981 
178 
374 
570 
767 
963 
159 
350 
552 
748 
945 

if 

3^ 

M 
4 

5 


Area  in 
sq.  inch. 


.0030 
.0122 
.0276 
.0490 
.0767 
.1104 
.1503 
.1963 
.2485 
.3068 
.3712 
.4417 
.5185 
.6013 
.6903 
.7854 
.9940 
1.227 


484 

767 

074 

405 

761 

141 

546 

976 

430 

4.908 

5.412 

5.939 

6.491 

7.068 

7.669 

8.295 

8.946 

9.621 

10.320 

11.044 

11 . 793 


Side  of 
=  sq. 


.0554 
.1107 
.1661 
.2115 


.3223 
.3771 
.4331 

.4995 
.5438 
.6093 
.6646 
.7200 
.7754 
.8308 

i 

I  &  3-32 

lin. 


Dia.  in 
inch. 


4  in. 

'4 

4| 
4|- 

5  in. 
5i 
5i 
5| 
5i 

5| 

n^ 

5^ 

6  in. 

H 

^ 

6| 
6| 

7  in. 

74 

n 


Cir.  in 
ft.  in. 


Area  in 
sq.   inch. 


12.566 
13.364 
14.186 
15.033 
15.904 
16.800 
17.720 
18.665 
19.635 
20.629 
21.647 
22.690 
23 . 758 
21.850 
25.967 
27.108 
28.274 
29.464 
30.679 
31.911) 
33  183 
34.471 
35 . 781 
37. 122 
38.484 
39.871 
41.282 
42.718 
44. 178 
45.663 
47.173 
48 . 707 
50- 265 
51.848 
53.456 
55.088 
56.745 
58.426 
60.132 


Area  ir 
sq.  ft. 


^32 


THE    BUILDER'S    GUIDL, 


DIAMETERS,    CIRCUMFERENCES,  ETC.,    (Oontinued). 


Dia.  ill. 

Cir 

.    ia 

Area  in 

Area  in 

Dia 

.  in 

Cir 

.    in 

Area  in 

Area  in 

ft.  in. 

ft. 

in. 

sq.    inch. 

sq.  ft. 

ft. 

in. 

^ 

ft. 

in. 

sq.  inch. 

sq.  ft. 

81 

2 

3| 

61.862 

.4330 

3 

H 

162.295 

1.1360 

9' 

2 

^ 

63.617 

.4453 

2 

3 

n 

165.130 

1.1569 

n 

2 

4| 

65.396 

4577 

2| 

3 

9| 

167.989 

1.1749 

9] 

2 

5 

67.200 

.4704 

24 

2| 

3  10| 

170.873 

1  1961 

9| 

2 

5f 

69.029 

.4832 

3 

10 

173.782 

1  2164 

9J 

2 

5| 

70.882 

.4961 

3 

3 

Hi 

176.715 

1.2370 

91 

2 

H 

72.759 

.5093 

H 

3 

111 

Hi 

179.672 

1  2577 

P 

2 

4 

74.662 

.5226 

3i 
3- 

3 

182.654 

1  2785 

2 

7 

76.588 

.5361 

4 

185.661 

1  2996 

10 

2 

7^ 

78.540 

.5497 

3 

4 

188.692 

1.3208 

lOJ 

2 

n 

80.515 

.5636 

31 

4 

1 

191.748 

1  3422 

101 

2 

H 

82.516 

.5776 

3| 

4 

If 

194.828 

1  3637 

10| 

2 

Sh 

84.540 

.5917 

H 

4 

l| 

197.933 

1.3855 

10.^ 

2 

8j 

86.590 

.6061 

4 

4 

24 

^ 

201.062 

1.4074 

10| 

2 

9I 

88.664 

.6206 

H 

4 

204.216 

1.4295 

103 

2 

9| 
10^ 

90.762 

.6353 

^ 

4 

3 

207.394 

1.4517 

io| 

2 

92.855 

.6499 

^ 

4 

3| 

210.597 

1.4741 

11 

2 

IO2 

io„- 

95.033 

.6652 

4A 

4 

3J 

213.825 

1.4967 

11^ 

2 

97.205 

.6874 

4 

4J- 

217.077 

1.5195 

111 

2 

II4 

99.402 

.6958 

4f 

4 

4i 

220  303 

1.5424 

111 

2 

llf 

101.623 

.7143 

4 

5 

223.654 

1.5655 

llA 

3 

103.869 

.7290 

5 

4 

5f 

226.980 

1.5888 

111 

3 

Oi 

106.139 

.7429 

5i 

4 

5| 

230.330 

1.6123 

llf 

3 

0^ 

108.434 

.7590 

5? 

4 

H 

233.705 

1.6359 

Hi 

3 

1} 

110.753 

.7752 

5^ 

4 

^ 

237.104 

1.6597 

1 

3 

ll 

113.097 

.7916 

^2 

4 

^ 

240.528 

1.6836 

1     i 

3 

2 

115.466 

.8082 

55 

4 

^ 

243.977 

1.7078 

1     1 

3 

2^ 

2| 

117.859 

.8250 

51 

51 

4 

7f 

247.450 

1.7321 

3 

120.276 

8419 

4 

8i 

250.947 

1.7566 

1      1 

3 

3- 

^ 

122.718 

.8590 

6 

4 

8i 

8i 

254.469 

1.7812 

1      1 

3 

125  185 

.8762 

H 

4 

258.016 

1.8061 

1     ^ 

3 

4' 

127.676 

.8937 

6J 

4 

9} 
9| 

261.587 

1.8311 

■*•           8 

3 

4% 

130  192 

.9113 

H 

4 

265  182 

1.8562 

3 

4f 

132.732 

.9291 

6a 

4 

m 

268.803 

1.8816 

3 

5: 

135.297 

.9470 

4 

10^ 

272.447 

1.9071 

3 

^ 

137.886 

.9642 

61 

4  lOj 

276.117 

1.9328 

1       1 

3 

6' 

140.500 

.9835 

4 

111^ 

279.811 

1.9586 

1    1 

3 

6-3 

143.139 

1  0019 

7 

4  111 

283.5291     1.9847 

3 

6| 

145.802 

1.0206 

7^ 

5 

0 

287.272 

1.9941 

1       If 

3 

148.489 

1.0294 

7i 

5 

^ 

291.039 

2.0371 

1        1| 

3 

7i 

151.201 

1.0584 

7| 

5 

01 

294.831 

2.0637 

1     2 

3 

7| 

153.938 

1.0775 

n 

5 

i| 

298  648 

2.0904 

1     2i 

3 

156.699 

1.0968 

71 

5 

302.489 

2.1172 

l_ii 

3 

sf 

159.485 

1.1193 

71 

5 

2 

306.355 

2.1443 

AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 
DIAMETERS,  ciKcuMFEBENCES,  ETC.,   [Continued). 


^3S' 


Dia.  ill 

Cii 

•  .'" 

Area  in 

Area  in 

Dia.  iu 

Cir.  in 

Area  in 

Area  in 

ft.  in. 

ft. 

in. 

sq.  inch. 

sq.  ft. 

ft 

in. 

ft 

in. 

sq.  inch. 

sq.  ft. 

1  n 

5 

2| 

310.245 

2.1716 

2 

2? 

7 

0 

562.002 

3.9642 

1  8 

5 

2I 

314.  IGO 

2.1990 

2 

3 

7 

Of 

572.556 

3.9761 

1  8J 

5 

3} 

318.099 

2.2265 

2 

^ 

7 

583.208 

4.0500 

1  8} 

5 

3| 

322. 0G3 

2.2543 

2 

4 

7 

2| 

593.958 

4.1241 

1  8| 

5 

4 

326.051 

2.2922 

2 

H 

7 

34 

604.807 

4.2000 

1  8^ 

5 

4| 

330.064 

2.3103 

2 

4 

7 

h 

615.753 

4.2760 

1  8§ 

5 

44 

5i 

334.101 

2.3386  1 

2 

4] 

7 

4 

626.798 

4.3521 

1  8| 

]  8i 

5 

338.163 

2.3670 

1  2 

4 

7 

4 

637.941 

4.4302 

5 

5^ 
5^ 

342.250 

2.3956 

!  2 

4f 

7 

649.182 

4.5083 

1  9 

5 

346.361 

2.4244 

2 

5 

7 

7 

660.521 

4.5861 

1  9J 

5 

6| 

350.497 

2.4533 

2 

^4 

7 

n 

671.958 

4.6665 

1  9i 

5 

7i 

354.657 

2.4824 

2 

H 

7 

8| 

683.494 

4.7467 

1  9^ 

5 

358.841 

2.5117 

2 

H 

7 

9^ 

695.128 

4.8274 

1  9| 

5 

7^ 

363.051 

2.5412 

2 

6 

7 

lOi 

706.860 

4.9081 

1  9§ 

5 

7^ 

367.284 

2.5708 

2 

H 

7  11" 

718.690 

4.9901 

1  9 

5 

8- 

371.543 

2.6007 

2 

4 

7  m 

730.618 

5.0731 

1  9| 

5 

H 

H 

375.826 

2.6306 

2 

6| 

8 

of 

742.644 

5.1573 

1  10 

5 

380.133 

2.6608 

2 

7 

8 

If 

754.769 

5.2278. 

1  lOj 

5 

9? 

384.465 

2.6691 

2 

7i 

8 

2| 

766.992 

5.3264 

1  10 

5 

9^ 

388.822 

2.7016 

2 

7^ 

8 

2J 

779.313 

5.4112 

1  10- 

5 

101: 

393.203 

2.7224 

2 

7f 

8 

3f 

791.732 

5.4982 

1  10. 

5  10| 

397.608 

2.7632 

2 

8 

8 

^7 

804.249 

5.5850 

1  lol 

5  11' 

402.038 

2.7980 

2 

8] 

8 

5f 
4 

816.865 

5.6729 

1  10^^ 

5  m 

406.493 

2.8051 

2 

^ 

8 

829.578 

5.7601 

1  10| 

5 

Hi 

410.972 

2.8658 

2 

8 

8 

71 

842.390 

5.8491 

1  11 

6 

o| 

415.476 

2.8903 

2 

9 

8 

855.300 

5.9398 

1  Hi 

6 

0I 

420.004 

2.9100 

2 

9i 

8 

4 

868.308 

6.0291 

1  1P4 

6 

1 

424.557 

2.9518 

2 

92 

8 

4 

881.415 

6.1201 

1  111 

6 

If 

429.135 

2.9937 

2 

9| 

8 

10 

894.619 

6.2129 

1  11^ 

6 

If 

433.737 

3.0129 

2 

10 

8 

lOf 

907.922 

6.3051 

1  111 

6 

24 

438.363 

3.0261 

2 

m 

8 

Hi 

Of 

H 

921.323 

6.3981 

1  n'i 

6 

2^ 

443.014 

3.0722 

2 

10^ 

9 

934.822 

6.4911 

1  in 

6 

3 

447.690 

3.1081 

2 

loi 

9 

948.419 

6.5863 

2  0 

6 

452.390 

3.1418 

2  W 

9 

1-8- 

962.115 

6.6815 

2    0\ 

6 

461.864 

3.2075 

2  111 

9 

2| 

975.908 

6.7772 

2  ().' 

G 

4| 

471.436 

3.2731 

2 

111 

9 

3i 

989.800 

6.8738 

2  u!| 

G 

5| 

481.106 

3.3410 

2 

Hi 

9 

4|- 

1003.79 

6.9701 

2  1 

6 

6J 

490.875 

3.4081 

3 

0 

9 

5 

1017.87 

7.0688- 

2  11 

(J 

500.741 

3.4775 

3 

OJ 

9 

51 

1032.06 

7.1671 

2  li 

2  1:? 

G 

^ 

510.706 

3.5468 

3 

OA 

9 

^ 

1046.35 

7.2664 

G 

4 

520.769 

3.6101 

3 

Of 

9 

7? 

1060.73 

7.3662 

2  2 

6 

4 

530.930 

3.6870 

3 

1 

9 

8i 

1075.21 

7.4661 

2  2i 

6  101 

541.189 

3.7583 

3 

li 

9 

9 

1089.79 

7.5681 

2  21 

6  Hi 

551.547 

3.8302 

3 

H 

9 

91- 

1104.46 

7.6691 

234  THE    BUILDER'S    GUIDE, 

DIAMETERS   CIRCUMFERENCES,    ETC.,    (CoYlU'nued). 


Dia  in 

Cir. 

.  *" 

Area  in 

Area  in 

Dia 

.  in 

Cir.  in 

Area  in 

Area  in 

ft.  in. 

ft. 

in. 

sq.  inch. 

sq.  ft. 

ft. 

in. 

ft.  in. 

sq  inch. 

sq.fL 

3  13 

9 

lOr 

1119.24 

7.7791 

4 

Of 

12   9i 

1866.55 

12.962 

3  2' 

9 

llg 

1134.12 

7.8681 

4 

1 

12  95 

12  105 

1885.74 

13.095 

3  24 

10 

0 

1149.09 

7.9791 

4 

11 

1905.03 

13.229 

3  2o 

10 

0 

1164.16 

8.0846 

4 

ll 

12  11.^ 

1924.42 

13.364 

3  2i 

10 

H 

1179.32 

8.1891 

4 

H 

13  01 

1943.91 

13.499 

3  3 

lu 

2I 

1194.59 

8.2951 

4 

2 

13  1' 

1963.50 

13.635 

.3  3] 

10 

3] 

1209.95 

8.4026 

4 

21 

13  1^ 

1983.18 

13.772 

43  'SI 

10 

4 

1225.42 

8.5091 

4 

4 

13  2^ 

2002.90 

13.909 

S     3f 

10 

H 

1240.98 

8.6171 

4 

2f 

13  31 

2022.84 

14.047 

3  4 

10 

n 

J  256.64 

8.7269 

4 

3 

13  41 

2042.82 

14.186 

3  41 

10 

H 

1272.39 

8.8361 

4 

31 

13  5 

2002.90 

14.325 

S    4. 

10 

n 

1288.25 

8.9462 

4 

4 

13  5f 

2083.07 

14.465 

3  ^ 

10 

8 

1304.20 

9.0561 

4 

^ 

13  62 
13  71 

2103.35 

14.606 

s  5 

10 

8f 

1320.25 

9.1686 

4 

4 

2123.72 

14748 

s   53 

10 

9A 
101 

1336.40 

9.2112 

4 

41 

13  88 

2144.19 

14890 

43  5. 

10 

1352.65 

9.3961 

4 

4 
4 

13  8| 

2164.75 

15.033 

3  5'i 

10  111 

1369.00 

9.5061 

4 

13  9| 

2185.42 

15.176 

S    6 

10 

111 

1385.44 

9.6212 

4 

5' 

13  10| 

2206.18 

15.320 

S     i\l 

11 

Of 

1401.98 

9.7364 

4 

H 

13  11} 

2227.05 

15.465 

43  60 

11. 

1 

1418.62 

9.8518 

4 

5^ 

14  0 

2248.01 

15.611 

3  6f 

11 

4 

1435.36 

9.9671 

4 

5| 

14  Oi 

2269.06 

15.757 

3  7 

11 

3 

1452.20 

10.084 

4 

6 

14  If 

2290.22 

15.904 

3  7i 

11 

3i 

1469.14 

10.202 

4 

61 

14  2| 

2311.48 

16.051 

3  75 

11 

H 

1486.17 

10.320 

4 

ei 

14  3} 

2332.83 

16.200 

3  7f 

11 

H 

1503.30 

10.439 

4 

6| 

14  4 

2354.28 

16.349 

■3  8 

11 

61 

1530.53 

10.559 

4 

7 

14  4| 

2357.83 

19.498 

^  8i 

11 

7 

1537.86 

10.679 

4 

71 

14  5i 

2397.48 

16.649 

•3  82 

11 

n 

1555.28 

10.800 

4 

7.^ 

14  6| 

2419.22 

16.800 

-3  S'i 

11 

8. 

1572.81 

10.922 

4 

7| 

14  7J 

2441.07 

16.951 

3    9 

11 

9; 

1590.43 

11.044 

4 

8 

14  7i 

2463.01 

17.104 

3  9i 

11 

lol 

1608.15 

11.167 

4 

81 

14  8l 

2485.05 

17.227 

3  9^ 

11 

101 

1625.76 

11.291 

4 

8.^ 

14  9| 

2507.19 

17.411 

S    9| 

11 

II4 

1643.89 

11.415 

4 

8| 

14  10} 

2529.42 

17.565 

3  10 

12 

0^ 

1661.90 

11.534 

4 

9 

14  11 

2551.76 

17.720 

3  lOi 

12 

1| 

1608.02 

11.666 

4 

91 

14  11| 

2574.19 

17.876 

.3  lOi 

12 

2 

1698.23 

11.793 

4 

^ 

15  0| 

2596.72 

18.033 

3  lOf 

12 

3^ 

1716.54 

11.920 

4 

9f 

15  If 

2619.35 

18.189 

3  11 

12 

31 

1734.94 

12.048 

4 

10 

15  2, 

2642.08 

18.347 

3  11} 

12 

4| 

1753.45 

12.176 

4  101 

15  2^ 

2664.91 

18.506 

3  11. 
3  llf 

12 

5} 

1772.05 

12.305 

4  10^ 

15  33 

2687.83 

18.665 

12 

6 

1790.76 

12.435 

4 

lOf 

15  4i 

2710.85 

18.825 

4  0 

12 

6| 

1809.56 

12.566 

4  11 

15  5; 

2733.97 

18.995 

4  Oi 

12 

7. 
S 

1828.46 

12.697 

4 

111 

15  6r 

2757.19 

19.147 

4  Oi 

12 

1847.45 

12.829 

4 

iH 

15  6^ 

2780.51 

19.309 

AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


23s 


DIAMETERS,    CIKCUMFERENCE8,    ETC.,    {Conilniied}. 


Dia.  in 

Cir. 

in 

Area  in 

Area  in 

Dij 

I.  in 

Cir. 

in 

Area  in 

Area  in 

ft.  in. 

ft. 

in. 

sq.  inch. 

sq.  ft. 

ft 

in. 

ft. 

11. 

sq.  inch. 

sq.  ft. 

4  m 

15 

7i 

2803.92 

19.471 

5 

9 

18 

Of 

3739.28 

25.964 

5   0 

15 

si 

2827.44 

19.635 

5 

9| 

18 

ll 

3766.43 

26.155 

n   0] 

15 

'H 

2851.05 

19.798 

5 

9^ 

18 

2J 

3793.67 

26.344 

5   01 

5  0^^ 

15 

10 

2874.76 

19.963 

5 

n 

18 

4 

3821.02 

26.534 

15 

105 

2898.56 

20.128 

5 

10 

18 

H 

3848. 4() 

26.725 

5  1 

15 

2922.47 

20.294 

5 

10] 

18 

4 

3875.99 

26.916 

5  11 

16 

0- 

2946.47 

20.461 

5 

10^ 

18 

5| 

3903.63 

27.108 

5  l| 

16 

I4 

2970.57 

20.629 

5 

10| 

18 

H 

3931.36 

27.301 

5  If 

16 

1 

2994.77 

20.797 

5 

11 

18 

7 

3959.20 

27.494 

5  2 

16 

2f 

3019.07 

20.965 

5 

11] 

18 

7| 
4 

3987.13 

27.688 

5  24 

16 

3^ 

3043.47 

20.135 

5 

II2 

18 

4015.16 

27.883 

5  2^ 

16 

4J 

3067.96 

20.305 

5 

n\ 

18 

9| 
lOl 

4043.28 

28.078 

5  2^ 

16 

5J 

3092.56 

21.476 

6 

0 

18 

4071.51 

28.274 

5  3 

16 

5i 

3117.25 

21.647 

6 

03 

18  10| 

4099.83 

28.471 

5  3J 

16 

4 

3142.04 

21.819 

6 

02 

18  11§ 

4128.25 

28.663 

5  3. 

16 

7J 

3166.92 

21.992 

6 

o'i 

19 

0. 
ij 

4156.77 

28.866 

5  3| 

16 

HI 

3191.91 

22.166 

6 

1 

19 

4185.39 

29.065 

5  4 

16 

1) 

3216.99 

22.333 

6 

U 

19 

2i 

2| 

4214.11 

29.264 

5  4[ 

16 

Of 
10§ 

3242.17 

22.515 

6 

1^ 

19 

4242.92 

29.466 

5  4^ 

16 

3267.46 

22.621 

6 

11 

19 

31 

4271.83 

29.665 

5  4| 

16 

11| 

3292.83 

22.866 

6 

2 

19 

H 

4300.85 

29.867 

5  5 

17 

0 

3318.31 

23.043 

6 

2] 

19 

5| 

4329.95 

30.069 

5  5J 

17 

0 

3343.88 

23.221 

6 

2^ 

19 

6 

4359.16 

30.271 

0  5A 

17 

^ 

3369.56 

23.330 

6 

2^ 

19 

6i 

4388.47 

30.475 

5  5| 

17 

2^ 

3395.33 

23.578 

6 

3 

19 

^i 

4417.87 

30.679 

5  6 

17 

3| 

3421.20 

23.758 

6 

3i 

19 

4 

4447.37 

30.884 

5  6i 

17 

H 

3447.16 

23.938 

6 

32 

19 

9l 

4476.97 

30.090 

5  6i 
5  65 

17 

H 

3473.23 

24.119 

6 

3^ 

19 

n 

4506.67 

31.296 

17 

51 

3499.39 

24.301 

6 

4 

19 

103 

4536.47 

31.503 

5  7 

17 

(^ 

3525.26 

24.483 

6 

4] 

19  111 

4566.36 

31.710 

5  7J 

17 

n 

3552.01 

24.666 

6 

4^ 

20 

o| 

4596.35 

31.919 

5  7, 

17 

8 

3578.47 

24.850 

6 

4i 

20 

1 

4626.44 

32.144 

5  7| 

17 

8? 

3605.03 

25.034 

6 

5 

'20 

il 

4656.63 

32.337 

5  8 

17 

^i 

3631.68 

25.220 

6 

53 

20 

21 

4686.92 

32.548 

5  8J 

17  10^ 

3658.44 

25.405 

6 

5^ 

20 

3| 

4717.30 

32.755 

5  8^ 

17  111 

3685.29 

25.502 

6 

5| 

20 

^ 

4747.79 

32.970 

5  8| 

17 

Hi 

3712.24 

25.779 

236 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


DIAM.,  ETC.,    OF   CIRCLES,    CONTENTS   IN   GALS.,    AREA   IN   FEET 


Diam. 

1 

I  Circ. 

Area  in  ft. 

Gallons. 

Diam. 
Ft.  In. 

Circ. 

Area  in  ft. 

Gallons. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  111. 

I  ft.  in  dpth. 

Ft.  In. 

I  ft.  in  dpth- 

1 

3   1| 

.7854 

5.8735 

4 

8 

14  7| 

17.1041 

127.9112 

1   1 

3  4| 

.9217 

6.8928 

4 

9 

14  11' 

17.7205 

132.5200 

1   2 

3  8 

1.0690 

7.9944 

4 

10 

15  2} 

18.3476 

137.2105^ 

1   3 

3  11 

1.2271 

9.1765 

4 

11 

15  51 

18.9858 

142.0582 

1   4 

4  2J 

1.3962 

10.4413 

5 

15  8.1 
15  111 

19.6350 

146.8384 

1   5 

4  5| 

1.5761 

11.7866 

5 

1 

20.2947 

151.7718 

1  6 

4  8A 
4  ll| 

1.7671 

13.2150 

5 

2 

16  2f 

20.9656 

156.7891 

1  7 

1.9689 

14.7241 

5 

3 

16  5  J 

21.6475 

161.8886 

1  8 

5  2f 

5  5| 

2.1816 

16.3148 

5 

4 

16  9 

22.3400 

167.0674 

1  9 

2.4052 

17.9870 

5 

5 

17  OJ 

23.0437 

172.3300 

1  10 

5  9 

2.6398 

19.7414 

5 

6 

17  3} 

23.7583 

177.6740 

1  11 

6  21 

2.8852 

21.4830 

5 

7 

17  6| 

24.4835 

183.0973 

2 

6  33 

3.1416 

23.4940 

1  '^ 

8 

17  9^ 

25.2199 

188.6045 

2  1 

6  6A 

6  9| 

3.4087 

25.4916 

5 

9 

18  0| 

25.9672 

194.1930 

2  2 

3.6869 

27.5720 

5 

10 

18  3;; 

26.7251 

199.8610 

2  3 

7  Of 

3.9760 

29.7340 

i  5 

11 

18  7J 

27.4943 

205.6133 

2  4 

7  3^ 

4.2760 

32.6976 

1  6 

2 

19  4^ 

29.0867 

223.9472 

2  5 

7  7 

4.5869 

34.3027 

6 

3 

19  7A 

30.679(1 

229.4342 

2  G 

7  lOi 

4.9087 

36.7092 

() 

6 

20  4- 

33.1831 

248.1564 

2  7 

8  l| 

5.2413 

39.1964   6 

9 

21  2g 
21  111 

35.7847 

267.6122 

2  8 

8  U 

8  7| 

5.5850 

41.7668 

7 

38.4846 

287.8032 

2  9 

5.9395 

44.4179 

7 

3 

22  9J 

41.2825 

308.7270 

2  10 

vn 

6.3049 

47.1505 

7 

6 

23  (q 

24  4J 

44.1787 

330.3859 

2  11 

6.6813 

49.9654 

7 

9 

47.1730 

352.7665 

3 

9  5 

7.0686 

52.8618 

8 

25  Ij 

50.2656 

375.9062 

3  1 

9  8| 

7.4666 

55.8382 

8 

3 

25  11 

53.4562 

399.7668 

3  2 

9  11| 

7.8757 

58.8976 

8 

6 

26  83 

56.7451 

424.3625 

3  3 

10   2I 

8.2957 

62.0386 

8 

9 

27  5| 

60.1321 

449.2118 

3  4 

10   d 

8.7265 

65.2602 

9 

28  3J 

63.6174 

475.7563 

3  5 

10  8| 

9.1683 

68.5193 

9 

3 

29  05 

67.2007 

502.5.536 

3  6 

10  111 

9.6211 

73.1504 

9 

6 

29  lOJ 

70.8823 

530.0861 

3  7 

11  3 

10.0846 

75.4166 

9 

9 

30  7i 

74.6620 

558.3522 

3  8 

11  6J 

10.5591 

76.9652 

10 

31  5 

78.5400 

587.3534 

3  9 

11  9| 

11.0446 

82.5959 

10 

3 

32  2| 
32  llf 

82.5160 

617.0876 

3  10 

12  5' 
12  3- 

11.5409 

86.3074 

10 

6 

86.5903 

647.5568 

3  11 

12.0481 

90.1004 

10 

9 

33  91 

90.7627 

678.2797 

4 

12  6| 

12.5664 

93.9754 

11 

34  6| 

35  4J 

95.0334 

710.6977 

4  1 

12  9- 

13.0952 

97.9310 

11 

3 

99.4021 

743.3686 

4  2 

13  1' 

13.6353 

101.9701 

11 

6 

36  11 
36  lOJ 

103.8691 

776.774a 

4  3 

13  ^ 

14.1862 

103.0300 

11 

9 

108.4342 

810.9143 

4  4 

13  7I 

14.7479 

110.2907 

12 

37  8| 

113.0976 

848.1890 

4  5 

13  m 

14  l| 

15.3206 

114.5735 

12 

3 

38  5f 

117.8590 

881.396(> 

4  6 

15.9043 

118.9386 

12 

6 

39  31 

40  0| 

122.7187 

917.7395 

4  7 

14  4| 

16.4986 

123.3830 

12 

9 

127.6765 

954.81.59 

AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 
DiAM.,  ETf\,  OF  CIRCLES  ( Continued) . 


^37 


Diam. 

Circ. 

Area  i  n  ft. 

Gallons.       I 

Diam. 

Circ. 

Area  in  ft 

Gallons. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.    I:-.. 

1  ft    in  dpth. 

Ft. 

In. 

Ft.  In. 

I  ft.  in  dpth. 

13 

40  10 

132.7326 

992.6274 

16 

50    3i 

201.0624 

1503.6250 

13     3 

41     7^ 

137.8867 

1031.1719 

16 

3 

51   o;^ 

207.3946 

1550.9797 

13     6 

42    4; 

143.1391 

1070.4514 

16 

6 

51  10' 

213.8251 

1599.0696 

13     9 

43    2\ 

148.4896 

1108.0645 

16 

9 

52    7f 

220.3537 

1647.8930 

U 

43  in 

153-9384 

1151.2129 

17 

53    4^ 

226.9806 

1697.4516 

U    3 

44    9| 

159.4852 

1192.6940 

17 

3 

54    2;i 

233.7055 

1747.7431 

14    6 

45     65 

165.1303 

1234.9104 

17 

6 

54  11^ 

240.5287 

1798.7698 

14    9 

46    4 

170.8735 

1277.8615 

17 

9 

55    ^ 

247.4500 

1850.5301 

15 

47    n 

176.7150 

1321.5454 

18 

56    6^ 

254.4696 

1903.0254 

15    3 

47  lOJ 

182.6545 

1365.9634 

18 

3 

57    4 

261.5872 

1956.2537 

15     6 

48      8J: 

188.6923 

1407.5165 

18 

6 

58     If 

268.8031 

2010.2171 

15    9 

49    5| 

194.8282 

1457.0032 

18 

9 

58  10| 

276.1171 

2064.9140 

TABLE   OF   BOARD   MEASURE. 


Exfplanation. — The  length  of  the  board  is  given  in  feet  in  the  left- 
hand  column ;  the  width  is  given  in  inches  in  the  upper  row  of 
figures,  and  the  contents  are  given  under  the  width  and  opposite 
the  length.  Thus  the  contents  of  a  board  13  feet  long  and  7  inches 
wide  will  be  found  under  7  and  opposite  13,  and  is  7  feet  7  inches. 


•5s 

6  in. 

7  in. 

8  in. 

9  in. 

ID  in. 

II  in. 

12  in. 

13  in. 

14  in. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

1 

0-6 

0-7 

0-8 

0-9 

0-10 

0-11 

1 

1-1 

1-2 

2 

1 

1-2 

1-4 

1-6 

1-8 

1-10 

2 

2-2 

2-A 

3 

1-6 

1-9 

2 

2-3 

2-6 

2-9 

3 

3-3 

3-6 

4 

2 

2-4 

2-8 

3 

3-4 

3-8 

4 

4-4 

4-8 

5 

2-6 

2-11 

3-4 

3-9 

4-2 

4-7 

5 

5-5 

5-10 

6 

3 

3-6 

4 

4-6 

5 

5-6 

6 

6-6 

7 

7 

3  6 

4-1 

4-8 

5-3 

5-10 

6  5 

7 

7-7 

8-2 

8 

4 

4-8 

5-4 

6 

6-8 

7-4 

8 

8-8 

9-4 

9 

4-6 

5-3 

6 

6-9 

7-6 

8-3 

9 

9-9 

10-6 

10 

5 

5-10 

6-8 

7-6 

8-4 

9-2 

10 

10-10 

11-8 

11 

5-6 

6  5 

7-4 

8-3 

9-2 

10-1 

11 

11-11 

12-10 

12 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

13 

6-6 

7-7 

8-8 

9-9 

10-10 

11-11 

13 

14-1 

15-2 

14 

7 

8-2 

9-4 

10-6 

11-8 

12-10 

14 

15-2 

16-4 

15 

7-6 

8-9 

10 

11-3 

12-6 

13-9 

15 

16-3 

17-6 

16 

8 

9-4 

10-8 

12 

13-4 

14-8 

16 

17-4 

18-8 

17 

8-6 

9-11 

11-4 

12-9 

14-2 

15-7 

17 

18-5 

19-10 

18 

9 

10-6 

12 

13-6 

15 

16-6 

18 

19-6 

21 

238  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

TABLE  OP  BOARD  MEASUEE   {  Gj7ltinued) . 


ti 

6  in. 

7  in. 

8  in. 

9  in. 

loin. 

It  in. 

12  in. 

13  in. 

14  in. 

r' 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

19 

9-6 

11-1 

12-8 

14-3 

15-10 

17-5 

19 

20-7 

22-2 

20 

10 

11-8 

13-4 

15 

16-8 

18-4 

20 

21-8 

23-4 

21 

10-6 

12-3 

14 

15-9 

17-6 

19-3 

21 

22-9 

24-6 

22 

11 

12-10 

14-8 

16-6 

18-4 

20-2 

22 

23-10 

25-8 

23 

11-6 

13-5 

15-4 

17-3 

19-2 

21-1 

23 

24-11 

26-10 

24 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

25 

12-6 

14-7 

16-8 

18-9 

20-10 

22-11 

25 

27-1 

29  2 

26 

13 

15-2 

17-4 

19-6 

21-8 

23-10 

26 

28-2 

30-4 

27 

13-6 

15-9 

18 

20-3 

22-6 

24-9 

27 

29-3 

31-6 

28 

14 

16^4 

18-8 

21 

23-4 

25-8 

28 

30-4 

32-8 

29 

14-6 

16-11 

19-4 

21-9 

24-2 

26-7 

29 

31-5 

33-10 

30 

15 

17-6 

20 

22-6 

25 

27-6 

30 

32-G 

35 

31 

15-6 

18-1 

20-8 

23-3 

25-10 

28-5 

31 

33-7 

36-2 

IS  in. 

16  in. 

17  in. 

i8in. 

iQin. 

20  in. 

21  in. 

22  in 

23  in 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

1-5 

wide. 
1-6 

wide. 
1-7 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

1 

1-3 

1-4 

1-8 

1-9 

1-10 

1-11 

2 

2-6 

2-8 

2-10 

3 

3-2 

3-4 

3-6 

3-8 

3-10 

3 

3-9 

4 

4-3 

4-6 

4-9 

5 

5-3 

5-6 

5-9 

4 

5 

5-4 

5-8 

6 

6-4 

6-8 

7 

7-4 

7-8 

5 

6-3 

6-8 

7-1 

7-6 

7-11 

8-4 

8-9 

9-2 

9-7 

6 

7-6 

8 

8-6 

9 

9-6 

10 

10-6 

11 

11-6 

7 

8-9 

9-4 

9-11 

10-6 

11-1 

11-8 

12-3 

12-10 

13-5 

8 

10 

10-8 

11-4 

12 

12-8 

13-4 

14 

14-8 

15-4 

9 

11-3 

12 

12-9 

13-6 

14-3 

15 

15-9 

16-6 

17-3 

10 

12-6 

13-4 

14-2 

15 

15-10 

16-8 

17-6 

18-4 

19-2 

11 

13-9 

14-8 

15-7 

16-6 

17-5 

18-4 

19-3 

20-2 

21-1 

12 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

13 

16-3 

17-4 

18-5 

19-6 

20-7 

21-8 

22-9 

23-10 

24-11 

14 

17-6 

18-8 

19-10 

21 

22-2 

23-4 

24-6 

25-8 

26-10 

15 

18-9 

20 

21-3 

22-6 

23-9 

25 

26-3 

27-6 

28-9 

16 

20 

21-4 

22-8 

24 

25-4 

26-8 

28 

29  4 

30-8 

17 

21-3 

22-8 

24-1 

25-6 

26-11 

28-4 

29-9 

31-2 

32-7 

18 

22-6 

24 

25-6 

27 

28-6 

30 

31-6 

33 

34-6 

19 

23-9 

25-4 

26-11 

28-6 

30-1 

31-8 

33-3 

34-10 

36-5 

20 

25 

26-8 

28-4 

30 

31-8 

33-4 

35 

36-8 

38-4 

21 

26  3 

28 

29-9 

31-6 

33-3 

35 

36-9 

38-6 

40-3 

22 

27-6 

29-4 

31-2 

33 

34-10 

36-8 

38-6 

40-4 

42-2 

23 

28-9 

30-8 

32  7 

34-6 

36-5 

38-4 

40-3 

42-2 

44-1 

24 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

42 

44 

46 

AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 
TABLE   OF   BOARD   MEASURE.    ( G07ltlr)Ued) . 


15  in. 

i6in. 

17  in. 

i8in. 

igin. 

20  in. 

21  in. 

22  in. 

•wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

37-6 

wide. 

wide. 

41-8 

wide. 

wide. 

31-3 

33-4 

35-5 

39-7 

43-9 

45-10 

32-6 

34-8 

36-10 

39 

41-2 

43-4 

45-6 

47-8 

33-9 

36 

38-3 

40-6 

42-9 

45 

47-3 

49-6 

35 

37-4 

39-8 

42 

44-4 

46-8 

49 

51-4 

36-3 

38-8 

41-1 

43-6 

45-11 

48-4 

50-9 

53-2 

37-6 

40 

42-6 

45 

47-6 

50 

52-6 

55 

38-9 

41-4 

43-11 

46-6 

49-1 

51-8 

54-3 

56-10 

239 


2^in. 
wide. 


47-11 

49-10 

51-9 

53-8 

55-7 

67-6 

59-5 


24  in. 
wide. 


2 
4 

6 
8 
10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
38 
40 
42 
44 
46 
48 
50 
52 
54 
56 
58 
60 


25  in. 

26  in. 

27  in. 

28  in. 

29  in. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

wide. 

2-1 

2-2 

2-3 

2-4 

2-^ 

4-2 

4-4 

4r-6 

4-8 

4:-10 

6-3 

6-Q 

6-9 

7 

7-3 

8-4 

8-8 

9 

9-4 

9-8 

10-6 

10-10 

11-3 

11-8 

12-1 

12-6 

13 

13-6 

14 

14-6 

14-7 

15-2 

15-9 

1&-4 

16-11 

16-8 

17-4 

18 

18-8 

19-4 

18-9 

19-6 

20-3 

21 

21-9 

20-10 

21-8 

22-6 

23-4 

24-2 

22-11 

23-10 

24-9 

25-8 

26-7 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

27-1 

28-2 

29-3 

30-4 

31-5 

29-2 

30-4 

31-6 

32-8 

33-10 

31-3 

32-6 

33-9 

35 

36-3 

33-4 

34-8 

36 

37-4 

38-8 

35-5 

36  10 

38-3 

39-8 

41-1 

37-6 

39 

40-6 

42 

43-6 

39-7 

41-2 

42-9 

44-4 

45-11 

41-8 

43-4 

45 

46-8 

48-4 

43-9 

45-6 

47-3 

49 

60-9 

45-10 

47-8 

49-6 

61-4 

53-2 

47-11 

49-10 

51-9 

63-8 

65-7 

50 

52 

64 

66 

58 

52-1 

54-2 

56-3 

58-4 

60-5 

64-2 

56-4 

68-6 

60-8 

62-10 

66-3 

58-6 

60-9 

63 

65-3 

58-4 

60-8 

63 

66-4 

67-8 

60-5 

62-10 

65-3 

67-8 

70-1 

62-6 

65 

67-6 

70 

72-6 

64-7 

67-2 

69-9 

72-4 

74-11 

30  in. 
wide. 


2-6 

5 

'7-6 
10 

12-6 
16 

17-6 
20 

22-6 
26 

27-6 
30 

32-6 
36 

37-6 
40 

42-6 
45 

47-6 
50 

62-6 
55 

67-6 
60 

62-6 
65 

67-6 
70 

72-6 
76 
77-6 


240 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


SCANTLINGS   REDUCED   TO  BOARD   MEASURE. 

Explanation  of  Table. — At  the  left  hand  of  the  page  will  be  found 
the  length  of  each  scantling  in  feet.  At  the  head  of  each  of  the  re- 
maining columns  will  be  found  the  sizes;  being  the  width  and 
thickness  in  inches,  and  opposite  the  given  length  of  each  will  be 
found  the  contents  of  each  scantling. 


^ 

1x2 

2x2 

2x3 

2x4 

2x5 

2x6. 

2x7 

2xa 

£ 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

1 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.    P 

Feet.   P. 

Feet.    P. 

2 

0.6 

0.8 

1.0 

1.4 

1.8 

2.0 

2.4 

2.8 

3 

0.9 

1.0 

1.6 

2.0 

2.6 

3.0 

3.6 

4.0 

4 

1.0 

1.4 

2.0 

2.8 

3.4 

4.0 

4.8 

5.4 

5 

1.3 

1.8 

2.6 

3.4 

4.2 

5.0 

5.10 

6.8 

6 

1.6 

2.0 

3.0 

4.0 

5.0 

6.0 

7.0 

8.0 

7 

1.9 

2.4 

3.6 

4.8 

5.10 

7.0 

8.2 

9.4 

8 

2.0 

2.8 

4.0 

5.4 

6.8 

8.0 

9.4 

10.8 

9 

2.3 

3.0 

4.6 

6.0  . 

7.6 

9.0 

10.6 

12.0 

10 

2.6 

3.4 

5.0 

6.8 

8.4 

10.0 

11.8 

13.4 

11 

2.9 

3.8 

5.6 

7.4 

9.2 

11.0 

12.10 

14.8 

12 

3.0 

4.0 

6.0 

8.0 

10.0 

12.0 

14.0 

16.0 

13 

3.3 

4.4 

Q.G 

8.8 

10.10 

13.0 

15.2 

17.4 

14 

3.6 

4.8 

7.0 

9.4 

11.8 

14.0 

16.4 

18.8 

15 

3.9 

5.0 

7.6 

10.0 

12.6 

15.0 

17.6 

20.0 

16 

4.0 

5.4 

8.0 

10.8 

13.4 

16.0 

18.8 

21.4 

17 

4.3 

5.8 

8.6 

11.4 

14.2 

17.0 

19.10 

22.8 

18 

4.6 

6.0 

9.0 

12.0 

15.0 

18.0 

21.0 

24.0 

19 

4.9 

6.4 

9.6 

12.8 

15.10 

19.0 

22.2 

25.4 

20 

5.0 

6.8 

10.0 

13.4 

16.8 

20.0 

23.4 

26.8 

21 

5.3 

7.0 

10.6 

14.0 

17.6 

21.0 

24.6 

28.0 

22 

5.6 

7.4 

11.0 

14.8 

18.4 

22.0 

25.8 

29.4 

23 

5.9 

7.8 

11.6 

15.4 

19.2 

23.0 

26.10 

30.8 

24 

6.0 

8.0 

12.0 

16.0 

20.0 

24.0 

28.0 

32.0 

25 

6.3 

8.4 

12.6 

16.8 

20.10 

25.0 

29.2 

33.4 

26 

6.6 

8.8 

13.0 

17.4 

21.8 

26.0 

30.4 

34.8 

27 

6.9 

9.0 

13.6 

18.0 

22.6 

27.0 

31.6 

36.0 

28 

7.0 

9.4 

14.0 

18.8 

23.4 

28.0 

32.8 

37.4 

29 

7.3 

9.8 

14.6 

19.4 

24.2 

29.0 

33.10 

38.8 

30 

7.6 

10.0 

15.0 

20.0 

25.0 

30.0 

35.0 

40.0 

31 

7.9 

10.4 

15.6 

20.8 

25.10 

31.0 

36.2 

41.4 

32 

8.0 

10.8 

16.0 

21.4 

26.8 

32.0 

37.4 

42.8 

« 


AND    ESTIMATOR'S    PRICE    BOOK. 
SCANTLINGS  REDUCED,  ETC.  (Continued). 


241 


2x9 

2X   10 

2x11 

2^X5 

2J^X6 

2^x7 

2>^X8 

aj^x9 

0^ 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

s 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet    P. 

Feet.     P. 

Feet.     P. 

Feet     P. 

2 

3.0 

3.4 

3.8 

2.1 

2.6 

2.11 

3.4 

3.9 

3 

4.6 

5,0 

5.6 

3.2 

3.9 

4.5 

5.0 

5.8 

4 

6.0 

6.8 

7.4 

4.2 

5.0 

5.10 

6.8 

7.6 

5 

7.6 

8.4 

9.2 

5.3 

6.3 

7.4 

8.4 

9.5 

6 

9.0 

10.0 

11.0 

6.3 

7.6 

8.9 

10.0 

11.3 

7 

10.6 

11.8 

12.10 

7.4 

8.9 

10.3 

11.8 

13.2 

8 

12.0 

13.4 

14.8 

8.4 

10.0 

11.8 

13.4 

15.0 

9 

13.6 

15.0 

16.6 

9.5 

11.3 

13.2 

15.0 

16.11 

0 

15.0 

16.8 

18.4 

10.5 

12.6 

14.7 

16.8 

18.9 

1 

16.6 

18.4 

20.2 

11.6 

13.9 

16.1 

18.4 

20.8 

2 

18.0 

20.0 

22.0 

12.6 

15.0 

17.6 

20.0 

22.6 

3 

15.6 

21.8 

23.10 

13.7 

16.3 

19.0 

21.8 

24.5 

4 

21.0 

23.4 

25.8 

14.7 

17.6 

20.5 

23.4 

26.3 

5 

22.6 

25.0 

27.6 

15.8 

18.9 

21.11 

25.0 

28.2 

6 

24.0 

26.8 

29.4 

16.8 

20.0 

23.4 

26.8 

30.0 

7 

25.6 

28.4 

31.2 

17.9 

21.3 

24.10 

28.4 

31.11 

8 

27.0 

30.0 

33.0 

18.9 

22.6 

26.3 

30.0 

33.9 

9 

28.6 

31.8 

34.10 

19.10 

23.9 

27.9 

31.8 

35.8 

0 

30.0 

33.4 

36.8 

20.10 

25.0 

29.2 

33.4 

37.6 

31.6 

35.0 

38.6 

21.11 

26.3 

30.8 

35.0 

39.5 

33.0 

36.8 

40.4 

22.11 

27.6 

32.1 

36.8 

41.3 

34.6 

38.4 

42.2 

24.0 

28.9 

33.7 

38.4 

43.2 

36.0 

40.0 

44.0 

25.0 

30.0 

35.0 

40.0 

45.0 

5 

37.6 

41.8 

45.10 

26.1 

31.3 

36.6 

41.8 

46.11 

6 

39.0 

43.4 

47.8 

27.1 

32.6 

37.11 

43.4 

4S.9 

7 

40.6 

45.0 

49.6 

28.2 

33.9 

39.5 

45.0 

50.8 

8 

42.0 

46.8 

51.4 

29.2. 

35.0 

40.10 

46.8 

52.6 

9 

43.6 

48.4 

53.2 

30.3 

36.3 

42.4 

48.4 

54.5 

0 

45.0 

50.0 

55.0 

31.3 

37.6 

43.9 

50.0 

56.3 

1 

46.6 

51.8 

56.10 

32.4 

38.9 

45.2 

51.8 

58.2 

2 

48.0 

53.4 

58.8 

33  4 

41.0 

46.7 

53.4 

60.1 

2%-KlO 

25^x11 

aj^xi2 

3x3 

3x4 

3.x  5 

3x6 

3.^7 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.   P. 

Feet.    P. 

Feet    P. 

Feet    P. 

4.2 

4.7 

5.0 

1.6 

2.0 

2.6 

3.0 

3.6 

6.3 

6.11 

7."B 

2.3 

3.0 

3.9 

4.6 

5.3 

8.4 

9.2 

10.0 

3.0 

4.0 

5.0 

6.0 

7.0 

10.5 

11.6 

12.6 

3.9 

5.0 

6.3 

7.6 

8.9 

12.6 

13.9 

15.0 

4.6 

6.0 

7.6 

9.0 

10.6 

14.7 

16.1 

17.6 

5.3 

7.0 

8.9 

10.6 

12.3 

242 


THE    BUILDER'S    GUIDE, 


SCANTLINGS    REDUCED,    ETC.    (  (JontlnueCl , . 


to 

G 

2^  X  10 

2j^X  II 

2%X   12 

3X  3 

3x4 

3x5 

3.x  6 

1 
3x7 

^ 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

m. 

in. 

in. 

1 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet  P 

Feet.    P. 

Feet     P. 

Feet.    P. 

Feet.     P. 

8 

16.8 

18.4 

20.0 

6.0 

8.0 

10.0 

12.0 

14.0 

9 

18.9 

20.8 

22.6 

6.9 

9.0 

11.3 

13.6 

15.9 

10 

20.10 

22.11 

25.0 

7.6 

10.0 

12.6 

15.0 

17.6 

11 

22.11 

25.3 

27.6 

8.3 

11.0 

13.9 

16.6 

19.3 

12 

25.0 

27.6 

30.0 

9.0 

12.0 

15.0 

18.0 

21.0 

13 

27.1 

29.10 

32.6 

9.9 

13.0 

16.3 

19.6 

22.9 

14 

29.2 

32.1 

35.0 

10.6 

14.0 

17.6 

21.0 

24.6 

15 

31.3 

34.4 

37.6 

11.3 

15.0 

18.9 

22.6 

26.3 

16 

33.4 

36.8 

40.0 

12.0 

16.0 

20.0 

24.0 

28.0 

17 

35.5 

39.0 

42.6 

12.9 

17.0 

21.3 

25.6 

29.9 

18 

37.6 

41.3 

45.0 

13.6 

18.0 

22.6 

27.0 

31.6 

19 

39.7 

43.7 

47.6 

14.3 

19.0 

23.9 

28.6 

33.3 

20 

41.8 

45.10 

50.0 

15.0 

20.0 

25.0 

30.0 

35.0 

21 

43.9 

48.2 

52.6 

15.1) 

21.0 

26.3 

31.6 

36.9 

22 

45.10 

50.5 

55.0 

16.6 

22.0 

27.6 

33.0 

38.6 

23 

47.11 

52.9 

57.6 

17.3 

23.0 

28.9 

34.6 

40.3 

24 

50.0 

55.0 

60.0 

18.0 

24.0 

30.0 

36.0 

42.0 

25 

52.1 

57.4 

62.6 

18.9 

25.0 

31.3 

37.6 

43.9 

26 

54.2 

59.7 

65.0 

19.6 

26.0 

32.6 

39.0 

45.6 

27 

56.3 

61.11 

67.6 

20.3 

27.0 

33.9 

40.6 

47.3 

28 

58.4 

64.2 

70.0 

21.0 

28.0 

35.0 

42.0 

49.0 

29 

60.5 

66.6 

72.6 

21.9 

29.0 

36.3 

43.6 

50.9 

30 

62.6 

68.9 

75.0 

22.6 

30.0 

37.6 

45.0 

52.6 

31 

64.7 

71.1 

77.6 

23.3 

31.0 

38.9 

46.6 

54.3 

32 

66.8 

73.5 

80.0 

24.0 

32.0 

40.0 

48.0 

56.0 

3x8 

3x9 

3x10 

3x11 

3x12 

4x4 

4x7 

4x6 

in. 

m. 

m. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.    P. 

Feet.     P. 

F-et.    P. 

Feet.     P. 

2 

4.0 

4.6 

5.0 

5.6 

6.0 

2.8 

3.4 

4.0 

3 

6.0 

6.9 

7.6 

8.3 

9.0 

4.0 

5.0 

6.0 

4 

8.0 

9.0 

10.0 

11.0 

12.0 

5.4 

6.8 

8.0 

5 

10.0 

11  3 

12.6 

13.9 

15.0 

6.8 

8.4 

10.0 

6 

12.0 

13.6 

15.0 

16.6 

18.0 

8.0 

10.0 

12.0 

7 

14.0 

15.9 

17.6 

19.3 

21.0 

9.4 

11.8 

14.  e 

8 

16.0 

18.0 

20.0 

22.0 

24.0 

ao.8 

13.4 

16.0 

9 

18.0 

20.3 

22.6 

24.9 

27.0 

12.0 

15.b 

18.0 

10 

20.0 

22.6 

25.0 

27.6 

30.0 

13.4 

16.8 

20.0 

11 

22.0 

24.9 

27.6 

30.3 

33.0 

14.8 

18.4 

22.0 

12 

24.0 

27.0 

30.0 

33.0 

36.0 

16.0 

20.0 

24.0 

13 

26.0 

29  3 

32.6 

35.9 

39.0 

17.4 

21.8 

26.0 

AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 
SCANTLINGS   REDUCED,    ETC.    ( GonHjlUed) . 


243 


c 

3x8 

3.x  9 

3x10 

3x11 

3  X  12 

4x4 

4x5 

4x6 

^ 

11). 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

i:i. 

1 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.     P. 

Feet.     P. 

Feet.     P. 

Feet.     P. 

14 

28.0 

31.6 

35.0 

38.6 

42.0 

18.8 

23.4 

28.0 

15 

30.0 

33.9 

37.6 

41.3 

45.0 

20.0 

25.0 

30.0 

16 

32.0 

36.0 

40.0 

44.0 

48.0 

21.4 

26.8 

32.0 

17 

34.0 

38.3 

42.6 

46.9 

51.0 

22.8 

28.4 

34.0 

18 

36.0 

40.6 

45.0 

49.6 

54.0 

24.0 

30.0 

36.0 

19 

38.0 

42.9 

47.6 

52.3 

57.0 

25.4 

31.8 

38.0 

20 

40.0 

45.0 

50.0 

55.0 

60.0 

26.8 

33.4 

40.0 

21 

42.0 

47.3 

52.6 

57.9 

63.0 

28.0 

35.0 

42.0 

22 

44.0 

49.6 

55.0 

60.6 

66.0 

29.4 

36.8 

44.0 

23 

46.0 

51.9 

57.6 

63.3 

69.0 

30.8 

38.4 

46.0- 

24 

48.0 

54.0 

60.0 

66.0 

72.0 

32.0 

40.0 

48.0 

25 

50.0 

56.3 

62.6 

68.9 

75.0 

33.4 

41.8 

50.0 

26 

52.0 

58.6 

65.0 

71.6 

78.0 

34.8 

43.4 

52.0 

27 

54.0 

60.9 

67.6 

74.3 

81.0 

36.0 

45.0 

54.0 

28 

56.0 

03.0 

70.0 

77.0 

84.0 

37.4 

46.8 

56.0 

29 

58.0 

65.3 

72.6 

79.9 

87.0 

38.8 

48.4 

58.0 

30 

60.0 

67.6 

75.0 

82.6 

90.0 

40.0 

50.0 

60.0 

31 

62.0 

69.9 

77.6 

85.3 

93.0 

41.4 

51.8 

62.0 

32 

64.0 

72.0 

80.0 

88.0 

96.0 

42.8 

53.4 

64.0 

4x7 

4X  8 

4x9 

4  X  10 

4Xir 

4X  12 

5x5 

4x6 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

m. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.     P. 

Feet.     P. 

Feet.    P. 

Feet.     P. 

2 

4.8 

5.4 

6.0 

6.8 

7.4 

8.0 

4.2 

5.0 

3 

7.0 

8.0 

9.0 

10.0 

11.0 

12.0 

6.3 

7.6 

4 

9.4 

10.8 

12.0 

13.4 

14.8 

16.0 

8.4 

10.0 

5 

11.8 

13.4 

15.0 

16.8 

18.4 

20.0 

10.5 

12.6 

6 

14.0 

16.0 

18.0 

20.0 

22.0 

24.0 

12.6 

15.0 

7 

16.4 

18.8 

21.0 

23.4 

25.8 

28.0 

14.7 

17.6 

8 

18.8 

21.4 

24.0 

26.8 

29.4 

32.0 

16.8 

20.0 

9 

21.0 

24.0 

27.0 

30.0 

33.0 

36.0 

18.9 

22.6 

10 

23.4 

26.8 

30.0 

33.4 

36.8 

40.0 

20.10 

25.0 

11 

25.8 

29.4 

33.0 

36.8 

40.4 

44.0 

22.11 

27.6 

12 

28.0 

32.0 

36.0 

40.0 

44.0 

48.0 

25.00 

30.0 

13 

30.4 

34.8 

39.0 

43.4 

47.8 

52.0 

27.1 

32.6 

14 

32.8 

37.4 

42.0 

46.8 

51.4 

56.0 

29.2 

35.0 

15 

35.0 

40.0 

45.0 

50.0 

55.0 

60.0 

31.3 

37.6 

16 

37.4 

42.8 

47.0 

53.4 

58.8 

64.0 

33.4 

40.0 

17 

39.8 

45.4 

51.0 

56.8 

62.4 

68.0 

35.5 

42.6 

18 

42.0 

48.0 

54.0 

60.0 

66.0 

72.0 

37.6 

45  0 

19 

44.4 

50.8 

57.0 

63  4 

69.8 

7^0 

39.7 

47.6 

244 


THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 


SCANTLINGS 

REDUCED,    ETC. 

( Continued). 

be 

c 

4x7 

4x8 

4x9 

4X  10 

4x11 

4  XI2 

5x5 

5x6 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

1 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet    P. 

Feet.    P. 

Feet.    P. 

Feet.     P. 

20 

46.8 

53.4 

60.0 

66.8 

73.4 

80.0 

41.8 

50.0 

21 

49.0 

56.0 

63.0 

70.0 

77.0 

84.0 

43.9 

52.6 

22 

51.4 

58.8 

66.0 

73.4 

80.8 

88.0 

45.10 

55.0 

23 

53.8 

61.4 

69.0 

76.8> 

84.4 

92.0 

47.11 

57.6 

24 

56.0 

64.0 

72.0 

80.0 

88.0 

96.0 

50  0 

60.0 

25 

58.4 

66.8 

75.0 

83.4 

91.8 

100.0 

52  1 

62.6 

26 

60.8 

69.4 

78.0 

86.8 

95.4 

104.0 

54.2 

65.0 

27 

63.0 

72.0 

81.0 

90.0 

99.0 

108.0 

56.3 

67.6 

28 

65.4 

74.8 

84.0 

93.4 

102.8 

112.0 

58.4 

70.0 

29 

67.8 

77.4 

87.0 

96.8 

106.4 

116.0 

60.5 

72.6 

30 

70.0 

80.0 

90.0 

100.0 

110.0 

120.0 

62.6 

75.0 

31 

72.4 

82.8 

93.0 

103.4 

113.8 

124.0 

64.7 

77.6 

32 

74.8 

85.4 

96.0 

106.8 

116.4 

128.0 

66.8 

80.0 

5x7 

5x8 

5.x  9 

5  X  10 

6x6 

6x7 

6x8 

7.x  7 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

111. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.    P. 

Feet.    P. 

Feet.     P. 

Feet.     P. 

2 

5.10 

6.8 

7.6 

8.4 

6.0 

7.0 

8.0 

8.2 

3 

8.9 

10.0 

11.3 

12.6 

9.0 

10.6 

12.0 

12.3 

4 

11.8 

13.4 

15.0 

16.8 

12.0 

14.0 

16.0 

16.4 

5 

14.7 

16.8 

18.9 

20.10 

15.0 

17.6 

20.0 

20.5 

6 

17.6 

20.0 

22.6 

25.0 

18.0 

21.0 

24.0 

24.6 

7 

20.5 

23.4 

26.3 

29.2 

21.0 

24.6 

28.0 

28.7 

8 

23.4 

26.8 

30.0 

33.4 

24.0 

28.0 

32.0 

32.8 

9 

26.3 

30.0 

33.9 

37.6 

27.0 

31.6 

36.0 

36.9 

10 

29.2 

33.4 

37.6 

41.8 

30.0 

35.0 

40.0 

40.10 

11 

32.1 

36.8 

41.3 

45.10 

33.0 

38.6 

44.0 

44.11 

12 

35.0 

40.0 

45.0 

50.0 

36.0 

42.0 

48.0 

49.0 

13 

37.11 

43.4 

48.9 

54.2 

39.0 

45.6 

52.0 

53.1 

14 

40.10 

46.8 

52.6 

58.4 

42.0 

49.0 

56.0 

57.2 

15 

43.9 

50.0 

56.3 

62.6 

45.0 

52.6 

60.0 

61.3 

16 

46.8 

53.4 

60.0 

66.8 

48.0 

56.0 

64.0 

65.4 

17 

49.7 

56.8 

63.9 

70.10 

51.0 

59.6 

68.0 

69.5 

18 

52.6 

60.0 

67.6 

75.0 

54.0 

63.0 

72.0 

73.6 

19 

55.5 

63.4 

71.3 

79.2 

57.0 

66.6 

76.0 

77.7 

20 

58.4 

66.8 

75.0 

83.4 

60.0 

70.0 

80.0 

81.8 

21 

61.3 

70  0 

78.9 

87.6 

63.0 

73.6 

84.0 

85.9 

22 

64. 2 

73.4 

82.6 

91.8 

66.0 

77.0 

88.0 

89.10 

23 

67.1 

76.8 

86.3 

95.10 

69.0 

80.6 

92.0 

93.11 

24 

70.0 

80.0 

90.0 

100.0 

72.0 

84.0 

96.0 

98.0 

25 

72.11 

83.4 

93.9 

104.2 

75.0 

87.6 

100.0 

102.1 

AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 
SCANTLINGS  REDUCED,  ETC.  (Continued). 


245 


tfc 

5  ^  7 

5x8 

5>^9 

5x10 

6x6 

6x7 

6x8 

7x7 

^ 

U). 

Feet.  P. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

1 

Feet.  P. 

86.8 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.   P. 

Feet.    P 

Feet.   P. 

Feet.    P. 

26 

75.10 

97.6 

108.4 

78.0 

91.0 

104.0 

106.2 

27 

78.9 

90.0 

101.3 

112.6 

81.0 

94.6 

108.0 

110.3 

28 

81.8 

93.4 

105.0 

116.8 

84.0 

98.0 

112.0 

114.4 

29 

84.7 

96.8 

108.9 

120.10 

87.0 

101.6 

116.0 

118.5 

30 

87.6 

100.0 

112.6 

125.0 

90.0 

105.0 

120.0 

122.6 

31 

90.5 

103.4 

116.3 

129.2 

93.0 

108.6 

124.0 

126.7 

32 

93.4 

106.8 

120.0 

133.4 

96.0 

112.0 

128.0 

130.8 

7x8 

7x9 

8x8 

8x9 

8x10 

9x9 

gx  10 

9x11 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

m. 

in. 

in. 

Feet.  P. 
9.4 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 

Feet.  P. 
12.0 

Feet.    P. 

Feet.     P. 

Feet.    P. 

Feet.   P. 

2 

10.6 

10.8 

13.4 

13.6 

10.0 

16.6 

3 

14.0 

15.9 

16.0 

18.0 

20.0 

20.3 

22.6 

24.9 

4 

18.8 

21.0 

21.4 

24.0 

26.8 

27.0 

30.0 

33.0 

5 

23.4 

26.3 

26.8 

30.0 

33.4 

33.9 

37.6 

41.3 

6 

28.0 

31.6 

32.0 

36.0 

40.0 

40.6 

45.0 

49.6 

7 

32.8 

36.9 

37  4 

42.0 

46.8 

47.3 

52.6 

57.9 

8 

37.4 

42.0 

42-8 

48.0 

53.4 

54.0 

60.0 

66.0 

9 

42.0 

47.3 

48.0 

54.0 

60.0 

00.9 

67.6 

74.3 

10 

46.8 

52.6 

53.4 

60.0 

66.8 

67.6 

75.0 

82.6 

11 

51.4 

57.9 

58.8 

66.0 

73.4 

74.3 

82.6 

90.9 

12 

56.0 

63.0 

64.0 

72.0 

80.0 

81.0 

90.0 

99.0 

13 

60.8 

68.3 

69.4 

78.0 

86.8 

87.9 

97.6 

107.3 

14 

65.4 

73.6 

74.8 

84.0 

93.4 

94.6 

105.0 

115.6 

15 

70.0 

78.9 

80.0 

90.0 

100.0 

101.3 

112.6 

123.9 

16 

74.8 

84.0 

85.4 

96.0 

106.8 

108.0 

120.0 

132.0 

17 

79.4 

89.3 

90.8 

102.0 

113.4 

114.9 

127.6 

140.3 

18 

84.0 

94.6 

96.0 

108.0 

120.0 

121.6 

135.0 

148.6 

19 

88.8 

99.9 

101.4 

114.0 

126.8 

128.3 

142.6 

156.9 

20 

93.4 

105.0 

106.8 

120.0 

133.4 

135.0 

150.0 

165.0 

21 

98.0 

110.3 

112.0 

126.0 

140.0 

141.9 

157.6 

173.3 

22 

102.8 

115.6 

117.4 

132.0 

146.8 

148.6 

165.0 

181.6 

23 

107.4 

120.9 

122.8 

138.0 

153.4 

155.3 

172.6 

189.9 

24 

112.0 

126.0 

128.0 

144.0 

160.0 

162.0 

180.0 

198.0 

25 

116.8 

131.3 

133.4 

150.0 

166.8 

168.9 

187.6 

206.3 

26 

121.4 

136.6 

138.8 

156.0 

173.4 

175.6 

195.0 

214.6 

27 

126.0 

141.9 

144.0 

162.0 

180.0 

182.3 

202.6 

222.9 

28 

130.8 

147.0 

149.4 

168.0 

186.8 

189.0 

210.0 

231.0 

29 

135.4 

152.3 

154.8 

174.0 

193.4 

195.9 

217.6 

239.3 

30 

140.0 

157.6 

160.0 

180.0 

200.0 

202.6 

225.0 

247.6 

31 

144.8 

162.9 

165.4 

186.0 

206.8 

209.3 

232.6 

255.9 

32 

149.4 

168.0 

170.8 

192.0 

213.4 

216.0 

240.0 

264.0 

246 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


PLANK  MEASURE. 

Board  measure  is  the  basis  of  plank  measure;  that  is,  a  plank 
two  inches  thick,  and  13  feet  long,  and  10  inches  wide,  contains 
evidently  twice  as  many  square  feet  as  if  only  one  inch  thick;  there- 
fore, in  estimating  the  contents  of  any  plank,  we  first  find  the  con^ 
tents  of  the  surface,  taken  one  inch  thick;  and  then,  if  the  plank 
be  IJ  inches  thick,  we  add  one  quarter  of  the  contents  to  itstlft 
which  gives  the  contents  (in  board  measure)  of  this  plank. 

Contents  of  Planks  in  Board  Measure.     Thickness  1\  inches. 


a 

<S  ? 

00 'i 

^4 
2"? 

c  « 

SI 

II 

11 

II 

a4 

£? 

«| 

a4 
2"? 

11 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

4^ 
1 

^ 
^ 

1 

+5 
1 

10 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

11 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

20 

21 

22 

23 

12 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

14 

15 

16 

17 

19 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

13 

8 

9 

11 

12 

14 

15 

16 

18 

19 

20 

22 

23 

24 

26 

27 

U 

9 

10 

12 

13 

15 

16 

17 

19 

20 

22 

23 

25 

26 

28 

29 

15 

9 

11 

12 

14 

16 

17 

19 

20 

22 

23 

25 

27 

28 

30 

31 

16 

10 

12 

13 

15 

17 

18 

20 

22 

23 

25 

27 

28 

30 

32 

33 

17 

11 

12 

14 

16 

18 

19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

28 

30 

32 

34 

35 

18 

11 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

37 

19 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

20 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

29 

31 

33 

35 

37 

40 

42 

2i 

13 

15 

17 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

31 

33 

35 

37 

39 

42 

44 

22 

14 

16 

18 

21 

23 

25 

27 

30 

32 

34 

37 

39 

41 

44 

46 

23 

14 

17 

19 

22 

24 

26 

29 

31 

34 

36 

38 

41 

43 

46 

48 

24 

15 

17 

20 

22 

25 

27 

30 

32 

35 

37 

40 

42 

45 

47 

50 

25 

16 

18 

21 

23 

26 

29 

31 

34 

36 

39 

42 

44 

47 

49 

52 

26 

16 

19 

22 

24 

27 

30 

32 

35 

38 

41 

43 

46 

49 

51 

54 

27 

17 

20 

22 

25 

28 

31 

34 

37 

39 

42 

45 

48 

51 

53 

5(> 

28 

17 

20 

23 

26 

29 

32 

35 

38 

41 

44 

47 

50 

52 

55 

58 

29 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

51 

54 

57 

60 

30 

19 

22 

25 

28 

31 

34 

37 

41 

44 

47 

50 

53 

56 

59 

62 

31 

19 

23 

26 

29 

32 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

52 

55 

58 

61 

65 

32 

20 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

40 

43 

47 

50 

53 

57 

60 

63 

67 

33 

21 

24 

27 

31 

34 

38 

41 

45 

48 

52 

55 

58 

62 

65 

6^J 

34 

21 

25 

28 

32 

35 

39 

42 

46 

50 

53 

57 

60 

64 

67 

71 

35 

22 

26 

29 

33 

36 

40 

44 

47 

51 

55 

58 

62 

66 

69 

73 

AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK. 


247 


PLANK  MEASURE  {Continued). 
(Jonteiiis  of  Flanks  in  Board  Measure.     Thickness  1\  inches. 


J  «' 

•  aj 

J  05 

S  V 

S  s5 

c« 

-:  a; 

c« 

c  » 

c  *i 

e  ji 

c  ji 

C  4? 

=  «J 

1 

£2 

^1 

00  ^ 

.=2 
0^ 

2I 

^  ? 

2I 

'ii 

r^ 

'0 

2? 

si 

'0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

10 

7 

9 

10 

11 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

19 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

11 

8 

10 

IJ 

12 

14 

15 

16 

18 

19 

21 

22 

23 

25 

26 

27 

12 

9 

10 

12 

13 

15 

16 

18 

19 

21 

22 

24 

25 

27 

28 

30 

13 

10 

11 

13 

15 

16 

18 

19 

21 

23 

24 

26 

28 

29 

31 

33 

U 

11 

12 

14 

16 

17 

19 

21 

23 

24 

26 

28 

30 

31 

33 

35 

15 

11 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

1() 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

17 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

41 

43 

18 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

25 

27 

29 

31 

34 

36 

38 

40 

43 

45 

19 

14 

17 

19 

21 

24 

26 

28 

31 

33 

36 

38 

40 

42 

46 

48 

20 

15 

17 

20 

22 

25 

27 

30 

32 

35 

38 

40 

42 

45 

48 

50 

21 

16 

18 

21 

24 

26 

29 

31 

34 

37 

40 

42 

44 

47 

50 

53 

22 

16 

19 

22 

25 

27 

30 

33 

35 

38 

42 

44 

46 

49 

53 

55 

23 

17 

20 

23 

26 

29 

32 

34 

37 

40 

44 

46 

48 

51 

55 

58 

24 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

51 

54 

57 

60^ 

25 

19 

22 

25 

28 

31 

35 

37 

40 

44 

47 

50 

53 

56 

60 

63 

26 

20 

23 

26 

29 

32 

36 

39 

42 

45 

49 

52 

55 

58 

62 

65 

27 

20 

24 

27 

30 

34 

38 

40 

43 

47 

51 

54 

57 

60 

64 

68 

28 

21 

24 

28 

31 

35 

39 

42 

45 

49 

53 

56 

59 

63 

67 

70- 

29 

22 

25 

29 

33 

36 

40 

43 

47 

50 

55 

58 

61 

65 

69 

n 

30 

22 

26 

30 

34 

37 

42 

45 

48 

52 

57 

60 

63 

67 

72 

75 

31 

23 

27 

31 

35 

39 

43 

46 

50 

54 

59 

62 

65 

69 

74 

78 

32 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

60 

64 

68 

72 

76 

80 

33 

25 

29 

33 

37 

41 

45 

49 

53 

57 

02 

66 

70 

74 

78 

83 

34 

26 

30 

34 

38 

42 

47 

51 

55 

59 

64 

68 

72 

76 

81 

85 

35 

26 

31 

35 

39 

44 

48 

52 

56 

61 

m 

70 

74 

78 

83 

88 

Contents  of  Planks 

in  Board  Measure.      Thick 

ness 

2  inchey. 

' 

•  95 

•e 

^- 

•<u 

c« 

C  s5 

;:  ^ 

c  w 

e  ^ 

c  -J 

.  . 

c  5^ 

-■  cJ 

=  a 

to 

1 

w"f 

00? 

0'% 

2'^ 

'^'^ 

^'^ 

2^ 

3I 

is? 

21 

^■? 

2'^ 

2  "5 

i^ 

^ 

^ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

«2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

10 

10 

11 

13 

15 

17 

18 

20 

22 

23 

25 

27 

28 

30 

32 

33 

11 

11 

13 

15 

17 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

27 

29 

31 

33 

35 

37 

12 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

13 

13 

15 

17 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

33 

35 

37 

39 

41 

43 

14 

14 

16 

19 

21 

23 

26 

28 

30 

33 

35 

37 

40 

42 

44 

47 

248 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


PLANK  MEASURE  {Continued). 
Contents  of  Planks  in  Board  Measure.       Thickness  2  inches. 


J 

p4 

00^ 

OS  ^ 

il 

=1 

11 

n 

II 

5^ 
2* 

M 

n 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

15 

15 

18 

20 

23 

25 

28 

30 

33 

35 

38 

40 

43 

45 

48 

5C 

16 

16 

19 

21 

24 

27 

29 

32 

35 

37 

40 

43 

45 

48 

51 

53 

17 

17 

20 

23 

26 

28 

31 

34 

37 

40 

43 

45 

48 

51 

54 

57 

18 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

51 

54 

57 

m 

19 

19 

22 

25 

29 

32 

35 

38 

41 

44 

48 

51 

54 

57 

60 

63 

:20 

20 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

40 

43 

47 

50 

53 

57 

60 

63 

67 

21 

21 

25 

28 

32 

35 

39 

42 

46 

49 

53 

56 

60 

63 

67 

70 

.22 

22 

26 

29 

33 

37 

40 

44 

48 

51 

55 

59 

62 

6(j 

70 

73 

-23 

23 

27 

31 

35 

38 

42 

46 

50 

54 

58 

61 

65 

69 

73 

77 

.24 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

60 

64 

68 

72 

76 

80 

.25 

25 

29 

33 

38 

42 

46 

50 

54 

58 

63 

67 

71 

75 

79 

83 

:26 

26 

30 

35 

39 

43 

48 

52 

56 

61 

65 

69 

74 

78 

82 

87 

.27 

27 

32 

36 

41 

45 

50 

54 

59 

63 

68 

72 

77 

81 

86 

90 

28 

28 

33 

37 

42 

47 

51 

56 

61 

65 

70 

75 

79 

84 

89 

93 

29 

29 

34 

39 

44 

48 

53 

58 

63 

68 

73 

77 

82 

87 

92 

97 

.30 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

95 

100 

31 

31 

36 

41 

47 

52 

57 

62 

67 

72 

78 

83 

88 

93 

98 

103 

32 

32 

37 

43 

48 

53 

59 

64 

69 

75 

80 

85 

91 

96 

101 

107 

33 

33 

39 

44 

50 

55 

61 

66 

72 

77 

83 

88 

94 

99 

105 

110 

34 

34 

40 

45 

51 

57 

62 

68 

74 

79  85  1 

91 

96 

102 

108 

113 

35 

35 

41 

47 

53 

58 

64 

70 

76 

82 

88  1 

93 

99 

105 

111 

117 

Co7itents  q 

f  Planks 

in  Board  Measure. 

Thickness  2J  inches. 

.1 

si 

00  "^ 

8)i 

2'eS 

a4 

.5-S 
2"^ 

a4 
2"? 

.i4 

^•0 

.i4 

1^ 

si 

a  4 
2  "5 

1 

1 

1 

t 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4i 

1 

4i 

4J 
i 

10 

11 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

11 

12 

14 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

29 

31 

33 

35 

37 

39 

41 

12 

13 

16 

18 

20 

23 

25 

27 

29 

32 

34 

36 

38 

41 

43 

45 

13 

15 

17 

20 

22 

24 

27 

29 

32 

34 

37 

39 

41 

44 

46 

49 

14 

16 

18 

21 

23 

26 

29 

32 

34 

37 

39 

42 

45 

47 

50 

53 

15 

17 

20 

23 

25 

28 

31 

34 

37 

39 

42 

45 

48 

51 

53 

56 

16 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

51 

54 

57 

60 

17 

19 

22 

26 

28 

32 

35 

38 

41 

45 

48 

51 

54 

57 

61 

64 

18 

20 

24 

27 

30 

34 

37 

41 

44 

47 

51 

54 

57 

61 

64 

68 

19 

21 

25 

29 

32 

36 

39 

43 

46 

50 

53 

57 

61 

64 

68 

71 

AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


249 


PLANK  MEASURE  {Continued). 
Contents  of  Flanks  in  Boixd  Measure.     Thickness  2^  inches. 


1 

rf 

»■? 

.5^ 

'it 

ii 
'^^ 

II 

|l 

II 

II 

•24 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

20 

22 

26 

30 

33 

38 

41 

45 

49 

53 

56 

60 

64 

68 

71 

75. 

21 

23 

28 

32 

35 

39 

43 

47 

51 

55 

59 

63 

67 

71 

75 

71> 

22 

25 

29 

33 

36 

41 

45 

50 

54 

58 

62 

Q^Q 

70 

74 

78 

8a 

23 

26 

30 

35 

38 

43 

47 

52 

56 

60 

65 

69 

73 

78 

82 

8a 

24 

27 

32 

36 

40 

45 

50 

54 

59 

63 

68 

72 

77 

81 

86 

9a 

25 

28 

33 

38 

41 

47 

52 

56 

61 

&(S 

70 

75 

80 

84 

89 

94 

26 

29 

34 

39 

43 

49 

54 

59 

63 

68 

73 

78 

83 

88 

93 

98. 

27 

30 

35 

41 

45 

51 

56 

61 

66 

71 

76 

81 

86 

91 

96 

101 

28 

31 

37 

42 

46 

53 

58 

63 

68 

74 

79 

84 

89 

95 

100 

105- 

29 

33 

38 

44 

48 

54 

60 

65 

71 

76 

82 

87 

92 

98 

103 

10^ 

30 

34 

41 

45 

49 

56 

62 

68 

73 

79 

84 

90 

96 

101 

107 

iia 

31 

35 

4i 

47 

51 

58 

64 

70 

76 

81 

87 

93 

99 

105 

110 

116 

32 

36 

42 

48 

53 

60 

m 

72 

78 

84 

90 

96 

102 

108 

114 

120 

33 

37 

43 

50 

54 

62 

68 

74 

80 

87 

93 

99 

105 

111 

118 

124 

34 

38 

45 

51 

56 

64 

70 

77 

83 

89 

96 

102 

108 

115 

121 

128 

35 

39 

46 

53 

58 

66 

72 

79 

85 

92 

98 

105 

112 

118 

125 

131 

Contents  of 

Planks 

in  Board  Measure 

Thickr 

less  'Ih  inches. 

1 

si 

.=2 

005 

M 

d^ 

b4 

11 

10 'g 

•s| 

II 

li 

It 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

10 

12 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

29 

31 

33 

35 

37 

1^ 

42: 

11 

14 

16 

18 

21 

23 

25 

27 

30 

32 

34 

37 

39 

41 

44 

47 

12 

15 

18 

20 

23 

25 

28 

30 

33 

35 

38 

40 

43 

45 

48 

50 

13 

16 

19 

22 

24 

27 

30 

33 

35 

38 

41 

43 

46 

49 

51 

54 

14 

17 

20 

23 

26 

29 

32 

35 

38 

41 

44 

47 

50 

53 

55 

58 

15 

19 

22 

25 

28 

31 

34 

38 

41 

44 

47 

50 

53 

56 

59 

63 

16 

20 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

40 

43 

47 

50 

53 

57 

60 

63 

67 

17 

21 

25 

28 

32 

35 

39 

43 

46 

50 

53 

57 

60 

64 

67 

71 

18 

22 

26 

30 

34 

38 

41 

45 

49 

53 

56 

60 

64 

68 

71 

75 

19 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

51 

55 

59 

63 

67 

71 

75 

79 

20 

25 

29 

33 

38 

42 

46 

50 

54 

58 

63 

67 

71 

75 

79 

8a 

21 

26 

31 

35 

39 

44 

48 

53 

57 

61 

66 

70 

74 

79 

83 

88 

22 

27 

32 

37 

41 

46 

50 

55 

60 

64 

69 

73 

78 

83 

87 

92 

23 

29 

34 

38 

43 

48 

53 

58 

62 

67 

72 

77 

81 

86 

91 

96 

24 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

95 

100 

250 


THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 


PLANK  MEASURE  {Continued). 
Contents  of  Planks  in  Board  Measure.     Thickness  2  J  inches. 


J 

is 

CD? 

£1 

00  > 

.b4 
2"^ 

2'^ 

.5^ 

2'^ 

.^4 

00  J 

2^ 

li 

■^ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

.2 

1 

1 

4J 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

25 

31 

36 

42 

47 

52 

57 

63 

68 

73 

78 

83 

89 

94 

99 

104 

26 

32 

38 

43 

49 

54 

60 

65 

70 

76 

81 

87 

92 

98 

103 

108 

27 

34 

39 

45 

51 

56 

62 

68 

73 

79 

84 

90 

96 

iOl 

107 

113 

28 

25 

41 

47 

53 

58 

64 

70 

76 

82 

88 

93 

99 

105 

HI 

117 

29 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

73 

79 

85 

91 

97 

103 

109 

115 

121 

^0 

37 

44 

50 

56 

63 

G9 

75 

81 

88 

94 

100 

106 

113 

119 

125 

^1 

39 

45 

52 

58 

65 

71 

78 

84 

90 

97 

103 

110 

116 

123 

129 

32 

40 

47 

53 

CO 

67 

73 

80 

87 

93 

100 

107 

113 

120 

127 

133 

m 

41 

48 

55 

62 

69 

76 

83 

89 

96 

103 

110 

117 

124 

131 

138 

34 

42 

50 

57 

64 

71 

78 

85 

92 

99 

106 

113 

120 

128 

'35 

142 

35 

44 

51 

58 

66 

73 

80 

88 

95 

102 

109 

117 

124 

J  31 

39 

146 

Contents  of 

Planks 

in  Board  Measure 

.  Thickness  3  inches. 

05? 

sl 

21 

b4 

a4 

J  a; 

1^ 
2* 

II 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

t 
^ 

1 

i 

10 

15 

17 

20 

22 

25 

27 

30 

32 

35 

37 

40 

42 

45 

47 

50 

11 

16 

19 

22 

25 

27 

30 

33 

36 

38 

41 

44 

47 

49 

52 

55 

12 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

51 

54 

57 

60 

13 

20 

23 

26 

29 

33 

36 

39 

42 

46 

49 

52 

55 

59 

62 

65 

14 

21 

25 

28 

32 

35 

39 

42 

46 

49 

53 

56 

60 

63 

67 

70 

15 

22 

26 

30 

34 

38 

41 

45 

49 

53 

56 

60 

64 

68 

71 

75 

16 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

60 

64 

68 

72 

76 

80 

17 

25 

30 

34 

38 

43 

47 

51 

55 

60 

64 

68 

72 

77 

81 

85 

18 

27 

32 

36 

41 

45 

50 

54 

59 

63 

68 

72 

77 

81 

86 

90 

19 

29 

33 

38 

43 

48 

52 

57 

62 

67 

71 

76 

81 

86 

90 

95 

20 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

95 

100 

21 

31 

37 

42 

47 

53 

58 

63 

68 

74 

79 

84 

89 

95 

100 

105 

22 

33 

39 

44 

50 

55 

61 

66 

72 

77 

83 

88 

94 

99 

105 

110 

23 

34 

40 

46 

52 

58 

63 

69 

75 

81 

86 

92 

98 

:04 

109 

115 

24 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

96 

102 

108 

114 

120 

25 

37 

44 

50 

56 

63 

69 

75 

81 

88 

94 

100 

106 

113 

119 

125 

26 

39 

46 

52 

59 

65 

72 

78 

85 

91 

98 

104 

111 

117 

124 

130 

27 

40 

.47 

54 

61 

68 

74 

81 

88 

95 

101 

108 

115 

122 

128 

135 

28 

42 

49 

56 

63 

70 

77 

84 

91 

98 

105 

112 

119 

126 

133 

140 

29 

43 

51 

58 

65 

73 

80 

87 

94 

102 

109 

116 

123 

131 

138 

145 

30 

45 

53 

60 

68 

75 

83 

90 

98 

105 

113 

120 

128 

135 

143 

150 

AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


25* 


PLANK  MEASURE  (Continued). 
Oontents  of  Planks  in  Board  Measure.       Thwkness  3  inches. 


t 

^.4 

«'5 

5"^ 

.=2 

11 

H 

;:!* 

a 

.=4 

2* 

II 

12^ 

.5 -a 

.5^ 

si 

i1 

II 

t 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

M 

46 

54 

62 

70 

78 

85 

93 

101 

109 

116 

124 

132 

140 

147 

155 

32 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

104 

112 

120 

128 

136 

144 

152 

160 

33 

49 

58 

66 

74 

83 

91 

99 

107 

116 

124 

132 

140 

149 

157 

165 

34 

50 

60 

68 

77 

85 

94 

102 

111 

119 

128 

136 

145 

153 

162 

170 

35 

52 

61 

70 

79 

88 

96 

105 

114 

123 

131 

140 

149 

158 

166 

175 

Contents  of 

Planks 

in  Board  Measure 

.  Thickness   3 J  inches. 

i 

i4 

n 

1^ 
2  jf 

.5  "^ 

i4 

a4 
J2> 

1^ 
2* 

.i4 

■$ 

"1 
til 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

% 

^ 

1 

10 

17 

20 

23 

26 

29 

32 

35 

38 

41 

44 

47 

50 

52 

55 

58 

11 

19 

22 

24 

29 

32 

35 

38 

41 

45 

47 

51 

54 

57 

61 

64 

12 

20 

25 

28 

32 

35 

39 

42 

46 

49 

53 

56 

60 

63 

67 

70 

13 

23 

27 

30 

34 

38 

42 

46 

49 

53 

57 

61 

64 

68 

72 

76 

14 

25 

29 

33 

37 

41 

45 

49 

53 

57 

61 

65 

69 

74 

78 

82 

15 

26 

31 

35 

39 

44 

48 

53 

57 

61 

%& 

70 

74 

79 

83 

88 

16 

28 

33 

37 

42 

47 

51 

56 

61 

65 

70 

75 

79 

84 

89 

93 

17 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

64 

69 

74 

79 

84 

89 

94 

99 

18 

32 

37 

42 

47 

53 

58 

63 

68 

74 

79 

84 

89 

95 

100 

105 

19 

33 

39 

44 

50 

55 

61 

67 

72 

78 

83 

89 

94 

100 

105 

111 

20 

35 

41 

47 

53 

58 

64 

70 

76 

82 

88 

93 

99 

105 

111 

117 

21 

37 

43 

49 

55 

61 

67 

74 

80 

86 

92 

98 

104 

110 

116 

123 

22 

38 

45 

51 

58 

64 

71 

77 

83 

90 

96 

103 

109 

116 

!22 

i28 

23 

40 

47 

54 

60 

67 

74 

81 

87 

94 

101 

107 

114 

121 

127 

134 

24 

42 

49 

56 

63 

70 

77 

84 

91 

98 

105 

112 

119 

126 

133 

140 

25 

44 

51 

58 

Q>{S 

73 

80 

88 

95 

102 

109 

117 

124 

131 

139 

146 

2Q 

45 

53 

61 

68 

76 

83 

91 

99 

106 

114 

121 

129 

137 

144 

152 

27 

47 

55 

63 

71 

79 

87 

95 

102 

110 

118 

126 

134 

142 

150 

158 

28 

49 

57 

65 

74 

82 

90 

98 

106 

114 

123 

131 

139 

147 

155 

163 

^9 

51 

59 

68 

76 

85 

93 

102 

110 

118 

127 

135 

144 

152 

161 

169 

30 

52 

61 

70 

79 

88 

96 

105 

114 

123 

131 

140 

149 

158 

166 

175 

31 

54 

63 

72 

81 

90 

99 

109 

118 

127 

136 

145 

154 

163 

172 

181 

32 

56 

65 

75 

84 

93 

103 

112 

121 

131 

140 

149 

159 

168 

177 

187 

33 

58 

67 

77 

87 

96 

106 

116 

125 

13^ 

144 

154 

164 

173 

183 

193 

34 

59 

69 

79 

89 

99 

109 

119 

129 

139 

149 

159 

169 

179 

188 

198 

35 

61 

71 

82 

92 

102 

112 

123 

133 

143 

153 

163 

174 

184 

194 

204 

252 


THE    BUILDER'S    GUIDE, 


PLANK  MEASURE  (Continued). 
Contents  of  Planks  in  Board  Measure.       Thickness  4  inchei, 


-•  43 

.<i5 

•03 

•:; 

-J 

-■  :C 

r^.' 

^^ 

c  -' 

C  V 

iv 

S  IJ 

-<c 

s  ^ 

.S-a 

s 

^^ 

C-^ 

00^ 

OJ* 

2^ 

S'^ 

2'^ 

2^ 

^'^ 

jO^ 

S^ 

^^ 

2'^ 

2'^ 

f:^ 

t 

•« 

^i. 

■>!k 

■!^ 

^ 

*i 

■M 

*5 

. 

. 

^ 

+J 

. 

<M 

^ 

1 

^ 

1 

I 

I 

l 

I 

1 

1 

I 

1 

% 

-1 

1 

10 

20 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

40 

43 

47 

50 

53 

57 

60 

63 

67 

11 

22 

26 

29 

33 

37 

40 

44 

48 

51 

54 

59 

62 

66 

69 

73 

12 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

60 

64 

68 

72 

76 

80 

13 

26 

30 

35 

39 

43 

48 

52 

56 

61 

65 

69 

72 

78 

82 

87 

14 

28 

33 

37 

42 

47 

51 

56 

61 

65 

70 

75 

79 

84 

89 

93 

15 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

95 

100- 

16 

32 

37 

43 

48 

53 

59 

64 

69 

75 

80 

85 

91 

96 

101 

107 

17 

34 

40 

45 

51 

57 

62 

68 

74 

79 

85 

91 

96 

102 

108 

113 

18 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

96 

102 

108 

114 

120 

19 

38 

44 

51 

57 

63 

70 

76 

82 

89 

95 

101 

108 

114 

120 

127 

20 

40 

47 

53 

60 

67 

73 

80 

87 

93 

100 

107 

113 

120 

127 

133 

21 

42 

49 

56 

63 

70 

77 

84 

91 

98 

105 

112 

119 

126 

133 

140 

22 

44 

51 

59 

66 

73 

81 

88 

95 

103 

110 

117 

125 

132 

139 

147 

23 

46 

54 

61 

69 

77 

84 

92 

100 

107 

115 

123 

130 

138 

146 

153 

24 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

104 

112 

120 

128 

136 

144 

152 

160 

25 

50 

58 

67 

75 

83 

92 

100 

108 

117 

125 

133 

142 

150 

158 

167 

26 

52 

61 

69 

78 

87 

95 

104 

113 

121 

130 

139 

147 

156 

165 

173 

27 

54 

63 

72 

81 

90 

99 

108 

117 

126 

135 

144 

153 

162 

171 

180 

28 

56 

65 

75 

84 

93 

103 

112 

121 

131 

140 

149 

159 

168 

177 

187 

29 

58 

68 

77 

87 

97 

106 

116 

125 

135 

145 

155 

164 

174 

184 

19;^ 

30 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

150 

160 

170 

180 

190 

200 

31 

62 

72 

83 

93 

103 

114 

124 

134 

145 

155 

165 

176 

186 

196 

207 

32 

64 

75 

85 

96 

107 

117 

128 

139 

149 

160 

171 

181 

192 

203 

213 

33 

66 

77 

88 

99 

110 

121 

132 

143 

154 

165 

176 

187 

198 

209 

220 

34 

68 

79 

91 

102 

113 

125 

136 

147 

159 

170 

181 

193 

204 

215 

227 

35 

70 

82 

93 

105 

117 

128 

140 

152 

163 

175 

187 

198 

210 

222 

233= 

Contents  of 

Planks 

in  Board  Measure 

.  Thick) 

ie<is  ' 

i^  inches. 

1 

si 

a 

00  ? 

a4 

OS? 

a4 
2'^ 

2'^ 

5'^ 

b4 

2*^ 

.a4 

.b4 
5'^ 

2* 

s 

. 

■^ 

4J 

>j 

-»i 

*i 

43 

^ 

*s 

^ 

^ 

*i 

■t^ 

. 

p^ 

i 

<s 

1 

i 

i 

>Si 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

1 

k 

1 

10 

22 

26 

30 

34 

37 

41 

45 

49 

52 

56 

60 

64 

67 

71 

75 

11 

25 

29 

33 

37 

41 

45 

49 

54 

58 

62 

66 

70 

74 

78 

82 

12 

27 

32 

36 

41 

45 

50 

54 

59 

63 

68 

72 

77 

81 

86 

90 

13 

29 

34 

39 

44 

49 

54 

59 

63 

68 

73 

78 

83 

88 

93 

98 

14 

31 

37 

42 

47 

53 

58 

63 

68 

74 

79 

84 

89 

95 

100 

105 

AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


253 


PLANK  MEASURE  {Continued). 
Contents  of  Flanks  in  Board  Measure.     Thickness  4J  inches. 


1 

di 
«? 

si 
00^ 

05^ 

1? 

'Si 

i'^ 

b,'^ 

I1 

£l 

U 

2^ 

SI 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

^ 

i 

1 

i 

i 

1 

15 

34 

39 

45 

51 

56 

62 

68 

73 

79 

84 

90 

96 

101 

107 

113 

1() 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

96 

102 

108 

114 

120 

17 

38 

45 

51 

57 

64 

70 

77 

83 

89 

96 

102 

108 

115 

121 

128 

18 

40 

47 

54 

61 

68 

74 

81 

88 

95 

101 

108 

115 

122 

128 

135 

19 

43 

50 

57 

64 

71 

78 

86 

93 

100 

107 

114 

121 

128 

135 

143 

20 

45 

53 

60 

68 

75 

83 

90 

98 

105 

113 

120 

128 

135 

143 

150 

21 

47 

55 

63 

71 

79 

87 

95 

102 

110 

118 

126 

134 

142 

150 

158 

22 

49 

58 

66 

74 

83 

91 

99 

107 

116 

124 

132 

140 

149 

157 

165 

23 

52 

60 

69 

78 

86 

95 

104 

112 

121 

129 

138 

147 

155 

164 

173 

24 

54 

63 

72 

81 

90 

99 

108 

117 

126 

135 

144 

153 

162 

171 

180 

25 

56 

66 

75 

84 

94 

103 

113 

122 

131 

141 

150 

159 

169 

178 

188 

26 

59 

68 

78 

88 

98 

107 

117 

127 

137 

146 

156 

166 

176 

185 

195 

27 

61 

71 

81 

91 

101 

111 

122 

132 

142 

152 

162 

172 

182 

192 

205 

28 

63 

74 

84 

95 

105 

116 

126 

137 

147 

158 

168 

179 

189 

200 

210 

29 

65 

76 

87 

98 

109 

120 

131 

141 

152 

163 

174 

185 

196 

207 

218 

30 

67 

79 

90 

101 

113 

124 

135 

146 

158 

169 

180 

191 

203 

214 

225 

31 

70 

81 

93 

105 

116 

128 

140 

151 

163 

174 

186 

198 

209 

221 

233 

32 

72 

84 

96 

108 

120 

132 

144 

156 

168 

180 

192 

204 

216 

228 

240 

33 

74 

87 

99 

HI 

124 

136 

149 

161 

173 

186 

198 

210 

223 

23r 

248 

34 

76 

89 

102 

115 

128 

140 

153 

166 

17!? 

191 

204 

217 

230 

24':^ 

255 

35 

79 

92 

105 

118 

131 

144 

158 

171 

184 

197 

210 

223 

236 

24S 

263 

WAGES  TABLE. 

Salaries  and  Wages  hy  the  Year,  Month,   Week  or  Day. 


Per  Year. 

Per  Month 

Per  Week. 

Per  Day 

Per  Year. 

Per  Month 

Per  Week 

Per  Day 

$ 

$  c. 

$  c. 

$  c. 

$ 

$  c. 

$  c. 

$  c. 

20  is 

1.67 

.38 

.05 

65  is 

5.42 

1.25 

.18 

25 

2.08 

.48 

.07 

70 

5.83 

1.34 

.19 

30 

2.50 

.58 

.08 

75 

6.25 

1.44 

.21 

35 

2.92 

.67 

.10 

80 

6.67 

1.53 

.22 

40 

3.33 

.77 

.11 

85 

7.08 

1.63 

.23 

45 

3.75 

.86 

.12 

90 

7.50 

1.73 

.25 

50 

4.17 

.96 

.14 

95 

7.92 

1.82 

.26 

55 

4.58 

1.06 

.15 

100 

8.33 

1.92 

.27 

60 

5.00 

1.15 

.16 

105 

8.75 

2.01 

.29 

254 


THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 


WAGES  TABLE  {Continued). 
Salaries  and  Wages  hy  the  Year,  Month,  Week  or  Day. 


Per  Year. 

Per  Month 
$       c. 

Per  Week. 

Per  Day 

Per  Year. 

Per  Month 

Per  Week. 

Per  Day 

$ 

$      c. 

$    c. 

$ 

$      c. 

$      c. 

$    c. 

llOis 

9.17 

2.11 

.30 

340  is 

28.33 

6.52 

.93 

115 

9.58 

2.21 

.32 

350 

29.17 

6.71 

.96 

120 

10.00 

2.30 

.33 

360 

30.00 

6.90 

.99 

125 

10.42 

2.40 

.34 

370 

30.83 

7.10 

1.01 

130 

10.83 

2.49 

.36 

375 

31.25 

7.19 

1.03 

135 

11.25 

2.59 

.37 

380 

31.67 

7.29 

1.04 

140 

11.67 

2.69 

.38 

390 

32.50 

7.48 

1.07 

145 

12.08 

2.78 

.40 

400 

33.33 

7.67 

1.10 

150 

12.50 

2.88 

.41 

425 

35.42 

8.15 

1.16 

155 

12.92 

2.97 

.42 

450 

37.50 

8.63 

1.23 

160 

13.33 

3.07 

.44 

475 

39.58 

9.11 

1.30 

165 

13.75 

3.16 

.45 

500 

41.67 

9.59 

1.37 

170 

14.17 

3.26 

.47 

525 

43.75 

10.07 

1.44 

175 

14.58 

3.36 

.48 

550 

45.83 

10.55 

1.51 

180 

15.00 

3.45 

.49 

575 

47.92 

11.03 

1.58 

185 

15.42 

3.55 

.51 

600 

50.00 

11.51 

1.64 

190 

15.83 

3.64 

.52 

625 

52.08 

11.99 

1.71 

195 

16.25 

3.74 

.53 

650 

54.17 

12.47 

1.78 

200 

16.57 

3.84 

.55 

675 

56.25 

12.95 

1.85 

205 

17.08 

3.93 

.56 

700 

58.33 

13.42 

1.92 

210 

17.50 

4.03 

.58 

725 

60.42 

13.90 

1.99 

215 

17.92 

4.12 

.59 

750 

62.50 

14.38 

2.05 

220 

18.33 

4.22 

.60 

775 

64.58 

14.86 

2.12 

225 

18.75 

4.31 

.62 

800 

66.67 

15.34 

2.19 

230 

19.17 

4.41 

.63 

825 

68.75 

15.82 

2.26 

235 

19.58 

4.51 

.64 

850 

70.83 

16.30 

2.33 

240 

20.00 

4.60 

.66 

875 

72.92 

16.78 

2.40 

245 

20.42 

4.70 

.67 

900 

75.00 

17.26 

2.47 

250 

20.83 

4.79 

.69 

925 

77.08 

17.74 

2.53 

255 

21.25 

4.89 

.70 

950 

79.17 

18.22 

2.60 

260 

21.67 

4.99 

.71 

975 

81.25 

18.70 

2.67 

265 

22.08 

5.08 

.73 

1000 

83.33 

19.18 

2.74 

270 

22.50 

5.18 

.74 

1050 

87.50 

20.14 

2.88 

275 

22.92 

5.27 

.75 

1100 

91.67 

21.10 

3.01 

280 

23.33 

5.37 

.77 

1150 

95.83 

22.06 

3.15 

285 

23.75 

5.47 

.78 

1200 

100.00 

23.01 

3.29 

290 

24.17 

5.56 

.79 

1250 

104.17 

23.29 

3.42 

295 

24.58 

5.66 

.81 

1300 

108.33 

24.93 

3.56 

300 

25.00 

5.75 

.82 

1350 

112.50 

25.89 

3.70 

310 

25.83 

5.95 

.85 

1400 

116.67 

26.85 

3.84 

320 

26.67 

6.14 

.88 

1450 

120.84 

27.80 

3.98 

325 

27.08 

6.23 

.89 

1500 

125.00 

28.77 

4.11 

330 

27.50 

6.33 

.90 

1600 

133.34 

30.68 

4.38 

AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK. 


255 


WAGES  TABLE. 


Calculated  on  a  Scale  of  Ten  Hours  Labor  per  day.  The  Time,  in 
Hours  and  Days,  is  noted  in  the  Left-hand  Column,  and  the  Amount 
of  Wages  under  the  respective  headings  as  noted  below. 


Days. 

ON'/T  -^   W     M     M 

Hours. 

0    OOVJ    OvO\  .*^  W    M 

- 

J^ 

O^Ul  -t>.  W     M     M 
ji  *^  W    M    M    b 
0    M  w  tn   On  00 

MM                MM 

WW          WW 

^ 

t 

0 

VO    OOVJ    OvOi  4>.  W    M 
vj    0\  ONOi  -^  W    M    M 

r  V       r  r  r  •? 

M  W                  ONW    M  W 

vj   -J,   Jk.   w     M     M 

^ 

M 

to 
00 

ON 

8 

0  U.    On  0  W    On 
WW          WW 

0  0    OOvj  01  *.  W    M 
-n  w    M    0    00  ONtn  W 

MM             MM             M 

WW        OJ  w        w 

-     M 

to 

'0 

0 

8 

-n    M    b  ;^   OI    M 
0  Ui  'O  tn    0  Oi 

M    Q    OOvl    OvCa  W    M 
10           M           M           M 

00  ON'Ji  J>.    M    M 

M      M 

w 
w 

ON 
00 

8  S;':^  8  §^w 

MM             10     M 
o'j  OJ          W  W 

N3    0  vO    00  ONO»  *.    M 

0    OvOJ    0    OvOJ    0    ON 

MM           to    M           N 

WW         W  OJ         w 

0  vj    On-U  W    m 

888^8^ 

j\  oo»  Ooi  Got  Qoi^ 
to 

8 

0    00  OnOj  W    _m 

0  OJ    OnO  W    ON 
MM           MM 
OJ  W          W  00 

01  W     M    b    "00  ONOJ  W 

OW   OnOw   OnOoj 

On  00 
W  00 

.0 
8 

-.  vO  vj  01  W    M 

M     M     M     M 

OOVO 

■yi- 

8 

0     -   W   OJ    ON  00 

J    Onw    0    ONW 

MM              MM 

WW          WW 

ON-f.      M      M   VO    ^    Ol   W 

JX    OnOOO    MWOl    ON 
to    M           MM           (j3 
00  00          00  W          OJ 

M    0    OOON^i.    M 

388888 

M 

8 

^E't^S^^t 

8 

s 

W    0    00  Ov*.    M 

0  "^  o>  w  b  "00  On^. 

^  W    M    0    00  OvOl  W 
M                  M    M           M 
W               OJ  OJ         oJ 

M 

- 

8 

i:  ;  vp  ON.^  M 

0    O^OJ  \0    ONW 
0    ONW  VO     ONW 

M                >?      <j>      V 

w       www 

^ 

■yi- 

*- 
8 

-    OOON*.    -O^-f-    ti 
0    OvOJ    0    ONW    0    ONOJ 

to      M                to      M               to      M 

WW         WW          OJ    M 

-n    M    0  ^  tn    M 

8  ^  8  'S  8  ^ 

(0      M      F<      M      M      M 

8 

rOO^OiMQ^^ 
OiOOiOOiOOtO 

M 

M 

M 

Days. 

ONtn  4^  w    M    M 

Hours. 

n 

n 

VO   OOvj    ONCa  4^  W    M    mkR 

0  OJ    OnO  OJ    On 
WW         WW 

wH  W    M    0    bo  ONtn  W    H    M 

H     to             M     to             M     to 
OJ  W         W  OJ         W  OJ 

8. 

0  01   0  tn    0  Ui 

MO^tnMO«»JtnMM 
M           M          M          to          to  ^ 

0     ONW     0     ONW 
,0     M              to     M 

WW         OJ  w 

0    ONOJ    0    ONOJ    0    OnOJ    m 

to  M        to  M        »  "T"  w 

OJ  00         OJ    to         00  OJ  w 

8 

M     ,0             M     ,0 
WW         OJ  w 

W  W    M    M    M    H    H    .      • 

V)  w  VO  Oi    M    On  M    00*.    M 

M  OJ    M                00    lb  OJ    ON 

W    M    M    M    M 

8^8^58^ 

i.  i.  OJ  OJ    M    lo    M    M    .      . 
UiOO»0'..nOOiOtnM 

to 

8 

On  M    to    M    M 
-n  vb  w  vj    n  tn 
0    M  w  ta   ON  00 

to    M            MM 
00  OJ        OJ  OJ 

M    ONMtnvOWv)    M    ONW 

r  v       V  r  r  ? 

M  W                 ONOJ    M  W 

4^  W    M    M    M 

8i8^8i^8^ 

WW         OJ  w 

ONOl  J>.  i.  w   io   M   -   .     • 
Ooj  onow  onOoj  onw 

r  •?     r  •?     r  •?  r 

WW          WW          W  W    M 

8 

^  W  OJ    M    M 

On  ONCn  -J>-  W  W    M    M    .      . 
^OMOT-^OMOTVJM 

M           M           to           to           to  .^. 

0 

(Jl  4^  W    M    M    _ 
Q    M  OJ  01    On  00 
0    Onw   0    ONW 

vj    ONOi  61  i>^  W    M    M    .      . 
OI   ONOOO    MWtn   ON  00.^ 

W  00          00  00         W  00    10 

0? 

8 

Oi  OI    Onvj    OOvO 

0     00  ONOl  W     M 

M     to             M     to 

W  00         OJ  00 

00^1    ONOi  .k  W    M    M    .      . 
M  W  4^  Oi    ON  0  ^    OOVO  .fr. 

lOWOv              OOIOOJOVIO 

ONtn  4»  w   M   M 

888888 

8 

"o  o'o  8"  0  0  ^  0  0  <^ 

If  the  desired  number  of  days  or  amount  of  wages  is  not  in  the  table,  double  or 
treble  any  suitable  number  of  days  or  amount  of  money,  as  the  case  maybe,  until  you 
obtain  the  desired  number  of  days  and  the  wages  to  correspond. 


2s6 


THE    builder's    GUIDE, 


TABLE  FOR   COMPUTING  WAGES,    EENT,    BOARD,    ETC. 

The  sum  will  be  found  heading  the  columns,  and  the  days  and  weeks  o?* 
the  extreme  left  hand  c  lumn.  If  the  desired  snm  is  not  in  the  tabUy 
double  or  treble  two  or  three  suitable  number's. 


Time. 

$2.50 

$2.75 

$3.00 

$3-25 

$350 

$3-75 

$4.00 

$4.25 

$4.50 

$4-75 

I 

.36 

•39 

•43 

.46 

.50 

•53 

•57 

.61 

.64 

.63 

^•2 

.72 

.78 

.86 

•93 

1. 00 

1.07 

I  14 

I. 21 

1.28 

1.36 

?^3 

1.08 

1.17 

1.29 

I  39 

1.50 

1.61 

1. 71 

1.82 

1-93 

2.03 

fl4 

1.44 

1.56 

1.71 

1.86 

2.00 

2.14 

2.28 

2.43 

2.57 

2.71 

5 

1.80 

1-95 

2.14 

2.32 

2.50 

2.68 

2.86 

303 

3.21 

3-39 

6 

2.15 

2.34 

2.57 

2.78 

3.00 

3.21 

3-43 

3-64 

3.86 

4.07 

I 

2  50 

2.75 

3.00 

325 

3- 50 

3-75 

4.00 

4-25 

4-50 

4-75 

It 

5  00 

5-50 

6.00 

6.50 

7.00 

7-50 

8.00 

8.50 

9.00 

9- 50 

7.50 

8.25 

9.00 

9-75 

10.50 

11.25 

12.00 

12.75 

13-50 

14-25 

10.00 

11.00 

12.00 

13.00 

14.00 

15.00 

16.00 

1 7.00 

18.00 

19  o:> 

12.50 

13-75 

15  00 

t6  25 

17.  0 

18.75 

20.00 

2r.2^ 

2->.  en 

9T,  7- 

Time. 

$5oc 

^5.25 

$5.50 

$5-75 

$6.00 

$6.25 

$6.50 

$6.73 

$7.00 

$3.00 

I 

•71 

'75 

•79 

82 

.86 

.89 

•93 

.96 

1.00 

I. 14 

,:2 

1-43 

1.50 

i.5« 

1.64 

1.72 

1.78 

1.86 

1 

92 

2.0D 

2.28 

c^-^ 

2.14 

2.25 

2-37 

2.46 

2.28 

2.67 

2.79 

2 

88 

3- 00 

3-52 

n4 

2.86 

3.00 

3-15 

3-28 

3-44 

3.56 

3-72 

3 

84 

4.00 

4.26 

5 

3-57 

3-75 

3-94 

4.10 

4  30 

4-45 

465 

4 

80 

500 

5-72 

6 

4.28 

4-50 

4-73 

4.92 

5.16 

5.34 

5  5« 

5 

76 

6.00 

6.86 

I 

5-00 

5-25 

5- 50 

5-75 

6.00 

b.25 

6.50 

b 

75 

7.00 

8.00 

I3 

10.00 

10.50 

IT. 00 

11.50 

12.00 

12.50 

T3.00 

13 

50 

1400 

16.00 

15.00 

15-75 

16.50 

17-25 

1800 

18.75 

19.50 

20 

25 

21.00 

24.00 

^t 

20.00 

21. 00 

22.00 

23.00 

24  00 

25.00 

26.00 

27 

oo 

28.00 

32.00 

25.00 

26.25 

27.50 

28.75 

30  00 

31-25 

32  50 

33 

50 

35.00 

40  GO 

SIZES  AND  CAPACITIES  OF  CRIBS  AND   BOXES. 

Crib  6J  ft.  long,  3|  ft.  broad,  3}  deep,  63 J  bush.  J  peck. 

Box  4  ft.  long,  3  ft.  5  in.  wide,  2  ft.  8  in  deep,  36 J  c.  ft.,  1  ton 
of  coal. 

Stone  or  Box  4^  ft.  long,  2 J  ft  wide,  2  ft.  deep,  22J  cubic  feet. 

Box  2  ft.  long,"!  foot  4  in.  wide,  2  ft.  8  in  deep,  10,722  cub.  in. 
1  barrel. 

Box  2  ft.  long,  1  foot  2  in.  wide,  1  foot  2  in.  deep,  5,376  cub.  in. 
J  barrel. 

Box  1  foot  2  in.  long  by  16  8-10  in.  wide  and  8  in.  deep,  1  bushel. 

Box  12x11  2-10  in.,  8  in.  deep,  1.075  2-10  in.  or  J  bushel. 

Box  8x8  4-10  in.  and  8  in.  deep,  537  6-10  cub.  in.  or  1  peck. 

Box  8x8  in.  and  4  2-10  in.  deep,  268  8-10  cub.  in.  or  J  peck. 

Box  7x4  in.  and  4  8-10  in.  deep,  134  4-10  cub.  in.  J  gallon. 

Box 4 x4  in.  and  4  2-10  in  deep,  67  2-10  cub.  in,  1  quart. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  257 


LIEN  LAWS. 

The  following  will  give  an  idea  of  the  workings  of  the  lien  laws 
of  the  various  states. 

ALABAMA,— By  act,  approved  March  19th,  1875,  a  lien  is  given 
to  laborers  and  employees  (except  officers)  of  railroads  in  this  State, 
for  work  and  labor  done  by  them  as  such.  Such  extends  to  all  the 
property,  rights,  effects  and  credits  of  every  description  of  such 
railroad  companies.  A  lien  is  also  given  to  all  contractors,  me- 
chanics, builders,  bricklayers,  plasterers,  painters,  and  every  other 
person  whatever  in  the  State  of  Alabama,  for  work  and  labor  done 
by  them  as  such,  and  for  materials  furnished;  and  such  lien  ex- 
tends to  all  the  rights,  title  and  interest  of  the  person  or  persons 
for  whom  the  work  is  done,  or  the  materials  furnished,  in  the 
property  upon  which  such  work  is  done  and  for  which  such  ma- 
terials are  furnished,  including  the  land  upon  which  such  property 
may  be  situated.  Provided  that  all  the  liens  given  under  this  act 
shall  all  be  held  to  be  waived,  unless  proceedings  are  commenced 
within  six  months  after  the  completion  of  such  work,  to  enforce 
same.     Such  liens  are  enforced  by  process  of  attachment. 

ARKANSAS, — Mechanics,  material  men  and  laborers  have  a  lien 
on  land  and  improvements  to  the  extent  of  their  labor.  The  original 
contractor  must  file  his  lien  within  three  months  after  all  the 
things  shall  have  been  done  or  furnished.  Sub-contractors  must 
give  notice  to  owner,  proprietor,  agent  or  trustee,  before  or  at  the 
time  he  furnishes  any  of  the  things  or  performs  services.  These 
liave  precedence  over  all  other  subsequent  incumbrances. 

CONNECTICUT.— Material  men  and  mechanics  have  a  lien  on 
land  and  buildings  for  the  amount  of  their  claim,  provided  the 
same  exceeds  $25.  To  render  the  lien  valid,  the  claimant  must  file 
a  certificate  of  the  claim,  verified  by  oath,  with  the  town  clerk 
within  60  days  from  the  time  when  he  commenced  to  furnish  ma- 
terials or  render  services.  Where  the  claimant  is  a  sub-contractor 
he  must,  unless  his  contract  with  the  original  contractor  is  in  writ- 
ing, assented  to  by  the  proprietor,  give  notice  in  writing  to  the 
proprietor  within  60  days  of  the  time  he  commences  to  furnish 
materials  or  render  services  that  he  intends  to  claim  a  lien,  other- 
>vise  he  can  have  none.  This  ]ien  takes  precedence  of  all  subse- 
quent incumbrances. 

CALIFORNIA. — Mechanics  and  material  men  have  a  lien  for  labor 
and  materials  on  the  land  and  improvements  to  the  extent  of  their 
claims.  The  original  contractor  must  file  his  claim  within  60  days, 
and  the  laborers  within  30  days,  after  the  debt  accrued.  This  lien 
attaches  from  the  commencement  of  the  work,  and  has  precedence 
over  any  subsequent  or  previous  unrecorded  encumbrance. 


2^t  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

COLORADO. — Persons  who  perform  work  or  furnish  materials 
to  the  amount  of  more  than  $25  for  the  construction  or  repairing 
of  any  building,  may  have  a  lien  thereon.  Principal  contractors 
must  hie  their  lien  within  40,  and  sub-contractors  within  20  days 
after  last  work  done  or  material  furnished.  Action  thereof  must 
be  commenced  within  6  months  from  date  of  filing  lien. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.— Any  person  who,  by  virtue  of  any 
contract  with  owner  of  any  building  or  his  agent,  performs  labor  or 
furnishes  materials  for  construction  or  repair  of  such  building, 
shall,  upon  filing  in  office  of  clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
District,  at  any  time  after  commencement  of  the  building,  and 
within  three  months  after  completion  of  such  building  or  repairs, 
a  notice  of  his  intention  to  hold  a  lien  upon  the  property  for  the 
amount  due  or  to  become  due  to  him,  si)ecifically  setting  forth  the 
amount  claimed,  have  a  lien  upon  such  building  and  lot  of  ground 
upon  which  the  same  is  situated,  for  such  labor  done  or  materials 
furnished  when  amount  exceeds  $20.  Any  sub-contractor,  journey- 
man or  laborer  employed  in  construction  or  repair  of  any  building, 
or  in  furnishing  any  materials  or  machinery  for  same,  may  give,  at 
any  time,  owner  thereof  notice  in  writing,  particularly  setting  forth 
amount  of  his  claim  and  services  rendered  for  which  his  employer 
is  indebted  to  him,  and  that  he  holds  the  owner  responsible,  and 
the  owner  of  the  building  shall  be  liable  for  the  claims  but  not  to 
exceed  the  amount  due  from  him  to  employer  at  time  of  notice,  or 
subsequently,  which  may  be  recovered  in  an  action. 

DELAWARE. — Mechanics,  builders,  artisans,  laborers  or  other 
persons,  having  performed  or  furnished  work  and  labor  or  ma- 
terials or  both,  to  an  amount  exceeding  $25,  in  or  for  the  erection, 
alteration  or  repair  of  any  house,  building  or  structure,  in  pursuance 
of  any  contract  express  or  implied,  with  the  owner  or  agent  of  such 
building  or  structure,  may  at  any  time  within  six  months  from  the 
completion  of  said  work  and  labor,  or  the  furnishing  of  such  mate- 
rials, file  in  the  office  of  the  prothonotary  of  the  county  in  which 
said  building  is  situate  a  bill  of  particulars  of  his  claim,  with  an  affi- 
davit setting  forth  that  the  defendant  is  justly  indebted  to  the 
plaintiff  in  a  sum  of  $25,  and  has  refused  or  neglected  to  pay 
or  secured  to  be  paid  to  the  said  plaintiff  the  amount  due  on  hi? 
claim.  The  affidavit  must  identify  the  i^roperty  and  give  the 
names  of  the  parties  claimant,  and  the  owner  or  reputed  owner  of 
said  building.  Judgment  obtained  shall  be  a  lien  on  said  building 
or  structure  and  the  real  estate  attached  thereto  upon  which  the 
same  is  erected,  and  shall  relate  back  to  the  day  upon  which  the  work 
or  labor,  or  furnishing  of  materials  was  commenced,  and  shuU  like 
priority  according.  Where  several  contractors  are  employed,  in 
pursuance  of  any  contract  with  the  owner  or  agent,  there  shall  be 
no  priority  of  lien,  but  all  be  paid  pro  rata. 

FLORIDA. — Mechanics  and  other  persons  performing  labor  oi 
furnishing  materials  for  the  construction  or  repair  of  any  building, 
or  who  may  have  furnished  any  engine  or  other  machinery  for  any 


AND    ES'lIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  259 

mill,  distillery  or  manufactory,  may  have  a  lien  on  such  building, 
mill  or  distillery,  etc.,  for  the  same  to  the  extent  of  the  interest  of 
the  tenant  cr  contractor.  Sub-contractors,  journeymen  and  laborers 
have  also  lien,  ujjon  their  giving  notice  in  writing  to  the  owner 
that  they  hold  him  responsible  for  whatever  may  be  due  them. 

GEORGIA.— Laborers  shall  have  a  general  lien  upon  the  pro- 
perty of  their  emploj'ers  liable  to  levy  and  sale  for  their  labor, 
which  is  suj^erior  to  all  other  liens,  except  liens  for  taxes,  the 
special  liens  of  landlords  on  yearly  crops,  and  such  other  liens  as 
are  declared  by  law  superior  to  them.  Laborers  shall  also  have  a 
special  lien  on  the  products  of  their  labor  superior  to  all  other 
liens,  except  liens  for- taxes,  and  special  liens  of  landlords  on 
yearly  crops,  to  which  they  shall  be  inferior.  All  mechanics  of 
every  sort,  who  have  taken  no  personal  security  therefor,  shall,  for 
work  done  and  material  furnished  in  building,  repairing  or  im- 
proving any  real  estate  of  their  employers,  all  contractors,  material 
men  and  persons  furnishing  material  for  the  improvement  of  real 
estate,  all  contractors  for  building  factories,  furnishing  material 
for  the  same,  and  all  machinists  and  manufacturers  of  machinery 
n 'lading  corporations  engaged  in  such  business,  who  may  fur- 
nisn  or  put  up  in  any  county  of  this  State  any  steam  mills  or  other 
machinery,  or  who  may  repair  the  same,  and  all  contractors  to 
build  railroads  shall  each  have  a  special  lien  on  such  real  estate, 
factories  and  railroads. 

INDIANA. — Material  men  and  mechanics  have  lien  for  labor 
and  material  on  the  laud  and  improvements  to  the  extent  of  their 
claims.  The  original  contractor  must  tile  his  claim  within  two 
months,  laborers  within  CO  days,  and  all  other  persons  claiming  a 
lien  within  two  months  after  the  debt  accrued.  This  lien  has 
precedence  over  all  other  liens  or  encumbrances  placed  on  the  pro- 
perty subsequent  to  the  commencement  of  the  building  or  improve- 
ments.    Must  be  foreclosed  in  12  months. 

IOWA. — Every  mechanic  or  other  person  doing  any  labor,  or 
furnishing  any  material,  machinery  or  fixtures  for  the  erection  or  im- 
provement of  any  building,  by  virtue  of  any  contract  with  the  owner, 
agent,  trustee,  contractor  or  sub-contractor,  shall  have  a  mechanics' 
lien  on  the  buildings,  fixtures  and  real  estate.  Railways  are  liable 
in  the  same  way  as  other  property  for  construction  and  improve- 
ments. No  person  who  takes  collateral  security  on  the  same  con- 
tract is  entitled  to  a  lien.  The  lien  must  be  filed  in  ninety  days 
after  the  labor  to  affect  purchases  or  encumbrances  without  notice; 
as  between  the  original  parties,  it  can  be  filed  any  time  in  five 
years. 

ILLINOIS.— Any  person,  by  contract,  express  or  implied,  or 
both,  with  the  owner  of  any  lot  or  piece  of  ground,  furnishing 
labor  or  materials  in  building,  altering,  repairing  or  ornamenting  any 
house  or  building  on  such  lot  has  a  lien  upon  such  lot  or  building 
for  the  amount  due  him  for  such  labor  or  material.  To  the  extent 
that  the  furnishing  such  labor  or  materials  has  increased  the  value 


26o  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

of  such  property,  such  lien  takes  precedence  over  i)rior  encum- 
brances. Proceedings  to  enforce  a  mechanics'  lien  must  be  com- 
menced by  the  original  contractor  within  six  months  from  the 
time  when  the  last  payment  for  labor,  or  materials  becomes  due,  in 
order  to  enforce  such  lien  against  other  creditors  or  encum- 
brances. 

KANSAS. — Material  men  and  mechanics  have  lien  for  labor  and 
materi  1  on  the  land  and  improvements  to  the  extent  of  their 
claims.  The  original  contractor  must  file  his  claim  within  four 
months;  all  other  persons  claiming  a  lien,  within  two  months  after 
the  debt  accrued.  This  lien  has  precedence  over  all  other  liens  or 
encumbrances  placed  on  the  property  subsequent  to  the  commence- 
.  nient  of  the  building  or  improvements. 

KENTUCKY, — There  is  a  general  law  for  the  State  (not  applying 
to  Jefferson  county,  which  has  a  special  act  in  some  respects  dif- 
ferent) giving  mechanics  and  material  men  liens  upon  the  im- 
provements and  interest  of  the  employer  in  the  land  for  work  done 
and  material  furnished.  Sub-contractors  and  laborers  may  acquire  a 
lien,  by  giving  the  employer  written  notice  of  their  claim,  and  that 
they  look  to  the  land  and  improvements  for  compensation.  Liens 
must  be  filed  in  sixty  days  and  suit  brought  in  six  months,  to  en- 
lorce  claims,  or  they  are  lost. 

LOUISIANA. — The  contractor  has  a  lien  for  the  payment  of  his 
labor  on  the  building  or  other  work  which  he  may  have  constructed. 
Workmen  employed  immediately  by  the  owner  in  the  construction  or 
repair  of  any  building  have  the  same  privilege.  If  the  contractor  be 
paid  by  the  employer,  actions  for  work  and  supplies  furnished  the 
former  will  not  lie  against  the  latter,  but  moneys  due  the  con- 
tractor by  the  employer  may  be  seized  and  applied  towards  pay- 
ment. No  agreement  for  work  exceeding  $500,  unless  reduced  to 
writing  and  registered  with  the  recorder  of  mortgages,  shall  be 
privileged  as  above.  For  amounts  less  than  $500,  this  formality  is 
dispensed  with,  but  the  privilege  is  limited  to  6  months  from  the 
time  of  completed  work.  Workmen  employed  on  vessels  or  boats 
have  a  lien  on  the  same,  and  are  not,  in  any  case,  bound  to  reduce 
their  contracts  to  writing,  but  their  privilege  closes  if  they  allow 
the  vessels  to  depart  without  exercising  their  right. 

MAINE. — Mechanics  have  a  lien  on  buildings  for  labor  and  ma- 
terials furnished  for  erecting  or  repairing  same,  which  may  be  en- 
forced by  attachment  in  ninety  days  after  same  are  furnished  or 
labor  done,  and  against  vessels  for  four  lays  after  same  is 
launched. 

MASSACHUSETTS.— Any  person  furnishing  labor  or  materials 
for  the  erection,  alteration  or  repairs  of  any  building,  shall  have  a 
lien  on  the  same,  but  no  lien  for  the  materials  shall  attach  unless  he 
shall  notify  the  owner,  in  case  he  is  not  the  i^urchaser,  in  writing, 
that  he  intends  to  claim  a  lien  for  the  same  before  they  are  fur- 
nished.    Where  the  contract  for  furnishing  labor  and  materials  is 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  261 

for  an  entire  sum,  a  lien  will  attach  for  tlie  labor,  if  its  value  can  bo 
ascertained  separate  from  the  materials,  but  not  beyond  such  entire 
sum.  Notice  in  writing  from  the  owner  of  such  building,  that  he 
will  not  be  responsible  for  the  labor  and  materials  to  be  furnished 
to  the  party  furnishing  or  performing  the  same,  will  prevent  the 
lien  from  attaching. 

MARYLAND, — Every  building  erected,  and  every  building  re- 
paired, rebuilt  or  improved  to  the  extent  of  one-fourth  of  its  value, 
shall  be  subject  to  a  lien  for  the  payment  of  all  debts  contracted 
for  work  done  or  material  furnished  for  or  about  the  same;  also 
vessels,  boats  or  machines  constructed  or  repaired  within  this  State 
are  subject  to  mechanics'  lien.  The  lien  must  be  filed  in  the  record 
office  within  six  months  after  the  work  has  been  finished  or  ma- 
terials furnished.  If  the  contract  shall  have  been  made  with  an 
architect  or  builder,  or  any  person  other  than  the  owner  of  the 
ground  on  which  the  building  is  erected,  or  his  agent,  notice  of 
intention  to  claim  a  lien  must  be  given  to  the  owner  within  sixty 
days.  The  mechanics'  lien  has  priority  over  all  other  liens  or  en- 
cumbrances placed  on  the  property  after  the  commencement  of  the 
building,  and  over  mortgages  to  secure  future  advances,  where  the 
loan  or  advance  is  not  actually  made  until  after  the  commence* 
inent  of  the  building. 

MISSISSIPPI.— Judgments  when  enrolled,  are  liens  on  allpro* 
perty  in  the  county  where  rendered ;  may  be  made  liens  in  any 
county  having  abstract  enrolled  there.  Mortgages  and  deeds  in 
trust  are  also  liens.  They  must  be  acknowledged  and  recorded  in 
the  same  manner  as  ordinary  deeds  of  conveyance.  Mechanics 
have  a  lien  for  labor  done  and  materials  furnished  in  the  erection 
and  repair  of  buildings,  but  suits  to  enforce  a  mechanic's  lien  must 
be  commenced  in  six  months. 

MICHICxAN. — Any  person  who  shall,  by  contract  with  the  owner, 
part  owner  or  lessee  of  any  piece  of  land,  furnish  labor  or  materials 
for  constructing  or  repairing  any  building,  wharf,  or  appurtenances 
on  such  land,  has  a  lien  therefor  upon  said  building,  wharf,  ma- 
chineiy,  appurtenances,  the  entire  interest  of  said  owner,  part  owner 
or  lessee  in  and  to  said  land  not  exceeding  one-quarter  section;  ovii 
in  the  limits  of  an  incorporated  village  or  city,  in  the  lot  or  lots  on 
which  said  building,  wharf,  machinery  or  appurtenances  are  situ- 
ated, to  the  extent  of  his  claim.  He  must  tile  a  verified  certificate 
with  the  register  of  deeds,  containing  a  coj^y  of  the  contract,  if  in 
writing,  or  if  not  a  statement  of  its  terms,  with  a  description  of 
the  land,  and  a  statement  of  the  amount  due  and  to  become  due, 
with  all  credits  to  which  the  owner  may  be  entitled. 

The  owner,  part  owner  or  lessee  must  be  notified  of  the  filing  of 
the  certificate.  In  order  to  have  the  benefit  of  the  lien,  proceed- 
ings to  foreclose  must  be  taken  within  six  months  after  the  last  in- 
stallment shall  become  due.  A  sub-contractor  has  a  lien  to  the  ex- 
tent of  the  interest  of  the  original  contractor,  upon  complying  with 
substantially  the  same  provisions  as  in  case  of  an  original  con- 


262  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

tractor.  Mechanics,  workmen,  and  other  persons,  also  have  a  lien 
in  certain  cases,  for  performing  labor  or  furnishing  materials  in 
"building,  altering,  repairing,  beautifying  or  ornamenting  any  house 
or  other  building,  machinery  or  appurtenances  to  any  house  or 
building. 

MISSOURI. — Material  men  and  mechanics  have  lien  for  labor 
and  material  on  the  land  and  improvements  to  the  extent  of  their 
claims.  The  original  contractor  must  file  his  claim  within  six 
months,  laborers  within  thirty  days,  and  all  other  persons  claim- 
ing a  lien  within  four  months  after  the  debt  accrued.  This  lien 
has  precedence  over  all  other  liens  or  encumbrances  placed  on  the 
property  subsequent  to  the  commencement  of  the  building  or  im- 
provements. 

NEW  JERSEY, — Persons  who  perform  labor  or  furnish  materials 
for  the  erection  and  construction  of  buildings,  have  a  lien  on  the 
same  for  such  labor  and  materials,  including  the  lot  on  which  such 
buildings  are  erected; provided,  the  lien  is  filed  in  one  year  after  the 
labor  is  performed  or  materials  furnished,  and  the  summons 
issued  in  the  year. 

NEVADA. — Persons  who  i)erform  labor  or  furnish  materials  for 
the  erection  or  improvement  of  any  building  has  a  lien  on  the  same 
for-  such  work  and  materials  for  all  amounts  over  $25.  And  so 
have  all  laborers  on  all  work  done  by  them  on  any  railroad,  toll- 
road,  canal,  water-ditch,  mine  or  mining-shaft,  or  tunnel,  or  build- 
ing lot  in  a  city  or  town;  provided,  the  original  contractor  shall  file 
his  lien  in  sixty  da3^s,  and  the  sub-contractor  or  laborer  in  thirty 
days  after  the  work  is  completed,  and  suit  commenced  in  six 
months. 

NEBRASKA. — Any  person  who  shall  have  performed  any  labor, 
or  furnished  any  material  or  machinery  for  the  erection,  reparation 
or  removal  of  any  house  or  other  building  or  iDurtenances,  by  virtue 
of  a  contract,  expressed  or  implied,  with  the  owner  thereof,  or  his- 
agent,  shall  have  a  lien  thereon  to  secure  the  payment  for  such 
labor  iDerformed  or  materials  furnished.  Said  lien  shall  be  ob- 
tained by  filing,  in  the  office  of  the  county  clerk  for  record,  an  ac- 
count, in  writing,  of  the  items,  and  making  oath  thereto,  within 
four  months  after  furnishing  such  materials,  or  work  and  labor. 
The  lien  shall  operate  from  the  date  of  the  first  item  till  two  years 
from  the  date  of  the  last  item. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. — Laborers  and  persons  furnishing  materials 
have  a  lien  on  the  building  and  on  the  land  on  which  it  is  put,  to 
the  amount  of  $15,  and  for  the  space  of  sixty  days  after  the  labor 
was  performed  or  materials  furnished. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. — All  laborers,  material  men  and  mechanics 
have  liens  on  the  houses  built,  improved  or  repaired  by  them, 
and  on  the  lots  on  which  they  are  built,  to  the  extent  of  the  in- 
terest of  the  party  who  had  the  improvements  or  repairs  done. 
But  they  must  take  the  necessary  steps  to  enforce  this  lien,  by 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  265 

tiling  same  and  bringing  suit  within  ninety  days  after  the  work 
is  finished. 

NEW  YORK.— The  laws  on  this  subject  are  not  uniform  through- 
out the  State.  Material  men  and  mechanics  have  lien  for  labor  and 
materials  on  land  improvements  to  the  extent  of  their  claims.  The 
claim  must  be  filed  within  thirty  days  after  completion  of  labor 
and  furnishing  of  materials;  and  in  the  county  of  New  York,  and 
some  other  counties,  within  three  months.  The  lien  continues  for 
one  year. 

OREGrON, — Contractors  for  material  or  labor  on  any  building: 
have,  from  the  time  work  is  commenced  thereon,  a  lien  on  the 
building  and  the  ground  on  which  it  is  situated,  prior  to  all  other 
liens  on  the  same  premises  placed  thereon  after  the  commence- 
ment of  work  on  the  building.  Suits  must  be  brought  within  six 
months  after  payments  are  due  under  the  contract,  but  no  credit 
given  on  payments  can  extend  the  lien  beyond  two  years  from  the 
completion  of  the  work.  The  lien  extends  in  favor  of  the  workmen 
to  the  extent  of  the  contract  price;  if  before  payments  are  due,  they 
give  written  notice  of  their  intention  to  hold  the  owner.  And  no- 
payments  made  to  the  contractor  before  they  are  due  under  the 
contract,  can  defeat  this  lien. 

OHIO. — Material  men  and  mechanics,  whether  they  be  contrac-^ 
tors,  sub-contractors  or  laborers,  may  have  a  lien  upon  the  build- 
ings erected,  and  the  land  on  which  the  buildings  are  erected,  if 
within  four  months  of  the  completion  of  the  labor  or  furnishing  of 
the  materials  they  file  an  account,  under  oath,  of  their  claim,  in  the 
county  recorder's  office.  This  account  must  be  itemized.  If  the 
work  be  done  or  materials  furnished  under  a  written  contract,  such 
contract,  or  a  copy  thereof,  must  be  filed  with  the  account.  The  lien 
thus  obtained  dates  back  to  the  commencement  of  the  labor  or  the 
furnishing  of  materials,  and  extends  to  two  years  after  the  com- 
pletion of  the  labor  or  the  furnishing  of  materials. 

PEMSYLYANIA.— These  bind  houses  and  lands  from  the  date 
of  the  commencement  of  work  on  the  building  (usually  the  cellar  dig- 
ging); for  all  work  done  and  materials  furnished  toward  the  erection 
and  construction  of  the  building;  provided,  a  lien  for  the  same  be 
filed  within  six  months  after  the  work  has  been  done  or  the  mate- 
rials furnished.  Liens  may  also  be  filed  for  alterations  or  repairs; 
they  bind  the  property  from  the  date  of  filing. 

The  debts  of  a  deceased  person  are  a  lien  on  his  real  estate  for 
5  years  after  his  death;  the  lien  may  be  continued  by  suit  brought 
within  that  time.  The  lien  of  judgments  operates  for  5  years 
from  date  of  entry,  when  they  must  be  revived  by  scire  facias.  The 
lien  of  a  mortgage  for  purchase  money  is  good  from  date  of  mort- 
gage if  rendered  within  60  days;  other  mortgages  from  date  of 
record. 

RHODE  ISLAND.— Mechanics  have  a  lien  for  labor,  or  labor 
combined  with   materials    furnished,    which,    in   the   case   of  aa 


264.  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

original  contractor,  must  be  prosecuted  within  six  months,  and  in 
-case  of  a  sub-contractor  or  day  laborer,  within  thirty  days  after 
commencing  the  work;  but  no  landlord  is  bound  for  the  improve- 
ments made  by  the  tenant,  nor  a  married  woman,  under  any  cir- 
•cumstances,  unless  the  contract  is  in  writing,  assented  to  by  them, 
iind  is  clearly  intended  to  bind  them. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. — All  persons  who  furnish  materials  or  per- 
form labor  in  the  erection,  improvement  or  repairing  of  buildings, 
Jiave  a  statutory  lien  on  the  same,  to  the  extent  of  the  interest  of 
the  party  who  had  the  buildings  erected  or  improvements  done; 
provideclj  that  within  ninety  days  after  he  ceases  to  labor  a  proper 
account  be  filed  with  the  clerk  of  the  court  and  suit  thereon  be  be- 
gun in  six  months. 

TEXAS. — Any  person  or  firm  who  may  labor,  furnish  material, 
machinery,  fixtures  and  tools  to  erect  any  house,  improvement,  or 
any  improvement  whatever,  shall  have  a  lien  on  such  article,  house, 
building,  fixtures  or  improvement,  and  also  on  the  lot  or  lots  or 
land  necessarily  connected  therewith,  to  secure  payment  for  labor 
done,  material  and  fixtures  furnished  for  construction  or  repairs. 
Such  person  or  firm  shall,  within  six  months  after  such  debt  be- 
come due,  file  his  contract  in  the  ofl&ce  of  the  district  clerk  of  the 
•county  in  which  the  property  is  situated,  and  have  the  same  re- 
corded in  a  book  kept  for  that  purpose  by  the  clerk.  If  the  con- 
tract, order  or  agreement  be  verbal,  a  duplicate  copy  of  the  bill  of 
particulars  must  be  made  under  oath,  one  to  be  filed  and  recorded 
by  the  clerk  as  provided  for  written  contracts,  the  other  to  be 
served  on  the  party  owing  the  debt.  When  the  contract  or  account 
is  filed  and  recorded,  they  must  be  accompanied  by  a  description 
of  the  property  against  which  the  lien  is  claimed.  The  filing  and 
recording  fixes  a  lien  from  the  day  it  is  filed.  The  lien,  if  against 
land  in  the  country  upon  which  said  improvements  have  been 
made,  shall  extend  to  and  include  fifty  acres;  if  in  a  city,  town  or 
village,  it  extends  to  and  includes  such  lot  or  lots  upon  which  said 
improvements  are  situated.  The  lien  may  be  enforced  against  the 
land  and  improvements,  or  the  improvements  alone.  The  pur- 
chaser having  a  reasonable  time  to  remove  the  same.  The  sale  to 
be  upon  judgment  and  order  of  sale.  This  lien  extends  as  well  to 
homesteads  as  to  other  property;  also,  to  all  boats  navigating  the 
waters  of  this  State.  All  actions  to  enforce  liens  must  be  brought 
within  two  years. 

TENNESSEE. — Material  men,  contractors  and  mechanics  who 
furnish  work  or  materials  to  aid  in  the  construction  or  repair  of 
any  building  or  buildings,  shall  have  a  lien  on  the  same  for  one 
year  after  the  work  is  done,  provided  notice  in  writing  of  said  lien 
be  first  given  to  the  owner,  or  his  agent  at  the  time  said  work  is 
b^gun,  or  materials  furnished.  All  debts  incurred  for  repairing, 
fitting,  building,  navigating,  or  furnishing  steam  or  keel  boats, 
shall  be  a  lien  on  such  vessels  provided  suit  be  commenced  within 
three  months  from  the  time  the  debt  is  incurred. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  265 

VERMONT, — Material  men  and  mechanics  have  a  lien  for  labor 
and  material  in  building,  repairing,  fitting  or  furnishing  any  ves- 
sel until  eight  months  alter  such  vessel  is  completed.  It  may  be 
secured  by  attachment,  and  has  precedence  of  all  other  claims. 
They  also  have  lien  upon  a  building,  and  the  lot  on  which  it  stands, 
for  erecting  or  repairing  such  building.  The  lien  continues  three 
months  after  payment  comes  due,  but  does  not  attach  until  the 
person  claiming  it  has  filed  and  caused  to  be  recorded,  in  the 
town  clerk's  office,  a  written  memorandum,  by  him  signed,  assert^ 
ing  such  claim. 

YIRCxIMA. — All  artisans,  builders,  mechanics,  lumber  dealers 
and  others  performing  labor  or  furnishing  materials  for  the  con- 
struction, repair  or  improvement  of  any  building  or  other  property, 
are  allowed  a  lien  upon  such  property  for  the  work  done  and  ma- 
terials furnished.  It  must  be  asserted  by  suit  within  sir  months 
from  the  time  the  lien  is  secured. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. — A  mechanic  or  workman  or  any  person  who 
shall  perform  any  labor  upon  or  furnish  material  to  erect,  repair, 
alter  or  improve  any  building,  has  a  lien  on  the  same,  which  can 
be  enforced  by  suit  in  chancery  in  six  months;  provided,  he  filed 
his  account  under  oath  with  the  clerk  of  the  county  court  in  thirty 
days  after  the  work  was  done  or  material  furnished. 

WISCONSIN, — AH  persons  who  perform  labor  upon  or  furnish 
materials  for  the  building,  improving  or  repairing  of  buildings, 
have  a  lien  thereon  for  the  same,  which  must  be  enforced  by  filing 
a  petition  for  the  lien  in  six  months  in  the  circuit  court  and  an  ac- 
tion to  foreclose  in  one  year. 

ONTARIO. — Mechanics,  laborers  and  material  men  have  a  lien  on 
buildings  and  on  the  land  on  which  said  buildings  are  situate,  for 
work  or  materials  furnished  for  erecting  or  repairing  same.  Lien 
can  be  secured  by  filing  statement  of  the  claim  in  the  registrar's 
office  within  30  days  after  the  completion  of  the  work.  It  will 
cease  to  hold  good  after  the  expiration  of  90  days. 

There  is  no  lien  law  proper  in  any  of  the  othe/  Provinces  of 
Canada. 


^66  THE  builder's  guide, 


Schedule  of  Architects'  Charges, 

AS  ADOPTED    BY    THE  AMERICAN   INSTITUTE  OF  ABCHITECTS,    NEW  YOEK. 

For  full  professional  services  (including  superintendence),  5  per 

cent,  on  the  cost  of  the  work. 
Partial  service  as  follows : 

For  preliminary  studies,  1  per  cent. 

For  preliminary  studies,  general  drawings  and  specifications, 

2J  per  cent. 
For  preliminary  studies,  general  drawings,  details  and  specie 
fications,  3J  per  cent. 
For  stores,  3  per  cent,  upon  the  cost,  divided  in  the  above  ratio. 
For  works  that  cost  less  than  $5,000,  or  for  monumental  and  decor- 
ative work,  and  designs  for  furniture — a  special  rate  in  excess 
of  the  above. 
For  alteration  and  additions — an  additional  charge  to  be  made  for 

surveys  and  measurements. 
Necessary  travelling  expenses  to  be  paid  by  the  client. 
The  architect's  payments  are  successively  due  as  his  work  is  com- 
pleted, in  the  order  of  the  above  classifications. 
XFntil  an  actual  estimate  is  received,  the   charges  are  based   upon 
the  proposed  cost  of  the  works,  and  the  payments  are  received 
as  instalments  of  the  entire  fee,  which  is  based  upon  the  actual 
cost. 
Drawings,  as  instruments  of  service,  are  the  property  of  the  architect. 

SCALE   OF  PEOFESSIONALi  CHARGES    GENERALLY    ADOPTED  BY  ARCHITECTS 
AND  ARCHITECTURAL  SUR\'EYORS  IN   GREAT  BRITAIN. 

Commission  on  the  Cost. 

Public  buildings  and  private  residences 5   per  cent. 

Block  of  2  houses  of  similar  design 4     '  *  * ' 

Block  of  3,  4  or  5  houses  of  similar  design 3     "  '* 

Block  of  6  or  more  houses  of  similar  design 2 J  *'  " 

Stores  and  warehouses 4     * '  " 

Block  of  2  or  more  stores  or  warehouses,  of  similar  de- 
sign  3     **  ** 

Block  of  3  or  more  stores  or  warehouses  of  similar  de- 
sign  2J  -  - 

Detailed  drawings 1     **  *' 

General  superintendence  (exclusive  of  clerk  of  the  works) 
examining  and  passing  the  accounts  (exclusive  of 

measuring  and  making  out  extras  and  omissions. .  1 J  **  ** 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  267 

N.  B. — The  following  subdivision  of  charges  to  apply  proportion- 
ately to  stores,  warehouses,  etc. 

For  the  work  in  the  alterations  of  premises,  the  remuneration 
lo  be  increased  according  to  the  time,  skill  and  trouble  involved: 

Taking  out  quantities  from  plans  for  detailed  estimate..!}  percent. 
Measuring  and  valuing   artificers  work  done  for   any 

amount  under  $1,000 2     " 

Over  $1,000  and  under  $4 000 1^  '*      '« 

Over  $4,000 l|-  *'      *' 

Por  services  by  time,  per  day $10 

N.  B. — Travelling  expenses  extra.  No  charge  to  be  made  for  a 
rough  estimate  obtained  by  cubing  out  its  contents.  If  a  detailed 
estimate  be  requested  by  the  proprietor  a  charge  therefor  is  to  be 
made  as  above. 

An  architect  is  bound  under  the  full  percentage  charge  to  provide 
one  set  of  drawings  and  one  set  of  tracings,  with  duplicate  speci- 
fications; it  being  understood  that  the  architect  is  paid  for  the  use 
only  of  the  drawings  and  specifications  and  that  these,  in  the  event 
of  his  carrying  out  the  works  to  completion,  are  to  remain  his 
property. 

1.  Preliminary  sketches  and  designs  complete,  including 

survey  of  site,  etc  1 J  per  cent. 

2.  General    drawings,    plans,    elevations    and   sections, 

specification  and  approximate  estimate IJ  **      ** 

3.  Working  and  detail  drawing IJ  "      " 

4.  Personal  supervision  and  superintendence  (exclusive 

of  clerk  of  works) 1 J  « *      *  * 

Total  charge,     5    "      ** 

Note.  The  above  charge  of  5  per  cent,  is  to  be  estimated  on  the 
value  of  the  work  executed  including  such  materials  and  labor  as 
maybe  supplied  by  the  owner;  omitted  work  is  to  be  paid  under 
items  1,  2  and  3,  according  to  the  stage  of  the  proceedings  at  which 
the  alteration  was  determined  upon. 

Procuring  and  examining  tenders  for  the  work,  ....  J  per  cent,  in 
addition  to  the  foregoing: 

Arranging  with  artists,  tradesmen  and  others  for  sculp-]  ^i  r>prct 
ture,  stained  glass  and  works  of  a  similar  class,  ',  ^  ^-u  ' 
for  which  the  architect  does  not  furnish  the  de-  |  ^^,  ® 
signs;  but  to  which  he  gives  a  general  supervision,  J  ^^  ^®" 

Alterations  in  the  design,  extra  labor  in  attending  com- )    *i  f;  oo 
mittee  meetings,  arranging  disputes  wath  adjoin-  h         ^ 
ing  owners,  etc )  ^^^     ^^' 

Travelling  and  incidental  expenses extra. 


268  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Measuring  up  works,  and  certifying  the  builder's  accounts  for 
extras  and  omissions,  from  2 J  to  IJ  per  cent.,  according  to  the  de- 
scription of  building. 

An  architect  is  bound  under  the  5  per  cent,  charge  to  provide  one 
set  of  drawings  and  one  set  of  tracings,  with  duplicate  speci- 
fications; it  being  understood  that  the  architect  is  paid  for  the  use 
only  of  the  drawings  and  specifications,  and  that  they  remain  his 
property  at  the  completion  of  the  work. 

Payment  on  account,  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent.,  to  be  made  on  the 
instalments  paid  to  the  builders,  or  otherwise  to  half  the  com- 
mission on  signing  of  the  contract,  and  the  remainder  by  instal- 
ments as  above. 

DISTEICT   SUKVEYOES   FEES   WHEN   ATTACHED    TO   A   CORPORATION. 

For  New  Buildings. 

For  every  building  not  exceeding  400  square  feet  in  area,  and 

not  more  than  two  stories  in  height $7.50 

For  every  additional  story 1.25 

For  every  additional  square  of  100  feet  or  fraction  of  such 

square 75 

But  no  fee  shall  exceed 50.00 

Fees  for  Alterations  and  Additions. 

For  every  addition  made  to  any  building  after  the  roof  thereof 
has  been  covered  in,  the  fee  shall  be  half  of  the  fee  charged  in  the 
case  of  a  new  building. 

For  inspecting  the  arches  or  stone  doors  over  or  under  public 

ways $2.50 

For  inspecting  the  formation  of  openings  in  party  walls 2.50 

For  inspecting  dangerous  structures  by  direction  of  the  com- 
missioners of  police  or  sewers 5.00 

Architectural  Surveyors  Fees. 

The  charge  for  measuring  in  small  new  buildings,  and  in 

repairs,  including  a  bill  of  the  particulars  is 2  J  per  cent. 

In  large  new  works  of  a  plain  character  the  usual  charge 

is IJ  "      *' 

When  the  works  are  of  elaborate  construction  the  charge  will  vary 

from  IJ  per  cent,  upwards,    according  to  the  additional  trouble 

entailed  in  measuring. 
For  works  of  very  small  value  the  charge  is  by  the  day. 

Estimating  quantities  from  plans  and  specifications  and 
preparing  the  '*  bill  of  quantities  "  for  very  small 
or  difficult  works  the  charge  is 2J percent. 

Ditto,  for  ordinary  works  of  $50,000  value,  or  under IJ  ** 

Ditto,  above  $50,000,  the  first  $50, 000  being  charged  under 

the  last  item 1     '  * 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  269 

Lithographing  and  traveling  expenses  are  charged  extra. 

In  important  works,  where  the  quantities  are  taken  out  con- 
jointly, by  two  different  surveyors,  half  of  the  above  rates  are  due 
to  each  surveyor.  In  large  works  of  very  plain  character,  especially 
when  many  simple  repetitions  occur,  lower  rates  than  the  foregoing 
are  sometimes  considered  sufficient. 

Scales  of  Charges  for  Valuations  as  adopted  by  eminent  London  Firms. 

On  the  first  $500 5  per  cent. 

"      second  $500 2}  "       " 

"      third  to  tenth  $500 1     "      " 

Above  $5,000 ^  "      '* 

The  first  thousand  being  charged  at  the  rate  of IJ  "      '* 

Minimum  rate  charged  by  architects  and  architectural 

surveyors  when  paid  by  the  day $15 

FORM  OF  CONTRACT  FOR  BUILDING. 

Made  the day  of ,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 

,  by  and  between ,  of  the  second  part,  in 

these  words;  the  said part of  the  second  part  covenant^ 

and  agree  to  and  with  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  to  make, 
erect,  build,  and  finish,  in  a  good  substantial,  and  workmanlike 

manner,  on  the agreeable 

to  the  draft,  plan,  and  explanation  hereto  annexed,  of  good  and 

substantial  material,  by  the •  day  of next.      And 

the  party  of  the  first  part  covenants  and  agrees  to  pay  unto  the  said 

part of  the  second  part,   for  the  same,  the  sum  of 

,  lawful  money  of  the  United 

States,  as  follows:    The  sum  of ,  and  for  the 

true  and  faithful  performance  of  all  and  every  of  the  covenants  and 
agreements  above  mentioned,  the  parties  to  these  presents  bind 

themselves  each  unto  the  other,  in  the  penal  sum  of 

dollars,  as  affixed  and  settled  damages  to  be  paid  by  the  failing 
party. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  parties  to  these  presents  have  hereunto 
set  their  hands  and  seals,  the  day  and  year  above  written. 

Sealed  and  delivered  in  the  presence  of . 


270  THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 


Leading  Architectural  and  Building  Journals. 

The  Amebican  Architect  and  Building  News.  Published  weekly 
by  James  K.  Osgood  &  Co.,  211  Tremont  St.,  Boston.  Price,  $7.50 
per  year,  or  $6.00  if  paid  in  advance. 

The  Builder  and  Wood-Worker.  Published  monthly  by  Chas. 
D.  Lakey,  176  Broadway,  New  York.     Price,  $1.00  per  year. 

C/rpentry  and  Building.  Published  monthly  by  David  Wil- 
liams, 83  Reade  Street,  New  York.     Price,  $1.00  per  year. 

The  California  Architect  and  Buildino  News.  Published 
monthly  by  Messrs.  J.  &  G.  Wolfe,  240  Montgomery  Street,  San 
Francisco,  California.     Price,  $2.00  per  year. 

Building.  Published  monthly  by  Wm.  T.  Comstock,  6  Astor 
Place,  New  York.    Price,  $1.00  per  year. 


AND   ESTIMATORS   PRICE    BOOK.  27 1 

A    GLOSSARY 

OF  ARCHITECTURAL    TERMS. 


Aaron'S-Rod. — An  ornamental  figure  representing  a  rod  with  a 
serpent  twined  about  it.  It  is  sometimes  confounded  with  the 
Caducens  of  Mercury,  The  distinction  between  the  Caduceus  and 
the  Aaron's-Rod  is  that  the  former  has  two  serpents  twined  in  op- 
posite directions,  while  the  latter  has  but  one. 

Abaci. — Supposed  by  Vitruvius  to  mean  panels  in  the  stucco  of 
walls  and  used  as  a  decoration  above  the  dado. 

Abaciscus,— A  square  compartment  enclosing  a  part,  or  the  entire 
pattern  or  design  of  mosaic  pavements. 

Abacot. — In  decoration.     A  coronet  or  cap  of  state. 

Abacus, — The  upper  member  of  the  capital  of  a  column.  It  is 
sometimes  square  and  sometimes  curved,  forming  on  the  plan  seg- 
ments of  a  circle,  called  the  Arch  of  the  Abacus  and  is  commonly 
decorated  with  a  rose  or  other  ornament  in  the  centre— having  the 
angles,  called  horns  of  the  Abacus  cut  off  in  the  direction  of  the 
radius  or  curve.  In  the  Tuscan  or  Doric,  it  is  a  square  tablet;  in 
the  Ionic,  the  edges  are  moulded;  in  the  Corinthian,  its  sides  are 
concave  and  frequently  enriched  with  carving.  In  Gothic  pillars, 
it  has  a  great  variety  of  forms. 

Abutuieut. — That  part  of  a  pier  from  which  the  arch  springs. 
Sand  pi €7^— sometimes  the  facing  of  masonry  of  this  pier. 

Abuttals,— The  boundings  of  a  piece  of  land  on  other  land, 
street,  river,  etc. 

Abreuvoir,  is  the  joint  between  two  stones,  or  the  interstices 
left  to  be  filled  up  with  cement. 

Abraxes. — In  decoration.  The  name  of  small  gems  or  statues 
having  figures  of  beetles,  serpents,  etc.,  with  human  heads,  etc. 

Acautlius, — A  plant  whose  leaves  are  carved  on  the  Corinthian 
and  Composite  capital.  They  are  differently  disposed,  according 
to  circumstances;  and  the  leaves  of  the  laurel  and  parsley  are  some- 
times employed  in  their  place. 

Acanthines,— /n  decoration.  A  border  or  fillet  ornamented  with 
leaves  of  the  acanthus. 


272  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Accessories. — Those  parts  or  ornaments  in  architectural  com- 
position, whether  designed  or  accidental,  which  are  not  apparently 
essential  either  to  the  use  or  character  of  a  building. 

Accident, — An  effect  or  combination  in  architectural  composition 
which  was  not  foreseen,  a  deviation  from  regularity  or  symmetry 
not  foreseen —often  taken  advantage  of  by  the  architect  to  improve 
the  composition  of  his  designs. 

Accoiiipauimeut. — Buildings  or  ornaments  having  a  necessary 
connection  or  dependence,  and  which  serve  to  make  a  design  more 
or  less  complete. 

Accoiiplement. — Among  carpenters.     A  tie  or  trace. 
Accerra, — In  decoration.     Yases   made   like   a   box   in  which  the 
ancients  put  perfume  and  incense. 

Acroterium, — A  pedestal  on  the  angle  or  apex  of  a  pediment,  in- 
tended as  a  base  for  sculpture. 

Adit. — The  approach  to  a  building,  a  doorway — also  an  air  shaft. 

Admeasurement. — Adjustment  of  proportions;  technically  an 
estimate  of  the  quantity  of  materials  and  labor  of  any  kind  used 
in  building. 

Advanced  work. — In  military  architecture.  A  work  constructed 
beyond  the  covered  way  or  glacis  of  a  fortress, 

Advanced-Fosse. — In  7nilitia  architecture.  A  ditch  thrown  across 
the  esplanade;  a  glacis  to  prevent  a  surprise  by  besiegers. 

Adytum. — A  retired  or  sacred  place  in  ancient  temples  which 
only  the  priest  was  allowed  to  enter. 

-Udes. — In  ancient  Roman  architecture.  A  small  temple  dedicated 
to  worship. 

JGdicula. — A  diminutive  temple  dedicated  to  a  deity. 

-Dgis. — In  decoration.     A  breastplate  or  shield. 

-Egricanes. — Sculptured  representations  of  the  heads  and  skulls 
of  rams,  which  are  used  as  decorations  on  alters,  friezes,  etc. 

iEg'ypteria. — In  decoration.  A  species  of  Egyptian  ornaments 
having  a  light  blue  figure  or  device  on  a  dark  ground. 

^lamoth. — A  vestibule. 

-Ulurus. — In  Egyptian  ornaments.     The  god  cat. 

jEtoma. — A  pediment;  the  tympanum  of  the  pediment. 

Affection. — In  architectural  composition.  An  unnatural  or  over- 
strained imitation  or  artifice. 

Agalma. — The  ornaments  upon  a  statue  or  within  the  temple. 

Ag-g-er. — In  ancient  military  architecture.  A  military  road  formed 
into  a  ridge. 

Agger. — A  wall  or  dike  erected  against  a  sea  or  river  to  keep  it 
within  bounds— a  dam. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  273 

Ag'g'er. — A  mound  or  funeral  burrow  raised  upon  graves  -a 
tumulus. 

Agora, — An  ancient  market  or  forum. 

Aile,  Aisle, — The  wings,  inward  side  porticos  of  a  church,  the 
inward  lateral  corridors  which  enclose  the  choir,  the  presbytery, 
and  the  body  of  the  church  along  its  sides. 

Air  trap, — An  opening  for  the  escape  of  air  from  drains. 

A  la  Grecqiie, — One  of  the  varieties  of  the  fret  ornament. 

Alabastrites, — A  box  or  base  used  by  the  ancients  for  holding 
perfumes. 

Albarum  opus, — A  sort  of  plastering  composed  of  pure  lime  used 
by  the  ancients  for  incrusting  baths  and  making  cornices. 

Alcove, — A  recess  in  a  bedroom  in  which  a  bei  is  placed — a 
recess  fitted  up  with  seats — an  ornamental  garden  building  for 
shade  or  rest. 

Alipterion, — In  ancient  Roman  architecture.  A  room  used  by 
bathers  for  anointing  themselves. 

Alley. — An  aisle  of  the  church — a  narrow  walk. 

Almelirabll, — In  Arabian  architecture.  A  niche  in  a  mosque  mark- 
ing the  direction  of  the  temple  at  Mecca. 

Aliiioiiryj  Aliuery, — A  cupboard  closet  or  recess  for  setting  aside 
broken  victuals  for  the  poor — a  stone  house  near  a  church  from 
which  alms  were  distributed. 

Altar, — In  ancient  Roman  architecture.  A  place  on  which  offerings 
or  sacrifices  were  made  to  the  Gods. 

Altar  of  incense, — A  small  table  covered  with  plates  of  gold  on 
which  was  i)laced  the  smoking  censer  in  the  temple  at  Jerusalem. 

Altar, — Among  Romish  Christians,  a  square  table  placed  at  the 
east  end  of  the  church  for  the  celebration  of  mass. 

Altar-piece, — The  entire  decorations  of  an  altar,  a  painting 
placed  behind  an  altar. 

Altar-screen, — The  back  of  the  altar  from  which  the  canopy  was 
suspended,  and  separating  the  choir  from  the  lady  chapel  and 
presbytery.  The  altar-screen  was  generally  of  stone,  and  composed 
of  the  richest  tabernacle  work  of  niches,  finials  and  pedestals, 
supporting  statues  of  the  tutelary  saints. 

Alto-relievo, — High  relief— a  sculpture,  the  figures  of  which  pro- 
ject from  the  surface  on  which  they  are  carved. 

Ambitus, — A  space  around  every  tomb  which  was  considered 
to  be  sacred. 

Ambo, — A  raised  platform,  a  pulpit,  a  reading  desk,  a  marble 
pulpit — an  oblong  enclosure  in  ancient  churches,  resembling  in  its 
uses  and  positions  the  modern  choir. 

Ambry, — A  cupboard  or  closet,  frequently  found  near  the  altar 
in  ancient  churches  to  hold  sacred  utensils. 


274  THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 

Ambulatory.— An  alley— a  gallery — a  cloister. 

Amphiprostylos.  — A  Grecian  temple  which  has  a  columned 
portico  on  both  ends. 

Amphitheatre. — A  double  theatre,  employed  by  the  ancients  for 
public  amusements,  generally  of  an  elliptical  form,  such  as  the 
Colosseum.  In  landscape  gardening  an  elevated  terrace,  having 
steps  descending  to  a  series  of  terraces  formed  on  the  sloping 
sides  of  a  hill. 

Amphithete. — In  decoration.  A  drinking  cup  of  a  large  size,  often 
seen  in  Greek  sculptures. 

Amphora. — A  Grecian  vase  with  two  handles,  often  seen  on 
medals. 

Anchor. — An  ornament  like  an  arrow-head,  used  in  all  orders  of 
architecture,  but  particularly  in  the  ovolo  echinus,  where  it  forms 
a  combination  with  the  egg. 

Andron. — A  Grecian  hall  for  men  onlv  to  dine  in. 

Ancones,  or  Trusses. — Ornaments  in  the  cornices  of  an  Ionic 
door-way,  resembling  medallions  placed  vertically. 

Ang'els. — hi  mediaeval  architecture.  Brackets  or  corbels  with  the 
figures  or  heads  of  angels. 

Angle-Bar, — In  joinery.  An  upright  bar  at  the  angles  of  poly> 
gonal  windows,  a  mullion.     See  hay  window. 

Angle-Brace. — Apiece  of  timber  fixed  on  two  sides  of  a  quad- 
rangular frame,  forming  the  area  of  the  frame  into  an  octagonal 
opening. 

Angle-Bracket. — A  bracket  placed  in  the  vertex  of  the  angle,, 
and  not  at  right  angles  with  the  sides. 

Angle-Head.— «Se«  angle  staff. 

Angle-Capital. — in  Greek  architecture.  Those  Ionic  capitals  placed 
on  the  flank  columns  of  a  portico,  which  have  one  of  their  volutes 
placed  horizontally  at  an  angle  of  a  hundred  and  thirty-five  degrees^ 
with  the  plane  of  the  frieze. 

Angle-Modillion.— in  ancient  Roman  architecture.  A  modillion 
placed  in  a  direction  parallel  to  a  diagonal  drawn  through  the  mitre 
of  the  cornice. 

Angle-Rafter. — In  caijtentty.  A  piece  of  timber,  of  a  carved 
form,  placed  between  those  parts  of  an  arched  ceiling  where  the 
planes,  if  continued,  would  form  an  angle,  and  corresponding  with 
the  common  ribs  when  they  are  placed  in  a  vertical  direction,  or  to 
receive  and  support  them  when  they  are  in  a  horizontal  direction. 

Angle-Staff,  Angle-Bead.— A  piece  of  wood  placed  vertically,, 
and  fixed  upon  the  exterior  or  salient  angles  of  apartments. 

Angle-Tie.— />i  carpentry.     Dragon  piece. 

Angular  Capital. — The  modern  Ionic  capital,  having  the  four 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  275 

sides  alike,  and  showing  the  volute,  placed  at  an  angle  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty-five  degrees  in  all  the  faces. 

Aiiiiiilated  Colunms. — Columns  clustered  together  by  rings  or 
bands;  much  used  in  English  architecture. 

Annular  Vault. — A  vault  rising  from  two  circular  walls — the  vault 
of  a  corridor. 

Annulet. — A  small  square  moulding  used  to  separate  others. 
The  fillet  which  separates  the  flutings  of  Ionic  capitals  is  some- 
times known  by  this  term. 

Anta^  Antae.— Properly  the  jams  of  doors,  or  square  i)osts  sup- 
porting the  lintel.  Small  pillars  attached  to  walls  forming  the 
entrance  of  edifices  in  general.  They  have  capitals  differing  from 
those  of  the  columns  to  which  they  are  attached.  Also,  an  insulated 
square  pillar  without  base  or  capital  or  any  other  moulding. 

Ante-chaniber. — An  apartment  preceded  by  a  vestibule  and  from 
which  is  approached  another  room. 

Ante-chapel. — That  part  of  the  chapel  through  which  the  passage 
is  to  the  choir. 

Antefragmenta. — The  three  pieces  constituting  the  frame  of  a 
doorway. 

Antependium. — An  awning  or  veil,  which  was  suspended  over 
and  before  the  altar  in  mediaeval  churches. 

Anterides. — In  ancient  architecture.  Buttresses  or  counterforts 
supporting  a  wall. 

Ante-sig'ma. — In  Roman  furniture.  A  semicircular  table  bed, 
which  when  joined  to  another  formed  a  round  table. 

Ante-temple.— What  is  now  called  the  nave  of  a  church. 

Antics.— I/i  architecture.  Fancies  having  no  foundation  in  nature, 
as  sphinxs,  centaurs,  etc.,  different  flowers  growing  on  one  stem. 
Grotesque  ornaments  of  all  kinds. 

Ante-flcae. — Upright  blocks  ornamented  on  the  face  and  placed 
at  regular  intervals  on  the  crowning  member  of  a  cornice. 

Antiquarium.— A  room  or  cabinet  where  ancient  books  and  vases 
were  kept. 

Apodyterium.— Aroom  at  the  entrance  of  ancient  baths,  where 
persons  dressed  or  undressed  for  the  bath,  or  practiced  gymnastic 
,^xercise. 

Apateichismus. — In  ancient  military  architecture.  A  double  wall 
or  rampart  of  earth  raised  by  the  besiegers  close  to  the  place  in- 
vested. 

Apotheca. — A  cabinet,  cupboard,  cellar,  etc.,  in  which  the  ancient 
Romans  kept  oils,  wines,  etc. 

Apothesis. — A  place  on  ihe  south  side  of  the  chancel  in  ancient 
churches,  fitted  up  with  shelves  for  books,  vestments,  etc. 


276  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Apopliorata, — A  movable  stage  or  bar  to  carry  relics. 

Apoplyge-Apotliesis.  —A  concave  quadrantal  moulding,  joining 
the  shaft  of  a  column  to  the  base,  and  connects  the  top  of  the  shaft 
to  the  fillet  under  the  astragal.  The  small  fascia  or  bend  at  the  top 
and  base  of  the  shaft  of  columns. 

Apsis. — The  bowel  or  arched  roof  of  a  house,  room,  or  oven— the 
canopy  of  a  throne — the  inner  part  of  ancient  churches  where  the 
clergy  were  seated  and  where  the  altar  was  placed. 

Apron-piece. — hi  carpentry.  A  horizontal  piece  of  timber  in  a 
wooden  double-flighted  stair  supporting  the  carriage  pieces  and 
joistings  in  the  half  spaces  of  landings. 

Apron-Lining'. — In  joinery.     The  facing  of  the  apron-piece. 

Apostoleuni. — A  church  called  by  the  name  of  an  apostle. 

Apteral. — A  temple  which  is  built  without  columns  at  the  sides. 

Arabesque. — A  building  after  the  manner  of  the  Arabs.  Orna- 
ments used  by  the  same  people  in  which  no  human  or  animal 
figures  appear*  Arabesque  is  sometimes  improperly  used  to  denote 
a  species  of  ornaments  composed  of  capricious  fantastics  and 
imaginary  representations  of  animals  and  foliage  so  much  employed 
by  the  Romans  in  the  decorations  of  walls  and  ceilings. 

Arabian  Arcliitectnre. — A  style  of  architecture,  the  rudiments 
of  which  appear  to  have  been  taken  from  surrounding  nations,  the 
Egyptians,  Syrians,  Chaldeans,  and  Persians.  The  best  preserved 
specimens  partake  chiefly  of  the  Grteco-Roman,  Byzantine,  and 
Egyptian.  It  is  supposed  that  they  constructed  many  of  their  finest 
buildings  from  the  ruins  of  ancient  cities. 

Araignee. — In  military  architecture.  A  branch  return,  or  gallery 
of  a  mine. 

Araiostyle. — That  style  of  building  in  which  the  columns  are  dis- 
tant from  one  another  from  four  to  five  diameters.  Strictly  speak- 
ing, the  term  should  be  limited  to  inter  columniation  of  four  dia- 
meters, which  is  only  suited  to  the  Tuscan  order. 

Arbores.— Large  bronze  candelabra,  in  the  shape  of  a  tree,  placed 
on  the  floor  of  ancient  churches,  so  as  to  appear  growing  out  of  it. 

Area  Custodiae.— I/i  Roman  Architecture.  A  kind  of  cage  or  cell, 
with  bars  of  oak,  for  confining  criminals. 

Arcade.  —A  series  of  apertures  or  recesses  with  arched  ceilings 
or  soffets.  A  series  of  arched  openings  round  public  squares,  mar- 
kets, courts,  etc. 

Arcse.— I^i  Roman  Architecture.     The  gutters  of  the  Cavedium. 

Area?  Arculai. — In  square  sarcophagi,  sides  expanding,  and  rest- 
ing upon  feet  resembling  a  lion. 

Arc-Boutant. — An  arched  buttress  formed  of  a  flat  arch  or  part 
of  an  arch,  abutting  against  the  feet  or  sides  of  another  arch  to  sup- 
port them.     They  are  sometimes  called  flying  buttresses. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  277 

Arcella, — In  mediceval  Architecture.     A  clieese-room. 

Arch.  — i«  building.  A  mechanical  arrangement  of  buildiog  iiia- 
teritils  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  curve,  which  preserve  a  given 
form  when  resisting  pressure,  and  enables  them,  supported  by 
piers  or  abutments,  to  carry  weights  and  resist  pressure. 

Arch- buttress. — Sometimes  called  a  flying  buttress;  an  arch 
springing  from  a  buttress  or  pier. 

Architecture. — The  art  of  building — it  is  divided  into  three 
classes,  civil,  military,  and  naval. 

Architraye. — That  part  of  an  entablature  which  rests  upon  the 
capital  of  a  column,  and  is  beneath  the  frieze. 

Architrave  of  a  door. — A  collection  of  members  surrounding 
the  aperture — the  upper  part  of  the  lintel  is  called  the  traverse  and 
the  sides  the  jambs. 

Architrave  Cornice. — An  entablature  consisting  of  an  archi- 
trave and  cornice,  without  the  intervention  of  the  frieze,  some- 
times introduced  when  inconvenient  to  give  the  entablature  the 
usual  height. 

Archives. — A  repository  or  closet  for  the  preservation  of  writ- 
ings or  records. 

Archivolt. — A  collection  of  members  forming  the  inner  contour 
of  an  arch,  or  a  band  or  frame  adorned  with  mouldings  running 
over  the  faces  or  the  arch-stones,  and  bearing  upon  the  imposts. 

Arcs-Doubleaux.— The  soffits  of  arches. 

Arcuature.  — The  bending  or  curvature  of  an  arch.   The  intrados. 

Arcus. — The  avenue  or  area  in  front  of  the  ancient  Basilicae. 

Arcus  Ecclesiae. — /n  mediaeval  Architec'ure.  The  arch  by  which 
the  name  of  the  church  was  divided  from  the  choir  or  chancel. 

Area.— The  superficial  contents  of  any  figure — an  open  space  or 
court  within  a  building. 

Arena. — The  plain  space  in  the  middle  of  the  Amphitheatre  or 
other  place  of  public  resort. 

Arena. — In  Architecture.     The  middle  or  body  of  a  temple. 

Arriere-boussure. — A  rear  vault — an  arch  placed  within  the 
opening  of  a  window  or  door  and  of  a  different  form  to  increase  the 
light. 

Arris. — The  meeting  of  two  surfaces  producing  an  angle. 

Arris  fillet. — A.  triangular  section  of  timber  used  in  raising 
slates  against  shafts  of  cbimneys,  and  similar  work. 

Arsenal. — A  public  storehouse  for  arms  and  ammunition. 

Artificer  or  Artizan. — A  j^erson  who  works  with  his  hands,  and 
manufactures  any  commodity  in  iron,  brass,  wood,  etc. 

Arx. — In  Ancient  Military  Art.  A  fort  or  castle,  for  the  defence 
of  a  place. 


278  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Asarotum,— A  kind  of  painted  pavement  used  by  the  Romans 
before  the  invention  of  Mosaic  work. 

Ashlar,  or  asliler.— Common,  or  free  stones  as  they  are  brought 
from  the  quarry,  generally  from  9  to  12  inches  thick,  but  of  dif- 
ferent superficial  dimensions.  When  the  facing  of  the  stones  is 
quite  smooth,  and  exhibit  no  marks  of  the  tools  by  which  they  were 
cut,  it  is  called  plane  Ashler.  When  wrought  in  a  regular  manner 
so  that  the  surface  has  the  appearance  of  parallel  flutes,  placed  ver- 
tically it  is  called  ^00/ecZ  Ashler.  When  the  surfaces  of  the  stones 
are  cut  with  a  broad  tool  without  care  or  regularity,  it  is  said  to  be 
random  tooled.  When  wrought  with  a  narrow  tool,  chiselled  or 
boasted.  When  cut  with  very  narrow  tools  it  is  said  to  be  pointed, 
and  when  the  stones  project  from  the  joints  with  either  smooth 
or  broken  surfaces,  the  ashlar  is  said  to  be  rusticated.  Neither 
pointed,  chiselled  nor  random  tooled  ashlar  can  be  admitted  in 
good  work.     The  act  of  setting  an  ashlar  facing  is  called  ashlanng. 

Ashlaring.— In  carpenti^  The  fixing  of  short  upright  quarter- 
ings  in  garrets  about  two  feet  and  a  half  or  three  feet  high,  between 
the  rafters  and  the  floor,  cutting  off  the  acute  angles  at  the  bottom. 

Asphaltum.~A  kind  of  bituminous  stone,  principally  found  in 
the  province  of  Neufchatel.  Mixed  with  stone  it  forms  an  excellent 
cement  incorruptible  by  air  and  impenetrable  by  water. 

Assemblage. — The  uniting  of  things  together  as  by  mortice  and 
tenon,  dovetailing,  etc. 

Assemblage,  or  association  of  the  orders,  the  placing  of  the 
columns  one  upon  another  so  that  their  axes  may  be  in  the  same 
straight  line. 

Astel. — A  board  or  plank  used  for  partitioning  over  head  in 
tunnelling. 

Astragal. — A  small  semicircular  moulding,  sometimes  plain  and 
sometimes  ornamented. 

Asymptote,— A  straight  line  which  continually  approaches  to  a 
curve  without  touching  it. 

Attached  Columns. — Those  which  project  three-fourths  of  their 
diameter  from  the  wall. 

Atlases  or  Atlantides. — Statues  of  men  which  supported  en- 
tablatures with  mutules. 

Atrium.— A  court  surrounded  by  pictures  in  the  interior  di- 
vision of  Roman  houses. 

Attic. — A  low  story  erected  over  an  order  of  architecture  to  finish 
the  upper  part  of  the  building,  chiefly  used  to  conceal  the  roof. 

Attic,  or  Atticurgic  Base,  consists  of  an  upper  and  lower  torus, 
a  scotia,  and  fillets  between  them. — A  small  height  of  panelling 
above  the  cornice. 

Attic  Order.— A  term  used  to  denote  the  low  pilasters  employed 
in  the  decoration  of  an  attic  story. 


AND    ES'lIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  279 

Attributes, — In  pahiibig  and  sculpture.  Symbols  given  Iq  figures- 
and  statues  to  indicate  tlieir  office  and  character. 

Auditory. — hi  ancient  churches.  That  part  of  the  church  where 
the  people  usually  stood  to  be  instructed  in  the  gospel,  now  called 
the  nave. 

Aviary, — A  large  apartment  for  breeding  birds. 

Aula,— A  court  or  hall  in  ancient  Roman  houses. 

Axis. — The  spindle  or  centre  of  any  rotative  motion.  In  a  sphere- 
an  imaginary  line  through  the  centre. 

Back, — When  a  piece  of  timber  is  placed  in  position,  the  upper 
side  is  called  the  back  and  the  lower  the  breast. 

Back-flllet,— >S'ee  Annulet. 

Back  Shutters,— The  part  folded  behind;  the  division  that  is 
visible  is  called  the  front. 

Back  of  a  window.— That  piece  of  wainscoting  which  is  betweett 
the  bottom  of  the  sash  frame  and  the  floor. 

Backiu^  of  a  Rafter  or  Rib. — The  forming  of  an  upper  or  outer 
surface,  that  it  may  range  with  the  edges  of  the  ribs  or  rafters  on 
either  side. 

Backing:  of  a  Wall. — The  rough  inner  face  of  a  wall.  Earth 
deposited  behind  a  retaining  wall,  etc. 

Badi^eon. — A  mixture  of  plaster  and  free-stone,  well  sifted  and 
ground  together,  used  by  statuaries  to  fill  up  small  holes  and  repair 
defects. 

Bagfuio, — An  Italian  term  for  a  bath. 

Bag:uette, — A  small  astragal  moulding,  sometimes  carved  and 
enriched  with  pearls,  ribands,  and  laurels. 

Ball-flower, — Gothic,  an  ornament  resembling  a  ball  enclosed 
in  a  circular  flower — one  of  the  characteristics  of  the  decorated 
style. 

Balaneia,— A  Greek  term  for  a  bath. 

Balcony, — A  projection  from  the  face  of  a  wall  supported  by 
columns  or  consoles,  and  usually  surrounded  by  a  balustrade. 

Baldachin, — A  building  in  the  form  of  a  canopy,  supported  witlt 
columns,  and  serving  as  a  crown  or  covering  to  an  altar. 

BaJks, — Large  pieces  of  timber. 

Balloon, — A  round  ball  or  globe  placed  at  the  top  of  a  pillar  or 
si)ire  by  way  of  a  crowning. 

Baluster, — A  small  pillar  or  column,  supporting  a  rail,  of  various 
forms — used  in  balustrades. 

Baluster, — The  lateral  part  of  the  volute  of  the  Ionic  capital. 

Balustrade, — A  series  of  balusters  connected  by  a  rail. 

Band, — A  flat  or  square  member  or  moulding,  smaller  than  the 
facia. 


28o  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Banded  Column. — A  column  encircled  with  bands,   or  annular 

rustics. 

Bandelet. — Any  little  band,  or  flat  moulding,  that  encompasses 
ii  column  like  a  ring. 

Banker. — A  stone  bench  on  which  masons  cut  and  square  their 
work. 

Banquet. — The  footway  of  a  bridge,  raised  above  the  carriageway. 

Bars  of  a  sash.— Light  pieces  of  wood  or  metal  which  divide  the 
window-sash  into  compartments  for  panes. 

Bar-Posts. — Posts  driven  into  the  ground  to  form  the  sides  of  a 
field  gate.  They  are  mortised  to  admit  of  horizontal  bars  being 
put  in  or  taken  out  at  pleasure. 

Barbacan. — A  long  narrow  canal  or  opening  left  in  walls  of  a 
liuilding  erected  on  a  place  liable  to  be  overflowed  with  water,  to 
allow  it  to  flow  through.  In  ancient fortificatioii,  an  outer  defence  to 
a  fortiiication. 

Barg'e  Board. — Boards  nailed  against  the  outer  face  of  a  wall, 
along  the  slopes  of  a  gable  end  of  a  house  to  hide  the  rafter,  etc., 
-and  to  make  a  neat  finish. 

Barg-e-Course. — That  part  of  the  tiling  which  projects  over  the 
gable  of  a  building  and  is  made  up  below  with  mortar. 

Bas-relief. — See  hasso-rdievo. 

Basalt.  — A  stratified  rock  very  useful  in  building,  paving,  etc. 

Base  Mouldings.— The  mouldings  immediately  above  the  plinth 
of  a  wall,  pillar  or  pedestal. 

Base  of  a  Column. — That  part  which  is  between  the  shaft  and 
the  pedestal,  or  if  there  be  no  pedestal,  between  the  shaft  and  the 
plinth.  The  Grecian  Doric  had  no  base,  and  the  Tuscan  has  only 
a  single  torus  or  a  plinth. 

Basement. — The  lower  part  of  a  building. 

Basil. — A  word  used  by  carpenters  to  denote  the  angle  to  which 
Ihe  edges  of  iron  tools  should  be  ground. 

Basilica. — A  kind  of  public  hall  or  court  of  justice — when  appliec" 
to  a  church  it  conveys  an  idea  of  great  magnificence. 

Basin. — A  small  reservatory  of  water,  as  in  fountains — a  dock. 

Basket. — A  kind  of  vase  in  the  form  of  a  basket  filled  with 
flowers  or  fruits,  serving  to  terminate  some  deeoration. 

Basse-Cour. — A  court  separated  from  the  principal  one  and 
•destined  for  stables,  etc. 

Basso-Relievo  or  Bas-Relief.— The  representations  of  figures 
projected  from  a  back  ground  without  being  detached  from  it.  It 
is  divided  into  three  j^arts,  alto-relievo,  when  the  figure  jirojects 
more  than  one-half,  mezzo-relievo,  that  in  which  the  figure  projects 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    ROOK.  28 T 

)ne-balf;  and  hasso-rellevo,  when  the  projection  of  the  figures  is  less 
*han  one-half,  as  in  coins. 

Bat. — A  part  of  a  brick. 

Batten. — Small  scantlings  used  in  the  boarding  of  floors  and  on 
walls  for  lathing  on. 

Batten-door. — A  ledged  door,  or  barred  door. 

Batter. — When  a  wall  is  built  in  a  direction  that  is  not  per- 
pendicular to  its  base,  it  is  said  to  batter. 

Battlements. — Indentations  on  the  top  of  a  parapet  or  wall,  first 
used  in  fortifications,  and  afterwards  applied  to  churches  and  other 
buildings  for  ornaments. 

Battifolinm. — A  kind  of  tower  of  defence  mentioned  by  Latin 
historians. 

Baulk. — A  piece  of  timber  from  4  to  10  inches  square. 

Bay. — Any  kind  of  an  opening  in  a  building,  as  a  door,  window 
or  chimney. 

Bay  of  Joists. — The  joisting  between  two  binding  joists,  or 
between  two  girders,  when  there  are  no  binding  joists. 

Bay  of  roofing. — The  small  rafters  and  purlins  between  the 
principal  rafters. 

Bay  window. — See  how  window. 

Bazar. — A  kind  of  Eastern  mart,  of  Arabic  origin. 

Bead. — A  circular  moulding.  When  several  are  joined,  it  is 
called  reeding ;  when  flush  with  the  surface,  it  is  called  quirk-head^ 
and  when  raised,  cock-head. 

Bead  and  Butt  Work. — A  piece  of  framing  in  which  the  panels 
are  flush,  having  beads  run  or  stuck  on  both  edges,  having  the 
grain  of  the  wood  in  their  direction. 

Bead,  Bntt  and  Square  Work.— Framing  with  bead  and  butt  on 
one  side,  and  square  on  the  other. 

Bead  and  Flush  Work. — A  piece  of  framed  work  with  beads  run 
on  each  edge  of  the  included  i)anel. 

Bead,  Flush,  and  Square  Work.— Framing  with  bead  and  flush 
ou  one  side,  and  square  on  the  other. 

Bead  and  Quirk. — A  bead  stuck  on  the  edge  of  a  piece  of  stuff", 
flush  with  its  surface,  with  only  one  quirk,  or  without  being  re- 
turned on  the  other  surface. 

Beak.— A  small  fillet  in  the  under  edge  of  a  projecting  cornice, 
intended  to  prevent  the  rain  from  passing  between  the  cornice  and 
fascia. 

Beam-Fillinff. — The  building  of  masonry  or  brickwork,  between 
rafters  and  wall  plates,  etc.,  to  fill  up  spaces. 

Bearer. — Anything  which  supports  a  body  in  its  place,  as  a  wall, 
post,  strut,  etc. ;  a  vertical  support. 


2S2  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Bearing  of  a  piece  of  timber.— That  part  of  a  piece  of  timber 
Avhich  is  unsupported,  or  is  between  two  or  more  props. 

Bearing:. — The  length  between  bearers  or  walls;  thus,  if  a  bearer 
Tests  on  walls  twenty  feet  apart,  the  bearing  is  said  to  be  twenty 
feet. 

Bearing"  Wallj  or  partition. — A  wall  which  is  built  upon  the 
solid,  and  made  to  support  another  wall  or  partition,  either  in  the 
same  or  a  transverse  position.  When  the  supported  wall  is  built  in 
the  same  direction  as  the  wall  it  supports,  it  is  said  to  have  a  solid 
bearing,  but  when  built  in  a  transverse  direction,  or  not  supported 
throughout  its  length,  a  false  bearing. 

Beanfet,  or  Bnffet. — A  small  cupboard,  or  cabinet,  to  contain 
■china. 

Beds  of  a  Stone. — The  horizonital  courses  of  a  wall  of  masonry; 
that  under  any  particular  stone,  is  called  the  underbid. 

Bed-nioulding'S. — Ornamental  mouldings  on  the  lower  face  of  a 
projecting  cornice. 

Belection  Mouldings. — Mouldings  which  project  around  the 
panels  of  a  framing;  seldom  used,  except  in  external  decorations 
to  very  grand  houses. 

Bell-g:able. — Gothic.  In  small  churches  and  chapels,  a  kind  of 
turret  placed  on  the  apex  of  a  gable  at  the  west  end,  and  carrying  a 
l)ell. 

Belfry. — That  part  of  a  steeple  in  which  the  bells  are  hung. 

Bell. — Of  the  Corinthian  and  Composite  Orders.  It  is  used  to  de- 
note the  body  of  the  Capital  by  reason  of  its  shape  to  an  inverted 
bell. 

Bell-Roof. — Somewhat  similar  in  its  curves  to  a  bell. 

Belt. — A  course  of  stones  projecting  from  a  brick  or  stone  wall, 
generally  placed  in  a  line  with  the  sills  of  the  first  floor  window,  it 
is  either  moulded  fluted,  plane  or  enriched  with  patras  at  regular 
intervals.     Sometimes  called  stone  string. 

Belvedere  or  Look  out. — A  turret  or  lantern  raised  above  the 
roof  of  an  observatory  for  the  purpose  of  enjoying  a  fine  prospect. 

Benda. — ISee  Fascia. 

Bevel  ang'le.  —A  term  used  by  workmen  to  denote  any  angle  be- 
sides those  of  90  or  45  degrees. 

Billet  moulding.— -See  Moulding. 

Binding  joists. — Beams  arranged  on  a  floor  at  from  3  to  4  feet 
apart  to  support  transversely  the  bridgings  above  and  the  ceiling 
joists  below. 

Binding  rafters.— ^ee  Purlins. 

Birds  mouth. — An  interior  angle,  made  in  the  upper  end  of  a 
piece  of  timber  to  shore  up  bressummers. 

Bitumen. — See  Asphaltum. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  283 

Blank-door,  -A  false  door  placed  in  an  apartment  opposite  to 
the  real  door  for  the  sake  cf  uniformity. 

Blank  windows. —Used  similarly  as  a  blank-door. 

Blinds. —There  are  different  blinds  in  use.  The  improved  Vene- 
ilan  worked  on  rollers  are  very  suitable  for  rooms. 

Blocking"  or  blocking'-conrse. — In  Masonry.  A  course  of  stones 
placed  on  the  top  of  a  cornice  crowning  the  walls. 

Blockings. — hiJolnet-y.  Small  pieces  of  wood  fitted  and  glued 
to  the  interior  angle  of  two  boards  or  other  pieces  with  a  view  to 
strengthen  the  board. 

Boarding:  joists. — Joists  in  naked  flooring  to  which  the  boards 
are  fixed. 

Boarding  Lnfler. — See  Luffer  hoards  and  Lever  hoards. 

Boasting'-tool. — See  Tools  hy  Masons. 

Boasting:,  -i^i  stone  cutting.  The  paring  of  a  stone  with  a  broad 
chisel  and  mallet. 

Bolcction  nionldiug. — Mouldings  in  frfimed  work  which  pro- 
ject beyond  the  surface  of  the  framing. 

Bolsters  of  the  Ionic  capital  —See  Baluster. 

Bond. — The  disposition  of  stones  or  bricks  in  a  building.  The 
crossing  of  another  stone  or  brick  over  the  vertical  joint  of  one  be- 
neath it. 

Bond-timbers. — Timbers  placed  in  a  horizontal  direction  in  the 
walls  of  a  building  in  tiers,  and  in  which  the  battens,  laths,  etc., 
are  secured.  In  rubble  work,  walls  are  better  plugged  for  this 
purpose. 

Bonds. — This  general  term  includes  the  whole  of  the  timbers  that 
are  disposed  in  a  wall  as  bond-timbers,  wall  plates,  lintels  and 
templates. 

Bond-heart. — When  two  stones  placed  in  a  horizontal  position 
extend  the  exact  thickness  of  wall  and  another  is  put  over  the  joint 
in  the  centre  of  the  wall;  this  is  called  heart-bond. 

Bond-stones.— Stones  used  in  uncoursed  rubble- walling  having 
their  length  placed  in  the  thickness  of  the  wall;  when  inserted  the 
whole  thickness  of  the  wall  they  are  called  perpend-stones. 

Boning. — The  act  of  lining  out  with  pickets,  a  street  or  wall,  or 
making  a  plane  surface  by  the  art  of  the  eye. 

Border. — Useful  ornamental  pieces  of  wood  round  the  edge  of 
anything. 

Boss. — A  Y)rojection  in  shape  of  a  segment  of  a  sphere,  or  some- 
what so  whether  for  use  or  ornament,  often  carved  or  cast. 

Bonltive. — A  convex  moulding,  an  ovolo. 

Boutant.— An  arch  boutant  is  an  arch  or  buttress,  serving  to  sus- 


284  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

tain  a  vault,  and  which  is  itself  sustained  by  a  strong  wall  or  pile. 
A  pillar  hmdant  is  a  pile  of  stone  to  support  a  wall  or  vault. 

Bow. — Any  projecting  part  of  a  building  in  the  form  of  an  arc 
of  a  circle.     A  bow,  however,  is  sometimes,  polygonal. 

Bow- Window.— A  window  placed  in  the  bow  of  a  building. 

Bowtel. — The  shaft  of  a  clustered  pillar,  or  any  plain,  round 
moulding. 

Boxings  of  a  Window.— The  cases  in  which  shutters  are  folded. 
Pulley  Boxes,  the  boxes  in  which  the  window  pulleys  are  suspended. 

Brace. — A  piece  of  timber  placed  in  an  inclined  position,  and 
used  in  partitions  or  roofs.     See  Trmss  and  angle  braces. 

Bracket. — A  support  for  shelves,  or  pieces  under  the  ends,  steps 
of  stairs  for  ornament  only. 

Branched  Work.— The  carved  and  sculptured  ornaments  in 
panels,  friezes,  etc.,  composed  of  leaves  and  branches. 

Brandering". — Covering  the  underside  of  joists  with  small  bat- 
tens to  nail  the  laths  to  for  plastering. 
Break.  —A  projecting  part  of  the  front  of  large  buildings. 

Break-joint. — One  stone  placed  on  the  joint  of  two  stones  in  the 
course  below  to  form  a  perfect  bond. 

Breast  of  a  Window. — The  masonry  forming  the  back  of  the  re- 
cess and  the  parapet  under  the  window  sill. 

Breeze. — Small  ashes  and  cinders,  made  use  of  instead  of  coals 
for  the  burning  of  bricks. 

Bressunimer. — A  lintel,  beam,  or  iron  tie,  intended  to  carry  an 
external  wall  and  itself  supported  by  by-piers  or  posts;  used  prin- 
cipally over  shop  windows. 

Brick. — Brickwork  between  quarterings. 

Bridge-board. — A  board  into  which  the  ends  of  wooden  stej^s 
are  fastened. 

Bridge-over. — A  piece  of   timber    fixed    over  several    parallel 

Eieces  in  a  transverse  direction.     The  common  rafters,  for  example, 
ridge  over  the  purlins;  and  in  naked  flooring  the  upper  joists  to 
which  the  flooring-boards  are  nailed,  are  called  the  flooring-joists. 
Bridge-Stone. — A  stone  laid  in  a  horizontal   direction  over 
an  area  extending  from  the  pavement  to  the  entrance  door  of  a 
house  and  not  supported  by  an  arch. 

Bridge-Grtttters. — Gutters  made  with  boards,  supported  beneath 
with  bearers  and  covered  above  with  metal. 
Bridging-Floors.— >See  naked  flooring. 

Bridging-Joists. — Pieces  of  timber,  or  joists  in  naked  flooring, 
extending  in  a  direction  parallel  with  the  girder  and  supported  by 
bearers  called  binding  joists  which  lie  in  a  transverse  direction. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    HOOK.  285 

Bridges,  or  Bridgillgr-Pieees.— *^^^  straining-pieces  and  str-uUlng- 
pieces. 

Bridge  up  or  carryiug  up.— A  term  analogous  to  building  up; 
i.e.,  building  up  a  wall  so  many  feet. 

Brooch. — A  painting  all  in  one  color. 

Bulwark. — In  ancient  fortification.  Nearly  the  same  as  bastion  in 
modern. 

Buudle-Pillar, — Gothic.  A  column  consisting  of  a  number  of 
small  pillars  round  its  circumference. 

Burca.—A  Turkish  term  for  the  rich  covering  of  the  door  of  the 
house  of  Mecca. 
Burgward.— The  same  as  bulwark. 

Bursa.— In  Middle  Age  Writers.  A  little  college  or  hall  in  a  uni- 
versity for  the  residence  of  students. 

Burse  or  Bourse. — A  public  edifice  for  the  assembly  of  mer- 
chant traders, —an  Exchange. 

Bust. — In  Sculpture.  That  portion  of  the  human  figure  which 
comprises  the  head,  neck  and  shoulders. 

Bustuui. — A  figurative  expression  among  the  Romans  for  any 
kind  of  tomb. 

Butuieuts  or  Abutments. — Supports  or  props  by  which  the  feet 
of  arches  are  sustained  in  their  places. 

Butment  Cheeks.— The  two  solid  parts  on  each  side  of  mortise. 
Butt- Joint. — In  hand-railing,  a  joint  at  right  angles  to  the  curve 
of  the  rail. 

Buttery. — A  store  room  for  provisions. 

Uniting.— Joint.  A  joint  formed  by  the  surfaces  of  two  pieces  of 
wood,  the  surface  of  one  being  parallel  with  the  other's  fibres,  and 
that  of  the  other  either  in  the  same  or  an  oblique  direction. 

Buttress. — A  mass  of  masonry  or  brickwork  serving  to  support 
the  side  of  a  wall  that  is  of  a  great  height,  or  to  assist  it  in  sustain- 
ing any  great  strain  or  pressure  upon  it  from  the  opposite  side. 

Buttress. —  Gothic.  Are  used  for  ornament  as  well  as  strength. 
Two  kinds  are  used — one  called  pillared :  buttresses  formed  of  ver- 
tical planes  attached  to  the  walls;  and  the  other,  which  rises  from 
the  pillared  buttresses  upon  the  sides  of  the  aisle,  with  an  arch- 
formed  intrados,  and  sloping  intrados  or  top,  and  called  flying  hut- 
tresses  or  arc  boutants. 

Byzantine  Architecture. — A  style  devoloped  in  the  Byzantine 
Empire.  The  capitals  of  the  pillars  are  of  endless  variety  and  full 
of  invention;  some  are  founded  on  the  Greek  Corinthian,  some  re- 
semble the  Norman  and  the  Lombard  style,  and  so  varied  that  no 
two  sides  of  the  same  capital  are  alike.  They  are  comprised  under 
the  style  Romanesque,  which  comprehends  the  round  arch  style. 


286  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Cabinet. — The  most  retired  room  in  a  building,  set  apart  for 
writing,  studying,  or  preserving  anything  valuable.  Also,  a  highly 
ornamented  kind  of  buffet  or  chest  of  drawers  set  apart  for  the 
preservation  of  things  of  value. 

Cabinet. — In  Oardening.  A  little  insulated  building  or  kind  of 
mimmer-house,  open  on  all  sides,  and  serving  as  a  place  of  retire- 
ment. 

Cable. — A  moulding  in  the  lower  part  of  a  fluted  column,  repre- 
sented by  a  rope  or  rush  lying  in  the  fluting.  These  columns  are 
called  cable-fluted. 

Cage. — An  outer  work  of  timber  enclosing  another  within  it. 

Caissons. — Sunk  panels  in  ceilings  or  in  soffits. 

Calcareous  Cement.— ^See  Cements. 

Caldarium. — A  brazen  vessel  in  ancient  baths  in  which  hot  water 
was  kept.  Also,  a  close  vaulted  room  in  which  sweating  was  pro- 
duced by  dry  hot  fumes. 

Caliber,  or  Calliper.— The  diameter  of  any  round  body.  The 
width  of  the  mouth  of  a  piece  of  ordnance. 

Call  ducts. — A  kind  of  pipes  or  canals  disposed  along  the  walls  of 
houses  and  apartments,  and  used  by  the  ancients  for  the  convey- 
ance of  heat  from  one  common  furnace. 

Calotte. — A  concavity  or  depressure  in  the  form  of  a  cup  or 
niche,  lathed  and  plastered  to  diminish  the  height  of  a  chapel, 
cabinet  or  alcove,  which  would  otherwise  be  too  high  for  the 
breadth. 

Camarosis. — An  elevation  terminating  with  an  arched  or  vaulted 
head. 

Camber. — An  arch  on  the  top  of  an  aperture,  or  on  the  top  of  a 
beam,  hence  camber-windows. 

Camber-Beam. — A  piece  of  timber  cut  with  an  obtuse  angle  on 
the  upper  edge,  so  as  to  form  a  declivity  on  each  side,  or  cut  in  a 
convex  form. 

Campana. — The  body  of  the  Corinthian  capital  on  which  the 
leaves  were  placed,  called  the  vase  or  bell. 

Campanile. — A  tower  allotted  for  bells.  In  Italy  being  separate 
from  the  churches. 

Canal. — The  flutings  of  a  column  or  pilaster. 

Canal  of  the  Yolute. — A  spiral  channel  in  the  Ionic  capital,  com- 
mencing at  the  eye  and  expanding  in  width  until  the  whole  num- 
ber of  revolutions  are  completed. 

Canal  of  the  Larmier.— A  channel  or  groove  recessed  on  the 
soffit  of  the  larmier  upwards,  to  prevent  the  rain  water  from  run- 
ning down  the  lower  part  of  the  cornice. 

Canardiere.— A  small  turret  sometimes  erected  at  the   salient 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  287 

:angle  of  works  to  serve  as  a  shelter  for  a  sentinel,  and  formerly  to 
protect  warriors  from  exposure  to  the  enemy. 

Cancelli. — Latticed  windows.  Also,  balusters  or  rails  which 
compass  a  court  of  justice,  communion  table,  or  the  like. 

Candalabruiii,— Stands  or  supports  on  which  the  ancients  placed 
their  lamps.  Candalabra  were  made  in  a  variety  of  shapes  and 
with  much  taste  and  elegance. 

Canopy, — A  magnificent  canopy  or  altar,  throne,  pulpit,  chair 
or  the  like.  In  Gothic.  The  projecting  moulding  that  surrounds 
the  arches  and  heads  of  the  Gothic  niches. 

Cant. — An  external  angle  or  corner  of  a  building,  also  a  term 
amongst  carpenters  to  turn  over  abeam  of  timber. 

Cant-Mouldings. —A  moulding  with  a  bevelled  face. 

Cantilever. — Blocks  of  wood,  or  iron,  projecting  at  regular  dis- 
tances from  the  surface  of  a  wall  to  support  the  eaves  of  a  house, 
or  upper  mouldings  of  a  cornice.  It  is  essentially  the  same  with 
modillion ;  but  the  latter  work  is  confined  to  general  architecture. 

Cantharus. — A  fountain  in  the  middle  of  the  atrium  before  the 
ancient  churches,  wherein  persons  washed  their  heads  and  faces 
before  they  entered. 

Canting. — The  cutting  away  a  part  of  an  angular  body  at  one  of 
its  angles,  that  the  section  may  form  a  parallelogram,  whose  edges 
are  parallel  from  the  intersection  of  the  adjoining  planes. 

Cantined.— When  the  angles  of  a  building  are  adorned  with 
columns,  pilasters,  rustic  quoins,  or  anything  which  projects  be- 
yond the  naked  walls. 

Cap. — In  Joinery.  The  part  which  crowns  the  whole,  as  the 
<;apital  of  a  column,  cornice  of  a  door,   etc.,  etc. 

Capeduncula. — Vessels  wherein  the  ancient  Romans  preserved 
the  sacred  fire  of  Vesta. 

Capital.— The  head  of  a  column  which  rests  on  the  shaft. 

Capital  of  a  Lantern. — The  covering  which  terminates  the  lan- 
tern of  a  dome. 

Capping-pieces. — A  general  name  for  horizontal  timbers,  which 
extend  over  upright  posts  and  into  which  the  posts  are  framed. 

Capital  of  a  Triglypll.— The  projecting  band  above  the  plane 
vertical  area  or  face.  In  the  Grecian  Doric,  the  capital  of  the  tri 
glyph,  projects  only  a  short  distance,  and  is  not  returned  on  the 
flanks,  except  at  the  angular  triglyphs,  and  this  only  upon  each 
face  of  the  building.  In  the  Roman  Doric,  it  has  a  greater 
projection,  and  is  returned  with  the  same  projection  on  the  flanks 
as  on  the  face. 

Caravansera. — A  huge  square  building,  or  inn,  in  the  East,  for 
the  reception  of  travellers  and  lodging  of  caravans. 

Carasole.  —A  spiral  staircase. 


288  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Carcass. — The  shell  or  ribs  of  a  house  before  it  is  lathed  and 
plastered,  or  the  boards  are  laid. 

Carrara  Marble. — The  white  marble  of  the  ancients.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished from  Parian,  now  called  statuary  marble,  by  being 
harder  and  less  bright. 

Carrel. — In  the  middle  ages.     A  closet  for  privacy  and  retirement. 

Carriage. —The  timber  work  which  supports  the  steps  of  a 
wooden  stair. 

Carton,  or  Cartoon. — A  design  made  on  strong  paper,  to  be 
transferred  on  the  fresh  plaster  wall  to  be  afterwards  painted  in 
fresco;  also  a  colored  design  for  working  in  Mosaic  tapestry,  etc. 

Cartouche.— An  ornament  resembling  a  scroll  of  paper,  being 
usually  in  form  of  a  table,  or  flat  member,  with  wavings,  bearing 
some  inscription  or  device.  It  is  nearly  akin  to  a  modillion  with 
this  exception,  that  the  cartouche  is  used  only  externally,  whilst 
the  modillion  is  used  both  internally  and  externally,  as  under  the 
cornice  in  the  eaves  of  a  house. 

Caryatic  Order. — An  order  of  architecture  wherein  the  entabla- 
ture is  supported  by  female  figures  clothed  in  long  garments,  in- 
stead of  columns. 

Case-Bags. — The  joists  that  are  framed  between  a  pair  of  girders 
in  naked  flooring.  When  the  joists  are  framed,  with  one  of  their 
ends  let  in  the  wall,  they  are  called  tail  bags. 

Cased. — A  term  which  signifies  that  the  outside  of  a  building  is 
faced  or  covered  with  materials  of  a  better  quality. 

Cased  Sash  Frames. — Sash  frames  having  their  interior  vertical 
sides  hollow  to  conceal  the  weights  by  which  the  sashes  are  hung. 

Casemate.— A  hollow  moulding. 

Casement. — A  glass  frame  which  is  made  to  open  by  turning  on 
binges,  affixed  to  its  vertical  edges. 

Cassine. — A  country  house;  a  house  surrounded  by  a  ditch,  like 
those  of  the  old  feudal  barons. 

Cast.— A  term  used  in  sculpture  for  the  impression  of  any  figure 
taken  in  plaster  of  Paris,  wax  or  other  substances. 

Castella.— In  Boman  Antiquity.     A  reservoir  of  water. 

Casting. — In  carpentry.     A  term  analogous  to  warping 

Castrum  Doloris.— A  lofty  tomb  of  state. 

Catabasion.-  -In  the  Greek  Church.  A  place  under  the  altar  where 
the  relics  are  kept. 

Catacombs.— Subterraneous  places  for  burying  the  dead,  those 
of  Egypt  are  believed  to  be  most  important. 

Cataconum.— The  want  of  height  proportionate  to  the  breadth 
of  the  chapter  of  a  pillar. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  289 

C'atadrome. — A  inacliine  used  by  builders  to  raise  and  let  down 
great  weights. 

Catafalco. — An  ornamental  scaffold  used  in  funeral  solemnities. 

Catagrapha.— In  ancient  ornamental  workmanship,  figures  of 
men's  faces  represented  as  viewed  obliquely. 

€atch  Drains. — The  feeders  of  reservoirs.  In  the  construction 
of  canals,  the  same  as  counter-drains. 

Cathedral. —The  head  church  of  a  diocese. 

Catherine  Wheel. — Gothic.  An  ornamental  window  of  a  circular 
form,  with  rosettes,  or  radiating  divisions,  of  different  colors. 

Cathetns.— A  perpendicular  line,  passing  through  a  cylindrical 
body,  as  a  baluster,  or  column. 

Cattus. — A  movable  shed  usually  fixed  on  wheels. 

Cavaidinm. — In  ancient  buildings,  an  open  court. 

Cavasion. — The  foundation  plan  of  the  walls  of  a  building. 

Cave. — One  of  the  oldest  species  of  architecture  of  which  we  have 
any  remains  are  the  excavations  in  rocks,  supposed  to  be  intended 
for  religious  worship. 

Cavea. — The  den  or  caves  in  ancient  amphitheatres. 

Cavetto. — A  concave  ornamental  moulding,  opposed  in  effect  to 
the  ovolo — the  quadrant  of  a  circle. 

Caulieoles. — Slender  stems  or  stalks  under  the  leaves  of  the 
^abacus  in  the  Corinthian  Capital — between  each  pair  of  the  upper- 
most leaves,  eight  stalks  branch  out  into  two  leaflets,  seeming  to 
support  the  sixteen  volutes,  of  which  four  are  on  each  side  of  the 
abacus. 

Causeway.— A  raised  or  paved  way. 

Caustic  Curve. — Formed  by  the  collected  rays  of  light  issuing 
from  a  curved  reflector. 

Cella.— The  sanctuary  or  interior  of  a  temple. 

Celtic  Architecture. — Consisted  of  rude  and  non-durable  build- 
ings or  huts,  in  the  midst  of  a  thick  wood,  and  fortified  by  a  high 
bank  and  a  ditch. 

Cement. — Consists  of  various  adhesive  compositions  for  the 
mason,  plasterer  and  joiner. 

Cenotaph. — An  honorary  tomb  or  monument,  distinguished  from 
monuments  in  being  empty,  the  individual  it  is  to  memorialize  hav- 
ing received  interment  elsewhere. 

Centaur. — A  poetical  imaginary  being  of  heathen  mythology, 
half  man  and  half  horse. 

Centering". — In  Building.     The  frame  on  which  an  arch  is  turned. 

Centres  of  a  door,— The  two  pivots  round  which  the  door  re- 
solves. 


tQO  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Ceroma.— In  the  gymnasia  and  Roman  baths,  an  apx^rtment 
where  the  bathers  and  wrestlers  were  anointed  with  oil  and  wax. 

Cerophastic. — The  art  of  modelling  in  wax. 

Cestophoriis, — Sculptures  of  females  bearing  the  cestus  or  mar- 
riage girdJes  in  the  marriage  ceremonies  of  the  ancients. 

Chain-timber.— x\  piece  of  timber,  in  breadth  equal  to  the  length 
and  breadth  of  a  brick  used  for  strengthening  walls  hj  inserting 
in  the  middle  height  of  a  story. 

Chambraule,  —  An  ornamental  bordering  on  tHe  sides  and  tops 
of  doors,  windows  and  fire  places;  this  ornament  is  generally  taken 
from  the  architrave  of  the  building. 

Cliaiiifer, — To  channel  or  make  indentures  in  stones,  pillars, 
or  other  ornamented  parts  of  a  building. 

Chancel. — That  part  of  a  church  at  the  eastern  end,  in  which  the 
altar  or  communion  table  is  placed;  usually  separated  from  the 
nave  and  transept  by  cancelli  or  lattice  work. 

Chandeliers.— Are  wooded  parapets,  used  in  fortifications  for 
defence. 

Channel. — A  part  in  the  Ionic  capital,  somewhat  hollow  under 
the  abacus,  after  the  listel,  it  lies  upon  the  echinus  having  its  con- 
tours or  turnings  upon  each  to  make  the  volutes.  Channel  stones 
are  stones  prepared  for  gutters. 

Chantlate. — A  piece  of  wood  fastened  near  the  end  of  a  rafter, 
projecting  beyond  the  wall  to  support  two  or  three  rows  of  slates 
to  prevent  rain  from  running  down  the  walls. 

Chantry.— A  little  chapel  in  ancient  churches,  for  the  perform- 
ance of  mass  for  the  release  of  souls  in  purgatory. 

Chapel. — A  place  of  public  worship  separate  from  or  attached  to 
a  church. 

Chapitersi  with  monldings.— Are  the  capitals  of  the  Tuscan  and 
Doric  orders  which  are  without  foliage  or  embellishment. 

Chapiters  with  sculptures.— Are  the  Corinthian,  and  those  de- 
corated with  foliage  and  other  carvings. 

Chaplet.— An  ornamental  fillet  in  the  form  of  a  string  of  beads. 

Chapter  House.— The  place  where  canonical  meetings  are  held 
usually  attached  to  a  cathedral  house. 

Charged. — Implies  that  one  member  of  a  piece  of  architecture 
is  sustained  by  another.  A  frieze  is  said  to  be  charged  with  the 
ornament  with  which  it  is  charged. 

Charnel  House. —A  house  for  the  deposit  of  the  bones  of  the 
dead. 

Chartophyacium.  —  A  recess  for  the  preservation  of  records. 

Chase  Mortise.— The  mode  of  inserting  or  mortising  inclirxr-^i^ 
transverse  joists  into  paralled  timbers  in  ceilings. 


AND    estimator's   PRICE    BOOK.  29I 

Cheeks.  -Two  equal  and  similar  parts  of  any  piece  of  timber 
work. 

Chequers,— Stones  of  uniformly  equal  dimensions  arranged  in 
the  lace  of  a  wall  with  uninterrupted  lines  of  vertical  and  horizon- 
tal points. 

Cheruh,  —  Gothic.  A  representation  of  an  infant's  head  joined  to 
two  wings  used  in  the  churches  or  keystones  of  arches  and  corbels. 

Chevron,  — 6^0^/uc.  An  ornament  turning  this  and  that  way  like 
a  zigzag  or  letter  Z. 

Chain  Moulding,— An  ornament  of  the  Norman  period— in  imi- 
tation of  a  chain. 

Chiaro-Oscuro, — The  effects  of  light  and  shade  in  a  picture  In 
architecture  it  is  not  dependent  on  the  laws  of  perspective,  and  ex- 
emplified in  the  drawing  of  the  bisection  of  an  edifice  to  display 
the  internal  conveniences,  the  number  and  proportions  of  the  vari- 
ous apartments,  and  the  thickness  of  the  walls. 

Chimney  piece, — The  ornaments  consist  of  architraves,  friezes, 
cornices,  columns,  pilasters,  termini,  caryatides,  consoles  and  al- 
most every  appropriate  emblishment. 

Chinese  architecture,— Consists  principally  of  Towers  and 
Pagodas;  their  architecture  is  as  peculiar  as  the  people  and  differs 
from  every  other  nation. 

Church, — A  building  for  the  performance  of  public  worship;  the 
first  were  built  on  the  plan  of  ancient  Basilicae;  this  style  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  Gothic,  a  church  is  said  to  be  in  Greek  Cross  when  the 
length  of  the  transverse  is  equal  to  that  of  the  nave;  in  Latin  cross^ 
w^hen  the  nave  is  longer  than  the  transverse  part;  in  Botundo when  it 
is  a  perfect  circle;  simple,  when  it  has  only  a  nave  and  choir;  with 
aisles,  when  it  has  a  row  of  porticos  in  form  of  vaulted  galleries, 
with  chapels  in  its  circumference. 

Ciboriuni,— A  sma.U  arched  vault  supported  by  four  columns. 
The  sculptured  tombs  of  martys  are  called  ciboriums;  also  the 
coffer  case  enclosing  the  host. 

Cilery,  —Ornaments  of  foliage  and  drapery  on  the  heads  of 
columns. 

Cimbia, — A  list,  string,  fillet  or  cincture. 

Cimeliarch, — A  name  given  to  the  apartment  where  the  plate 
and  vestments  are  deposited  in  church. 

Cincture, — The  circular  concavity  near  the  head  or  base  of  a 
column. 

Cinqnefoil,— Gothic.  A  five-leaved  ornament,  in  circular  and 
other  divisions  of  the  windows  of  ancient  churches,  and  also  on 
<jftnels.     It  is  a  rosette  of  five  equal  leaves. 

Cippus, — The  cippi  were  small  columns  by  the  sides  of  highways. 


292  THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 

generally  bearing  inscriptions  of  remarkable  events,  or  used  as  lai  d 
marks.     They  were  frequently  without  capital  or  base. 

Circuiuvallation,— The  surrounding  of  trenches  or  fortification?, 
with  a  trench  or  parapet,  commonly  flanked  with  redoubts. 

Circumvolutions.— A  term  applied  to  the  spirals  of  the  volute  of 
the  Ionic  capital,  which  in  some  instances  has  three,  but  in  the 
temple  of  Minerva  Polias  four  circumvolutions. 

Circus.— Among  the  Komans  a  large  oval  building,  for  the  ex-^ 
hibition  of  popular  games  and  shows. 

Civic  Crown. — A  garland  of  oak  leaves  and  acorns,  given  as 
honorary  distinction  among  the  Eomans  to  such  as  had  preserved 
the  life  of  a  fellow  citizen. 

Clathri. — In  Roman  architecture,  bars  of  iron  or  wood  used  to 
secure  doors,  etc. 

Clear. — The  uninterrupted  distances  between  two  places. 

Clere-Story  Windows.— Such  as  have  no  transom  intersection. 

Clepsydra. — A  vessel  or  building  used  by  the  ancients  to  meas- 
ure time,  by  running  out  a  certain  quantity  of  sand  or  water. 

Clinkers. — Bricks  impregnated  with  nitre,  and  hard  burnt. 

Cloacae. — The  common  sewers  of  ancient  Rome. 

Cloister.  —  Gothic^/jljo.e  principal  part  of  a  regular  monastery, 
consisting  of  square  piazza  between  the  church  and  the  chapter 
house  and  the  refectory,  having  over  it  the  dormitory,  and  often  en- 
closing the  cemetery. 

Close  String".  —In  dog-leg  stairs,  a  stair  case  without  an  open 
newel.        "» 

Closer.  -The  last  stone  in  the  horizontal  length  of  a  wall,  which 
is  smaller  than  the  rest,  to  fill  up  the  row. 

Cloug"!!. — A  paddle  or  sluice  in  a  pond  or  canal. 

Clou^h  Arches,  or  Paddle  Holes.— Crooked  arches  by  which 
the  water  is  conveyed  from  the  upper  pond  into  the  chamber  of  the 
lock  of  a  canal  on  drawing  up  the  clough. 

Clustered. — In  architecture,  the  coalition  of  several  members 
which  penetrate  each  other. 

Clustered  Column.— Several  slender  pillars  attached  to  each 
other,  so  as  to  form  one.  The  term  is  used  in  Roman  architecture 
to  denote  two  or  four  columns  which  appear  to  intersect  each 
other  at  the  angle  of  a  building  to  answer  at  each  return. 

Cockle  Stairs. — A  winding  staircase. 

Cock-Head.— See  Bead. 

Cocking  or  Cogging.— A  mode  of  notching  timber. 

Coenaculum. — The  eating-room  of  the  Ancient  Romans. 

Coenateo. — A  banqueting  and  summer  house  of  the  ancient 
Romans. 


AND  estimator's  PRICE    BOOK.  293 

€o1fer. — A  recess  used  ancientl}'  in  level  soffits,  and  on  the  in- 
trad  os  of  cylindrical  vaults.  In  Roman  works  the  panel  at  the 
l)ottom  is  generally  covered  witli  a  rosette.  They  are  also  used  be- 
tween the  modillions  in  the  soffit  of  the  cornices.  Coffer,  also  a 
substitute  for  a  canal  lock. 

Coffer  DAM. — A  frame  used  in  the  building  of  a  bridge  in  deep 
water,    similar  to  a  caisson. 

Collar  Beam. — A  beam  above  the  lower  ends  of  the  rafters. 

Colonelli.— The  posts  of  a  truss  frame. 

Coloimade. — A  row  of  columns.  The  colonnade  is  termed  accord- 
ing to  the  number  of  columns  which  support  the  entablature: 
Tetrastjle,  when  there  are  four;  hexastyle  when  six;  octostyle  when 
eight,  etc.  When  in  front  of  a  building  they  are  termed  porticos; 
when  surrounding  a  building  peristyle,  and  when  double  or  more, 
polystyle. 

Colosseum  or  Coliseum. — The  immense  amphitheatre  built  at 
Home  by  Flavins  Vespasian,  A.  D.  12,  after  his  return  from  his  vic- 
tories over  the  Jews.  It  w^ould  contain  ninety  thousand  persons 
sitting,  and  twenty  thousand  more  standing. 

Colossus. — The  name  of  a  brazen  statue  whicliMX^  erected  at  the 
entrance  of  the  harbor  at  Rhodes,  105  feet  in  h^inbt/^-yessels  could 
sail  between  its  legs.  '••^ 

Column. — A  round  pillar.  The  parts  of  the  base  on  which  it 
rests;  its  body  called  the  shaft ;  and  the  head  called  the  capital.  The 
capital  finishes  with  a  horizontal  table  called  the  abacus,  and  the 
base  commonly  stands  on  another  called  the  plinth. 

Corna.— In  antiquity,  a  mound  of  earth  over  a  grave. 

Coniitium. — A  building  in  the  Roman  Forum  wherein  assemblies 
of  the  people  were  held. 

Commissure. — The  joint  between  two  stones. 

Common. — A  line,  angle  surface,  etc.,  which  belongs  equally  to 
beveral  objects.  Common  centering  is  a  centering  without  trusses, 
haviug  a  tie  beam  at  bottom.  Common  joists  are  the  beams  in 
naked  flooring  to  which  the  joists  are  fixed.  Common  rafters  in  a 
roof  are  those  to  which  the  lath^  are  attached. 

Compartition. — The  distribution  of  the  ground  plan  of  an  edi- 
fice into  rooms  and  passages. 

Compartment  Ceiling.— A  ceiling  divided  into  panels,  sur- 
rounded with  mouldings. 

Compluvium. — A  void  space  in  the  centre  of  Roman  buildings, 
to  receive  the  waters  that  fall  from  the  roof;  also  the  gutter  or 
eaves. 

Composite  Order.— See  Order. 

Composite  Arch,  is  the  pointed  or  lancet  arch. 

Concamerata  Sudatio.— An  apartment  in  the  ancient  gymnasium 


294  xHK    hlMLDER's    GUlUK, 

where  the  wretitlers  and  racers  retired  to  wipe  the  sweat  from  their 
bodies. 

Coneaiiierate,— To  arch  over. 

Concatenate. — To  link  together. 

Concave. —Hollow. 

Concentric— Having  a  common  centre. 

Conclave.— The  place  in  the  Vatican  where  the  Cardinals  meet  to 
choose  a  pope. 

Concretion.  -The  hardening  of  soft  bodies. 

Condnit,— A  long  narrow  passage  between  two  walls  or  under- 
ground  for  secret  communication  between  different  apartments, 
also  a  canal  or  pipe  for  the  conveyance  of  water. 

Conflg'nration. — The  exterior  superficies  of  a  body. 

Conisterinni. — An  apartment  in  the  gymnasium  of  the  ancients 
where  the  wrestlers  sprinkled  themselves  with  dust  after  being 
anointed  with  oil,  that  they  might  take  the  surer  hold  of  each 
other. 

Conservatory. — A  building  for  the  protection  of  tender  i)lants, 
often  attached  to  a  house,  as  an  apartment. 

Consistory.— The  judicial  hall  of  the  college  of  cardinals  at 
Rome. 

Console. — An  ornament  cut  on  the  key-stone  of  an  arch,  some- 
times in  the  form  of  a  scroll  or  human  face. 

Contorted.— Wreathed. 

Contour. — The  outline  of  a  body. 

Contramure. — In  fortification,  an  external  wall  to  protect  the 
wall  it  encloses. 

Contravallation. — In  Fortification,  a  trench  guarded  by  a  parapet 
raised  beyond  musketshot  by  the  besieged. 

Coping". — The  upper  tier  of  masonry  which  covers  a  wall.  There 
is  parallel,  feather  edged  and  saddle  hack  coping. 

Corbels. — Gothic.  A  row  of  stones  projecting  from  a  wall  to  sup- 
port the  parapet,  serving  in  the  place  of  brackets  or  modillions. 
Also  a  piece  of  timber  projecting  from  a  wall  and  usually  carved 
with  some  grotesque  figure. 

Corbel- table. — A  series  of  semicircular  arches  which  cut  one  an- 
other in  a  wall,  supported  by  timbers  with  their  ends  projecting 
out  and  carved  into  heads,  faces,  lion's  heads,  etc. 

Cordon. — The  edge  of  a  stone  at  the  outside  of  an  edifice. 

Core. — The  interior  of  a  wall.     Ckyi-inthian  order. 

Cone-bracketting.— The  wooden  skeleton  mould  or  framing  of  a 
eone,  applied  chiefly  to  the  bracketting  of  a  cone  ceiling. 

Coned-ceUtng.— A  ceiling  springing  from  the  walls  with  a  curve. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK.  295 

Corona, — The  brow  of  the  cornice  which  projects  over  the  bead 
mouldings  to  throw  off  the  water. 

Corridor. — Along  gallery  or  passage  in  a  mansion  connecting 
various  apartments  and  running  round  a  quadrangle. 

Cortile. — The  court  yard  of  Italian  houses,  often  embellished  with 
statues. 

Coned  and  flat  ceiling.— A  ceiling  in  which  the  section  is  the- 
quadrant  of  a  circle,  rising  from  the  walls  and  intersecting  in  a. 
Hat  surface. 

Coiinter-tort. — A  pier  or  buttress  to  strengthen  a  wall. 

Countersink.— To  make  a  cavity  in  timberwork  for  the  recep- 
tion of  a  i)late  of  iron,  or  the  head  of  a  screw  or  bolt. 

Coupled  columns.— Columns  arranged  in  pairs. 

Course,— A  continued  layer  of  bricks  or  stones  in  buildings;  the 
term  is  also  applicable  to  slates,  arch  stones,  etc. 

Court.  An  open  area  behind  a  house,  or  in  the  centre  of  a 
building  and  the  wings.  Courts  admit  of  the  most  elegant  orna- 
mentations, such  as  arcades,  etc. 

Consinet  or  cushion. — The  stone  which  is  placed  on  the  impost 
of  a  pier  to  receive  the  first  stone  of  an  arch,  also  the  name  of  the 
front  of  an  Ion'  c  capital  between  the  abacus  and  echinus. 

Crab.— An  instrument  to  raise  large  stones. 

Cradle. — The  same  as  coffer. 

Cradling. — Timber  work  for  sustaining  the  lath  aud  plaster  of 
vaulted  ceilings,  or  for  sustaining  an  entablature  for  a  shop  front 
etc. 

Crampoons. — Hooked  pieces  of  iron  for  drawing  up  timber  or 
stones. 

Chapandine-doors.— Such  as  turn  at  the  top  and  bottom. 

Chenell.  — (ro</iic.     The  opening  of  an  embattled  parapet. 

Crescent. — A  building  erected  in  the  form  of  an  arc. 

Crest-tile. — The  tile  on  the  ridge  of  a  house.  In  Gothic  architec- 
ture, leaves  running  up  the  sides  or  gable,  or  ornamented  canopy. 

Crenellated  mouldings.— Mouldings  embattled,  notched  or  in«^ 
dented.     Used  in  the  Norman  style. 

Crests. — Carved  work  on  the  top  of  a  building.  The  ridges  of 
roofs,  the  copes  of  battlements  and  the  tops  of  gables  were  called 
crests. 

Creux. — That  species  of  sculpture  in  which  the  lines  and  figures 
are  cut  below  the  surface. 

Crocket.— ^i^o^^/c.  The  small  buds  or  bunches  of  foliage  used  to- 
ornament  spires,  canopies,  pinnacles,  etc.,  the  large  bunches  at  the 
top  being  termed  finials. 


:2g6  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Croissaiite  Croix. — A  crescent  at  each  end. 

Cross-banded. — A  term  applied  to  a  veneer  on  a  hand-rail,  the 
grain  of  which  crosses  that  of  the  rail. 

Cross-beam. — A  large  beam  going  from  wall  to  wall  or  a  girder 
"that  holds  the  side  of  the  house  together. 

Cross-yaulting. — A  common  name  given  to  groins  and  cylindri- 
cal vaults. 

Crown. — The  upper  part  of  a  cornice  including  the  corona.  The 
ornaments  on  the  key  stone  of  an  arch,  called  also  a  console. 

Crosettes. — The  returns  on  the  corners  of  architraves  of  doors, 
etc. 

Crypt  or  Croud. — A  subterraneous  vault  generally  beneath 
churches.     In  late  years  used  for  burial. 

Crypt  portions. — Subterraneous  galleries  in  the  Boman  Villas 
used  as  cool  sitting-rooms. 

Cnlnien,  of  the  Romans,  was  the  ridge  piece  of  the  roof. 

Cnlvert. — An  arched  drain  for  conveying  water  under  canals  or 
roads. 

Cnnette. — In  fortifications.  A  deep  trench  to  obstruct  an  enemy's 
approach. 

Cnpola. — A  spherical  vault  at  the  top  of  an  edifice,  a  dome. 
Cnrb-plate. — The  wall  plate  of  a  circular  ribbed  dome,  also  the 
horizontal  rib  of  the  top,  etc. 

Curb  roof  or  Mansard  roof.— A  roof  formed  of  four  contiguous 
planes,  each  two  having  an  external  inclination. 

Curator. — The  names  given  by  the  Romans  to  surveyors  or  in- 
spectors of  i)ublic  works. 

Cnria. — The  Roman  council  house. 

Curtail  step. — The  first  step  in  a  stair,  which  is  generally  finished 
in  the  form  of  a  scroll. 

Curtain. — In  Fortification.  That  part  of  a  rampart  which  lies  be- 
tween two  bastions. 

Cusliion  capital. — A  capital  having  a  resemblance  to  a  cushion. 

Cusp. — Gothic.  A  term  applied  to  pendants,  assembled  they 
form  trefoils,  quatrefoils,  etc. 

Cut. — A  canal.  Brackets  are  cut  when  they  are  moulded  on  the 
*edge.     A  cut-roof,  is  a  truncated  one. 

Cyclopean  Buildin^S^  are  the  most  ancient  specimens  of  masonry, 
formed  by  immense  blocks  of  stone  piled  upon  each  other  without 
cement. 

Cylindric  Ceiling.— A  ceiling  vaulted  in  the  shape  of  a  segment 
of  a  cylinder.  Cylindrical  ceilings  admit  of  being  pierced  by 
lunettes,   which  form  cylindro-cylindric  arches.     They  should  be 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    ROOK.  297 

^ecorated  with  coffers,  separated  by  soffits  and  enriched  with  guil- 
loches. 

Cyma. — A  moulding  with  an  undulating  or  waved  profile,  partly- 
convex  and  partly  concave,  called  by  workmen  an  ogee.  When  the 
hollow  part  is  uppermost,  it  is  called  a  cyma-recta;  when  the  con- 
vex part  is  above  a  cyma-reversa ;  when  it  is  the  upper  moulding  of 
a  cornice  it  is  called  cymatium. 

Cyiiiatiiim.— The  upper  moulding  of  a  cornice  of  three  kinds  of 
cymatia,  the  Tuscan  is  supposed  to  have  been  an  ovolo,  or  quarter 
round;  the  Doric  an  ovolo  or  cavetto,  and  the  Lesbian  the  cyma  in- 
versa. 

Cyzigeiius, — A  magnificent  hall  among  the  Greeks. 

Dado. — The  square  or  flat  part  of  the  base  of  a  column  between 
the  plinth  and  the  cornice.     It  is  of  a  cubical  form. 

Days  or  Bays. — Tn  Gothic  Architecture.  The  compartments  formed 
in  tall  windows  by  the  intersection  of  muUions. 

Decastyle. — A  portico  temple  or  other  building  with  ten  columns 
in  front. 

Declination,  of  the  Doric  mutules. 

Decorated-style.  -The  second  of  the  Pointed  or  Gothic  style  of 
architecture  considered  the  most  complete  and  perfect  development 
of  Gothic  architecture. 

Decoration. — Anything  that  enriches  or  gives  beauty  to  a  church 
or  other  buildings. 

Demi-Metope. — The  half  of  a  metope,  which  is  found  at  the  re- 
tiring or  projecting  angles  of  a  Doiic  frieze. 

Dentels,  or  Dentils.— Square  blocks  introduced  as  ornament* 
into  cornices,  chiefly  of  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian  orders,  in  the 
form  of  identations  or  teeth;  a  small  circular  piece  is  sometimes 
cut  out,  and  at  other  times  they  are  fluted. 

Diaglypliic. — A  species  of  sculpture  in  which  the  strokes,  or 
lines,  are  indented,  opposed  to  the  usual  mode  in  which  figures 
are  prominent. 

Diameter.— The  line  in  a  circle  passing  through  its  centre,  or 
thickest  part,  which  gives  the  measure  proportioning  the  interco- 
lumniation  in  some  of  the  order. 

Diaper.— Ornament  of  sculpture  in  low  relief,  sunk  below  the 
general  surface,  or  of  painting,  or  of  gilding,  used  to  decorate  a 
panel,  or  other  flat  recessed  surface. 

Diamond-fret.— A  decorated  moulding,  consisting  of  fillets  in- 
tersecting each  other,  used  in  Norman  architecture. 

Diastyle. — A  term  applied  to  a  building  with  columns  at  the  dis- 
tance of  three  diameters  from  each  other. 

Diathyra. — The  vestibule  before  the  door  of  a  Grecian  house. 


:29s  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Diatonic  Stones.— Cubical  stones  with  two  wrought  faces,  used 
l)y  ancient  builders  as  angle  or  corner  stones.  They  were  as  broad 
us  the  thickness  of  the  wall. 

Die,  —A  square  cube. 

Die^lyph,— A  double  channeled  tablet. 

Diminislied  Arches. — Arches  less,  or  lower  than  a  semicircle. 

Dipteron. — A  temple  with  a  double  row  of  columns. 

Discharg'e. — The  relief  given  to  a  beam,  or  a  piece  of  timber, 
overcharged  by  too  great  an  incumbent  weight  of  building;  when 
built  under  it  is  said  to  be  discharged. 

Discharged  Arches.  — Are  those  built  over  wooden  lintels,  by 
which  the  bearing  upon  them  is  taken  off.  The  cords  of  dischar- 
ing  arches  are  not  much  longer  than  the  lintels.  A  temporary 
lintel  is  sometimes  inserted,  which  is  afterwards  removed. 

Dishing  out,  or  Cradling.— Wooden  vaultings  or  covered  rib- 
work,  for  plastering  upon. 

Disposition. — In  Architecture.  Is  understood  to  mean  the  proper 
situation  and  arrangement  of  the  apartments,  entrances,  etc.  It  is 
divided  into  plan,  elevation  and  perspective  view.  The  term  em- 
braces every  particular  relating  to  the  purpose  of  an  architectural 
design. 

Distemper. — Term  applied  to  painting  with  colors  mixed  with 
size  or  other  glutinous  substance.  All  the  cartoons  of  the  ancients, 
previous  to  the  year  1410,  are  said  to  be  done  in  distemper. 

Ditriglyph. — The  intervening  space  between  two  triglyphs  in  in- 
tercolumniations  over  the  intercolumn,  so  that  a  triglyph  being 
placed  over  each  of  two  outermost  columns,  will  form  the  ditri- 
glyph containing  three  metopes,  or  spaces  two  whole  triglyphs, 
ancf  two  half  triglyphs. 

Dividicula.  — /n  Ancient  Architecture.  The  basin  which  received 
the  water  from  an  aqueduct. 

Dodecastyle.  — A  portico  having  twelve  columns  in  front. 

Dogs-tooth  Moulding.— An  ornamental  member  of  early  English 
architecture.     It  has  no  resemblance  to  its  name. 

Dome. — An  arched  or  vaulted  roof,  springing  from  a  polygonal, 
circular  or  elliptic  plan.  When  the  base  is  circular,  it  is  termed  a 
cupola;  when  a  polygon  it  is  a  polygonal  dome;  and  when  an  ellipsis 
an  elliptic  dome,  the  central  point  in  the  curved  surface  is  called 
the  pole. 

Domestic  Architecture.— That  branch  which  relates  to  private 
buildings. 

Donjon.-  The  massive  tower  in  the  interior  of  ancient  castles, 
to  which  the  garrison  might  retreat  in  case  of  necessity. 

Doric  Order. — The  oldest  of  the  three  orders  of  Grecian  arohi' 
tecture,  and  the  most  original. 


AiND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  299 

Dormer  Windows,— Windows  of  dormitories,  or  sleeping  rooms, 
on  the  inclined  plane  of  the  roof. 

Double  Yaiilt,  formed  by  a  duplicate  wall;  wine  cellars  are 
sometimes  so  formed. 

Dove-tail  Moulding*. — Used  in  Norman  Architecture. 

Dragon-Piece.— The  name  given  to  a  piece  of  timber  joined  to 
what  is  called,  on  roofs,  the  diagonal  tie. 

Draught,  or  Drawing.— Architectural  composition,  or  design, 
is  understood  to  be  a  necessary  mode  of  conveying  instructions  to 
the  practical  builder  and  the  workmen,  by  exhibiting  a  compre- 
hensive view  of  a  projected  building;  drawings  for  this  purpose 
must  be  executed  with  clearness  and  precision,  conformable  to  a 
regular  scale  of  proportions.  Plans,  elevations,  and  sections  are 
to  represent  the  internal  features  of  the  apartments,  halls,  passages, 
and  various  arrangements  for  ornament  or  convenience,  and  the 
external  facades,  porticos,  domes,  and  other  outward  appendages. 
Drawings  of  the  smaller  parts  of  an  edifice  will  be  required  numer- 
ous in  proportion  to  their  extent  and  variety  of  form.  Where  the 
fa9ddes  of  a  building  differ  considerably,  elevations  of  each  of 
them  will  be  required,  and  more  than  one*  general  view  of  the  pro- 
jected building  will  be  necessary  to  give  satisfaction  to  the  pro- 
prietor. 

Draw-bridffe.— A  bridge  made  to  draw  up  or  let  down,  much 
used  in  fortified  places.  In  navigable  rivers,  the  arch  over  the 
deepest  channel  is  made  to  draw  or  revolve,  in  order  to  let  the 
masts  of  ships  pass  through. 

Dressing. — Is  the  operation  of  squaring  and  smoothing  stones 
for  building. 

Dressing. — Ornamental  projections  from  walls,  of  various  de- 
scriptions, as  architraves,  borderings,  and  facings  of  doors  and 
apertures. 

Drift.— Applied  to  arches,  synonymous  to  shoot  and  ihivMst,  in- 
tended to  express  the  powerful  impetus  of  the  arch  against  the  pier. 

Drip. — A  name  given  to  the  member  of  a  cornice  which  has  a 
projection  beyond  the  other  parts  for  throwing  off  water  by  small 
portions,  drop  by  drop.     It  is  also  called  larmiei'. 

Dripping-Eaves.— Are  the  terminating  projections  of  inclined 
roofs,  to  which  there  is  no  gutter. 

Drip-Stone.— The  label  moulding  which  serves  on  a  canopy  for 
an  opening  and  to  throw  off  the  rain.  It  is  also  called  weather 
moulding. 

Dronius. — An  enclosed  entrance  to  ancient  buildings. 

Drojps. — Ornaments  of  a  conical  form  in  the  Doric  entablature,  re- 
sembling bells  placed  immediately  under  the  triglyphs~six  under 
each. 

Droved  Ashlar.— The  coarsest  kind  of  hewn  stone  for  building. 


300  THE    BUILDFR's    GUIDE, 

Briiidical  Architecture,  —Circles  of  unwrought  upright  stones, 
knowD  as  Druidical  temples. 

Drum. — The  solid  part  of  the  capitals  of  the  Corinthian  and 
Composite  orders,  from  its  form  called  vase. 

Dwarf -Wall. — The  walls  enclosing  courts-above  which  are  rail- 
ings of  iron;  low  walls  in  general,  receive  this  name. 

Eagle. — A.  Greek  term  for  the  frontispiece,  or  pediment  of  their 
temples. 

Eaves. — The  overhanging  edges  of  a  roof. 

Eaves  Lath,  or  Eaves  Board,  or  Eaves  Catch.— An  arris  fillet, 
or  thick  feather-edged  board  at  the  eaves  to  raise  the  first  course  of 
slates  so  that  the  next  course  may  be  properly  bedded. 

EchimiS. — A  convex  moulding,  generally  ornamented  with 
spheroid  eggs,  the  upper  ends  cut  off,  the  upper  part  of  the  axis 
projecting  and  the  lower  receding.  Each  egg  is  surrounded  by  a 
border  and  is  rather  more  than  a  semi-ellipsis.  The  Roman  echinus 
is  the  quarter  of  a  circle,  and  is  inferior  to  the  Greek.  In  a  column, 
the  echinus  is  only  used  in  the  entablature  or  capital,  and  in  the 
Doric  order  it  is  always  plain,  whilst  in  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian, 
it  is  generally  carved. 

Edg'ing'. — The  reducing  of  edges  of  rafters,  that  they  may  range 
together. 

Edifice,  is  synonymous  with  the  terms,  building,  fabric,  erec- 
tion, but  is  more  strictly  applicable  to  architecture  distinguished 
for  size,  dignity  and  grandeur. 

Effect. — In  Architecture.  The  result  of  the  sensations  produced 
when  the  whole  parts  of  an  edifice  are  put  together.  Nothing  is 
more  deceptive  than  simple  delineations  which  architects  make  of 
their  works.  High  artistic  designs  of  a  building,  frequently  lead 
to  great  disappointment  when  the  building  is  completed,  there- 
fore all  designs  should  be  in  simple  colors,  India  ink  or  sepia, 
and  finished  with  very  little  shading  or  pictorial  effect.  Often 
architects  of  great  experience,  are  deceived  in  the  effect  to  be 
produced.  In  important  works,  small  models  in  relief,  will  give 
some  idea  of  the  proportion  of  the  different  projecting  parts  to 
each  other,  and  to  the  whole  edifice. 

Eg-g  and  Tongue  are  ornaments  sculptured  in  the  echinus  and 
Ionic  volutes. 

Egyptian  Architecture.— The  earliest  civilization  and  cultiva- 
tion of  the  arts  was  in  Upper  Egypt.  The  most  remarkable  and 
most  ancient  monuments  of  the  Egyptians  with  the  exception  of 
■  the  i:>yramids,  are  nearly  all  included  in  Upper  Egypt.  The  build- 
ings of  Egypt  are  characterized  by  soliditj^  and  massiveness  of 
construction,  originality  of  conception  and  boldness  of  form.  The 
walls,  the  pillars  and  the  most  sacred  places  of  their  religious 
buildings,  were  ornamented  with  hieroglyphics  and  symbolical 
figures,  whilst  the  ceilings  of  the  porticos  exhibited  zodiacs  and 


AND    estimator's     ^RICE    BOOK.  3OI 

celestial  plauisplieres.  The  temples  of  Egypt  were  generally  with- 
out roofs  and  consequently  the  interior  colonnades  had  no  pedi- 
iiientg,  supporting  merely  an  entablature,  composed  of  only  archi- 
trave frieze  cornice,  formed  of  immense  blocks  united  without 
cement  and  ornamented  with  hieroglyphics. 

Ellipse. — That  curve  called  by  workmen  an  oval. 

Elevation.— A  geometrical  projection  drawn  on  a  plane  perpen- 
dicular to  the  horizon. 

Embattled^  or  indented  with  notches,  in  form  of  embrasures,  and 
on  the  top  of  a  wall  or  parapet  of  a  castle. 

Embleiuata.  —A  kind  of  inlaid  work  used  by  the  Romans  to  em- 
bellish panels,  floors,  etc. 

Embossing.— Sculpture  in  relievo,  the  figures  standing  partly  out 
from  the  plane. 

Embrazure.— The  enlargement  of  the  aperture  of  a  door  or  win- 
dow towards  the  inside  wall  to  admit  more  light.  An  aperture  in 
the  wall  for  pointing  cannon  through. 

Encarpiis. — A  festoon  of  fruit  or  flowers,  which  sometimes  orna- 
ments friezes  or  capitals. 

Eii^a^ed  eoliiiiius,  are  those  attached  to  or  built  in  walls  or 
piers,  a  portion  being  concealed. 

English  Arcliitectnre.— A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  Gothic 

style. 

Ensemble.— Means  the  whole  work  or  composition  considered 
together,  and  not  in  parts. 

Entablature. —That  assemblage  of  mouldings,  etc.,  which  are 
supported  by  a  column.  It  consists  of  three  parts,  the  cornice, 
frieze  and  architrave. 

Entail. — In  Gothic  architecture,  delicate  carving. 

Entasis.— The  slight  swelling  or  graceful  curvature  of  Grecian 
columns,  particularly  the  Doric. 

Enripus. — The  trench  in  a  circus  which  separates  the  seats  from 
the  arena. 

Eustyle.— An  intercolumniation  of  two  diameters  and  a  quarter, 
which  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  arrangements  that  can  be  given 
in  a  row  of  columns. 

Extrados. — The  outside  of  an  arch  or  bridge,  vault,  etc. 

Eye.— The  middle  of  the  Ionic  volute,  from  which  the  difierent 
centres  for  drawing  it  are  found;  also,  a  small  window  in  the  centre 
of  the  pediment. 

Fabric. — A  large  building,  as  a  church,  palace  or  college. 

Facade,  or  Face. — The  whole  exterior  side  of  a  building  that  can 
be  seen  at  one  view;  strictly  speaking,  the  principal  front. 

Face  Mould. — The  pattern  for  marking  the  plank  or  board  out 


302  THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 

of  which  ornamental  hand  railings  for  stairs  and  other  works  are 
cut. 

Face  of  a  Stone.— The  smooth  or  outward  part  of  a  building; 
stones  should  be  faced  the  oj^posite  direction  of  their  splitting. 

False  Attic. — Bears  some  resemblance  to  the  Attic  order  but 
without  pilasters,  casements,  or  balustrade,  used  to  crown  a  build- 
ing, and  to  bear  a  bas  relief  or  inscription. 

False  Roofs. — The  space  between  the  highest  ceiling  and  the 
roof. 

Faiial. — A  light-house. 

Fane  or  Yane. — A  plate  of  metal  cut  into  some  fantastic  shape 
and  turning  on  a  pivot  to  point  out  the  course  of  the  wind. 

Fan-Tracery. — The  very  complicated  mode  of  roofing  used  in 
the  perpendicular  style  in  which  the  vault  is  covered  by  ribs  and 
veins  of  tracery. 

Fascia. — A  flat  broad  member  in  the  entablature  of  columns  or 
other  parts  of  buildings  but  of  small  projection.  The  architraves 
in  some  of  the  orders,  are  composed  of  three  bands  or  fascia;  the 
Tuscan  and  the  Doric  ought  to  have  only  one. — Ornamental  projec- 
tions from  the  walls  of  brick  buildings  over  any  of  the  windows, 
except  the  uppermost  are  called  fascia. 

Feather-edged  Boards,  are  narrow  boards  made  thin  at  one 
edge,  like  shingles  or  some  kinds  of  clapboarding. 

Femur. — The  plane  space  between  the  cavities  of  a  triglyph. 

Festoon. — An  ornamental  carving  resembling  a  wreath,  attached 
at  both  ends  and  falling  in  the  middle. 

Fillet. — See  Aimulet  and  Band. 

Filling  in  Pieces,  are  short  pieces  of  timber  affixed  to  hips  and 
roofs  of  groins. 

Fishing. — A  built  beam  composed  of  two  beams  placed  end  to 
end,  secured  by  pieces  of  wood  covering  the  joint  on  opposite 
sides. 

Fistuca. — A  pile-driving  instrument  with  two  handles,  raised  by 
pulleys  and  guided  in  its  descent  to  fall  on  piles. 

Flags,  are  flat  stones,  from  1  to  3  inches  thick  for  floors. 

Flank. — The  least  side  of  a  pavilion  by  which  it  is  joined  to  the 
main  building. 

Flatting.— Painting  finished  without  leaving  a  gloss  on  the  sur- 
face. 

Flashings. — Pieces  of  lead  so  let  into  the  wall  as  to  lay  over  a 
gutter. 

Floating,  is  the  equal  spreading  of  plaster  or  stucco  on  the  sur- 
face of  walls. 

Floriated. — Gothic.  Having  florid  ornaments  as  in  Gothic  pillars. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  303 

Florid  Style,— /S'ee  Gothic. 

Flush. — The  continuity  of  two  or  more  parts  of  work  to  the  same 
rsurface. 

Flue, — The  tube  from  a  fire-place. 

Flutiug, — Longitudinal  cavities  or  channels  cut  in  the  shaft  of  a 
•column  or  pilaster,  etc.,  sometimes  meeting  one  another  at  a  sharp 
■edge,  at  other  times  having  a  fillet  between  them. 

Flyers,  are  steps  in  a  series,  which  are  parallel  to  each  other. 

Foliaffe, — An  ornamental  distribution  of  leaves  on  various  parts 
of  buildings. 

Foliation.— The  use  of  small  arcs  or  foils  in  forming  tracery. 

Foils, — The  small  arcs  in  the  tracery  of  Gothic  windows,  panels, 
•etc. 

Font. — A  vessel  in  churches  generally  of  marble  to  contain  the 
water  of  baptism. 

Footing  Beam. — The  name  sometimes  given  to  the  tie  beam  of  a 
roof. 

Footing",  of  a  wall;  a  projecting  course  of  stone  at  the  base  of  a 
ivall  or  building,   intended  to  give  stability  and  support. 

Foot-Pace, — A  flat  part  in  a  stairs,  or  hand-railing,  between  the 
step  and  the  landing  place. 

Foundation,— That  part  of  a  building  or  wall  which  is  below  the 
surface  of  the  ground. 

Fonr-leaved-flower, — An  ornamental  member  much  used  in 
hollow  mouldings. 

Founerets. — The  arches  which  in  Gothic  groins  lie  next  the  wall. 

Fox-Tail  wedging,  is  a  peculiar  mode  of  mortising,  in  which 
the  end  of  the  tenon  is  notched  beyond  the  mortise  and  is  split, 
and  a  wedge  inserted  which  being  forcibly  driven  in,  enlarges  the 
tenon  and  renders  the  joint  firm  and  immovable. 

Frame. — The  name  given  to  the  woodwork  of  windows,  doors, 
etc.;  and  in  carpentry,  to  the  timber  works,  supporting  floors, 
roofs,  etc. 

Fresco, — The  most  ancient  way  of  ornamenting  houses  by  paint- 
ing on  stucco  whilst  that  substance  is  soft  and  fresh ;  very  suitable 
for  splendid  edifices,  etc. 

Fret, — A  kind  of  ornamental  work  which  presents  a  rough  or 
.uneven  appearance. 

Frieze,— The  flat  member  in  an  entablature,  separating  the 
.architrave  from  the  cornice. 

Frieze-Panel, — The  upper  panel  of  a  door  of  six  panels. 

Frieze-rail,— The  rail  next  to  the  top  rail  of  a  door  of  six  panels. 

Frigidarinm, — An  apartment  in  the  Eoman  bath,  supplied  with 
^old  water. 


304  THE    BUILDFR's    GUIDE, 

Frigiratory.— Generally  an  underground  apartment  well  venti- 
lated and  fitted  up  for  preserving  animal  and  vegetable  food. 

Frontispiece.— An  ornamented  front  of  a  building. 

Frosted. — A  kind  of  ornamental  work,  having  an  appearance  like 
that  of  hoar  frost. 

Fiimiel.  — The  inside  of  a  shaft  of  a  chimney. 

Furniture.— The  name  given  the  fastenings  of  doors,  windows 
and  other  similar  paits  of  a  house. 

Fiirrin^s.  — Flat  pieces  of  timber  used  to  bring  an  irregular 
framing  to  an  even  surface. 

Fiisurole.— A  small  member  in  form  of  a  collar,  with  long  heads 
under  the  echinus,  or  quarter-round  of  pillars  of  the  Doric,  Ionic 
and  Composite  orders. 

Fut,  or  Fust.  —The  shaft  of  a  column. 

Oain. — The  leveled  shoulder  of  a  binding  joist. 

Grarland. — Ornament,  of  flowers,  fruits,  etc.,  frequently  used  on 
triumphal  arches  and  feasts  by  the  ancients,  and  on  tombs  by  the 
moderns. 

Oatliering  of  tlie  Wings.— That  part  of  a  chimney  which  con- 
nects the  breast  with  the  flue. 

Geometrical  Stair.— A  flight  of  stairs,  supported  only  by  the  wall 
at  one  end  of  the  steps. 

Geometrical  Elevation.— A  drawing  of  the  front  or  side  of  a 
building,  tht.  projection  of  a  vertical  plane  of  the  front  or  side  of  a 
building  or  other  object. 

Geranos. — A  machine  used  behind  the  screens  at  Greek  thea- 
tres, by  means  of  which  the  actors  might  be  raised  into  the  air. 

Girder.— The  largest  piece  of  timber  in  a  floor,  that  into  which 
the  joists  are  framed,  used  to  shorten  the  joists  of  a  floor. 

Girdle. — The  circular  band  round  a  column. 

Glyph. — An  ornamental  cavity  or  incision. 

Goddroon. — A  kind  of  inverted  fluting. 

Gorgoneid. — Key  stones  carved  in  the  form  of  Gorgon's  heads. 

Granary.— To  preserve  grain,  etc. 

Grange. — A  barn  usually  attached  to  abbeys. 

Graticulation.— Dividing  a  drawing  into  squares  in  order  to  re- 
duce it  to  smaller  dimensions. 

Graecostasis. — A  hall  or  portico  in  which  ambassadors  to  Rome 
awaited  the  deliberations  of  the  senate. 

Grillage. — A  frame  work  of  beams  laid  longitudinally  and  crossed 
by  similar  beams  notched  upon  them,  used  to  sustain  walls  to  pre- 
vent irregular  settling. 


AND    ESTIMATOR  S    PRICE    BOOK.  305 

Groin. — The  angular  curve  made  by  the  intersection  of  two  semi- 
■circles  or  arches. 

(irroined  Ceiling. — A  surface  formed  by  three  or  more  curved  sur- 
faces, so  that  every  two  may  form  a  groin,  all  the  groins  terminat- 
ing at  one  extremity  in  a  common  point. 

Orotesque. — A  singular  and  fantastic  style  of  ornament  found  in 
uncient  buildings. 

(irrotto.— An  artificial  cavern. 

Ground-joists,  are  joists  supporting  the  floor  immediately  above 
the  ground. 

(xround  floor.— The  lowest  story  of  a  building. 

Ground  Niche. — A  niche  rising  from  the  floor. 

Ground  Flan. — A  drawing  of  the  foundation  of  a  building. 

Ground  Plates. — The  outermost  pieces  of  timber  lying  on  the 
ground  into  which  joists,  girders,  etc.,  etc.,  are  mortised. 

Grounds.— Pieces  of  wood  imbedded  in  the  plastering  of  walls 
to  which  skirting  and  other  joiners's  work  are  attached. 

Grouped  Columns,  are  when  three,  four,  or  more  columns  are 
put  together  on  the  same  pedestal.  When  two  are  placed  together, 
they  are  said  to  be  coupled. 

Grout. — A  thin  kind  of  mortar. 

Guerite. — A  small  tower  on  the  point  of  a  bastion,  for  the  use  of 
a  sentinel. 

Gullloclii. — Ornaments  in  the  form  of  a  series  of  spiral  strings. 

Guttae. —Ornaments  of  a  conic  form,  on  the  cornice  of  the  Doric 
order;  they  are  supposed  to  represent  drops  of  water. 

Gymnasium.— A  building  classed  in  the  first  rank  by  the  Greeks; 
it  was  in  them  they  instructed  the  youth  in  all  artsof  peace  and 
war — a  building  for  athletic  exercises. 

Hocking. — An  inferior  mode  of  walling  to  save  stones. 

Half-space,  or  resting  place.— The  interval  between  two  flights 
of  steps  in  a  staircase. 

Hail  ring. — The  junction  of  two  pieces  of  timber,  by  inserting 
one  into  the  other. 

Hammer  Beam. — A  beam  in  a  Gothic  roof,  not  extending  to  the 
opposite  side.     A  beam  at  the  foot  of  a  rafter. 

Hangings. — Tapestry;  originally  invented  to  hide  the  coarseness 
of  the  walls  of  a  chamber,  different  materials  were  employed  for 
this  purpose,  some  of  them  exceedingly  costly  and  beautifully 
worked  in  figures,  gold  and  silk. 

Hanging  Buttress. — A  buttress  not  rising  from  the  ground  but 
isupported  on  a  corbel,  applied  chiefly  as  a  decoration  and  used 
only  in  the  Decorated  and  Perpendicular  style. 


3oC  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Hanging  Style,  of  a  door  is  that  to  which  the  hinges  are  fixed. 

Handspike. — A  lever  for  carrying  a  heavy  beam. 

Haunches,  of  an  arch. 

Headers.— /?!  Masom-y,  are  stones  or  bricks  extending  over  the 
thickness  of  a  wall. 

Heading  Courses.— Courses  of  a  wall  in  which  the  stone  or 
brick  are  all  headers. 

Head- way,  of  a  stair,  is  the  clear  distance  measured  from  a  given 
landing  place  or  stair  to  the  ceiling,  allowing  for  the  thickness  of 
the  steps. 

Headwork. — A  name  given  to  ornaments  on  key  stones  of  arches, 
frequently  representing  the  heads  of  animals  appropriate  to  the 
purpose  for  which  the  building  was  erected. 

Heart-Bond. — In  Masonry,  is  where  two  stones,  forming  the 
breadth  of  the  wall,  have  one  stone  of  the  same  breadth  placed  over 
them. 

Heel,  of  a  Rafter. — The  end  or  foot  that  rests  upon  the  wall  plate. 
Heig[lit,  of  an  Arch. — A  line  drawn  from  the  middle  of  the  chord 
to  the  intrados. 

Helix. — A  small  volute  or  twist  like  a  stalk,  representing  the 
twisted  tops  of  the  acanthus,  placed  under  the  abacus  of  the  Cor- 
inthian capital. 

Hem. — The  spiral  projecting  part  of  the  Ionic  capital. 

Hick -Joint  Pointing. — Inserting  a  superior  mortar  between 
joints  of  ashlar,  and  made  correctly  smooth  with  the  surface. 

Hindu  Architecture. — In  style  and  construction,  has  a  great  re- 
semblance to  Egyptian,  and  is  akin  to  that  of  the  people  that 
formed  the  vast  excavations  of  Ellora,  Elephanta,  and  Canarah, 
and  the  various  immense  pagodas  and  colossal  images  of  the  Indian, 
idols. 

Hips. — Those  pieces  of  timber  placed  in  an  inclined  position  at 
the  corners  or  angles  of  a  roof. 

Hip-Roof. — A  roof  which  rises  by  equally  inclined  planes  rising; 
from  each  other. 

Hippodrome.  —A  place  appropriated  by  the  ancients  to  equestrian 
exercises. 

Hoarding.— The  timber  enclosure  about  a  building  when  it  is 
erecting. 

Horizontal  Cornice  is  the  level  part  of  the  cornice  of  a  pedi- 
ment, under  the  two  inclined  cornices. 

Horn. — A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  Ionic  volute. 

Hovelling.— A  mode  of  preventing  chimneys  from  smoking,  by 
carrying  up  the  two  most  exposed  sides  higher  than  the  others; 
apertures  are  left  in  the  sides  for  the  escape  of  smoke  below. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  307 

Hypocaiistiim. — An  arched  chamber  among  the  ancients  in  which 
a  tire  was  made  to  warm  the  rooms  above. 

Ichuograpliy.— The  transverse  section  of  a  building  which  repre- 
sents the  circumference  of  the  whole  edifice,  the  different  rooms 
and  apartments,  with  the  thickness  of  the  walls,  the  dimensions 
and  situation  of  the  door,  windows,  chimneys,  the  projection  of 
the  columns,  and  everything  that  could  be  seen  in  such  a  section. 

Iiiibow. — To  arch  over. 

impetus. — The  span  of  a  building,  arch,  roof,  etc. 

Impliivium.  — The  central  part  of  an  ancient  Roman  court,  which 
was  uncovered. 

Impost. — The  combination  of  mouldings  which  form  the  capital 
of  a  pier;  the  layer  of  stone  which  crowns  the  doorpost  or  pier, 
and  which  supports  an  arcade,  etc. — it  generally  projects,  and  is 
ornamented  with  mouldings.  An  arched  impost  is  chat  which 
crowns  the  pier  of  an  arcade,  or  which  crowns  a  circular  wall,, 
niche,  etc. 

In  Aiitis."When  there  are  two  columns  between  the  antae  of  the 
lateral  walls  and  the  cella. 

Inbond  Jambstone. — A  bond  stone  laid  on  the  joint  of  an  aper- 
ture. 

Insertiim.  -A  mode  of  building,  which  consists  of  small  rough 
stones  and  mortar. 

Incliiieil  Plane. — One  of  the  mechanical  powers. 

Incrustation. — Anything  such  as  Mosaic,  scagliola,  etc.,  applied 
with  mortar  or  A^ith  mastic  to  incisions  that  have  been  made  for  its 
reception. 

Indented.— Toothed  together. 

Inlaying:.— See  Mosaic. 

Intaglio.  —A  sculpture  or  carving  in  which  the  figures  are  sunk 
below  the  general  surface,  such  as  a  seal,  the  impression  of  which 
in  wax  is  in  bas-relief;  opposed  to  Cameo. 

Interlacing'  Arches. — Circular  arches  which  intersect  each  other. 

Intercolumniation. — The  space  between  two  columns  measured 
from  the  place  where  they  are  of  an  equal  thickness.  Generally 
from  the  lower  part  of  the  shaft  immediately  above  the  base. 

Interties  are  short  pieces  of  timber  used  in  roofing,  to  bind  up- 
right posts  together  in  roof  partitions,  in  lath  and  plaster  work, 
and  in  walls  with  timber  frame  work. 

Intrados.— The  interior  or  under  concave  curve  of  an  arch.  The 
exterior  is  called  extr-ados. 

Inverted  Arches.— Such  as  nave  their  intrados  below  the  centre 
or  axis.  They  are  a  great  utility  in  giving  stability  to  buildings  in 
all  cases  where  the  wall  is  higher  on  each  side  than  the  cord  of  the 
arch. 


3oS  THE  uuilder's  guide, 

Iron  Chains,  under  the  roofs  of  circular  buildings,  are  found  of 
great  utility  in  preventing  the  pressure  of  the  incumbent  weight 
from  pushing  out  the  walls,  especially  in  domes  of  great  magni- 
tude. The  dome  of  St.  Paul's  has  two,  which  are  sunk  into  the 
circular  course  of  stone. 

Italian  Architectnre. — It  comprehends  the  Florentine,  Roman 
and  Venetian. 

Jack  Arch. — An  arch  of  only  the  thickness  of  one  brick. 
Jack-Rafters.— The  jack-timbers  which  are  fastened  to  the  high 
rafters  and  the  wall  plates. 

Jack  Ribs.— The  jack  timbers  or  parts  of  curved  ribs  which  are 
fastened  to  the  angle  ribs,  and  rest  upon  the  wall  plates,  in 
groining  or  domed  ceilings. 

Jack  Timber. — A  short  timber  fastened  at  the  ends  to  two  tim- 
bers which  are  not  parallel,  or  to  two  timbers  which  actually  meet 
in  a  point,  or  to  the  wall  plate,  and  hip  rafter  of  a  roof,  etc. 

Jambs.  —Door  posts  or  upright  posts  at  the  ends  of  window- 
frames;  also,  the  upright  sides  of  a  fire  place. 

Jamb-Lining. — The  side-work  of  doorways. 

Jamb  Posts.— Uprights  on  the  sides  of  doorways,  on  which  the 
jamb-linings  are  fixed. 

Jerkin-Head. — A  roof  on  which  the  gable  is  carried  higher  than 
the  side  walls. 

Jog'gle-Post. — A  strut-post  for  fixing  the  lower  ends  of  the  struts. 
Joinery, — That  branch  in  building  confined   to  the  nicer  and 
more  ornamental  parts  of  carpentry. 

Joggles. — Joints  in  stone  to  prevent  them  from  sliding  past  each 
other. 

Jube. — The  rood  loft  or  gallery  into  the  choir. 

Keep. — The  strongest  part  of  the  old  English  castles,  forming 
the  citadel  of  the  fortress. 

Kerf. — A  slit  or  cut  in  a  piece  of  timber  or  in  a  stone,  usually 
applied  to  that  made  by  a  saw  or  axe. 

Keys. — In  naked  flooring  are  pieces  of  timber  fixed  in  between 
the  joists  by  mortise  and  tenon;  when  these  are  fastened  with  their 
ends  projecting  against  sides,  they  are  termed  strutting  pieces. 

Keys. — Pieces  inserted  in  boards  to  prevent  warping. 

Key  Stone. — The  stone  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  top  of  an  arch. 
The  character  of  the  key  stone  varies  in  difi'ereat  orders.  In  the 
Tuscan  and  Doric  it  is  only  a  simple  stone  projecting  beyond  the 
rest;  in  the  Ionic  it  is  adorned  with  mouldings  in  the  manner  of  a 
console;  in  the  Corinthian  and  Composite  it  is  a  rich  sculptured 
console. 

Knee. — A  part  of  the  back  of  a  handrailing  of  a  convex  form,  the 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  309 

reverse  of  a  ramp,  which  is  a  back  of  a  handrail  and  is  concave; 
also,  any  piece  of  timber  bent  to  an  angular  joint. 

Label. — Gothic  The  drip  or  wood-moulding  of  an  arch,  when  it 
is  returned  to  the  square. 

Labyrinth. — A  building  full  of  numerous  and  intricate  passages. 

Laciiua>. — Panels  or  coffers  in  ceilings,  or  in  soffits  or  cornices; 
the  flat  roof  of  a  room. 

Laeoiiiciim. — One  of  the  a^jartments  of  the  ancient  baths. 

Lady  Chapel. — A  small  chapel  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary, 
generally  found  in  ancient  cathedrals. 

Lancet. — Gothic.     Pointed. 

Landing:. — The  terminating  of  a  stairs,  or  a  broad  step  where  the 
entrance  to  a  room  occurs  in  the  course  of  a  staircase. 

Lantern.— Gothic.  A  turret  placed  above  a  building  and  pierced 
with  windows. 

Lararinm.  — A  kind  of  domestic  chapel  in  a  lioman  house,  dedi- 
cated to  the  worship  of  his  household  gods. 

Lattice. — A  reticulated  window,  made  of  laths  or  slips  of  iron, 
separated  by  glass  windows,  and  only  used  where  air  rather  than 
light  is  to  be  admitted,  as  in  cellars  and  dairies. 

Laura. — A  collection  of  little  cells,  or  monkish  habitations,  con- 
tiguous to  each  other,  in  which  hermits  in  ancient  times  lived  to- 
gether in  a  wilderness. 

Lazaretto. — In  Italy,  a  hospital  for  the  reception  of  persons  sick 
of  contagious  disorders. 

Lean-to. — A  small  building  whose  side-walls  and  roof  project 
from  the  wall  of  the  larger  building. 

Lectern. — The  reading  desk  in  the  choir  of  churches. 

Led^e,  or  Ledj^enient. — A  projection  from  a  plane,  as  slips  on 
the  sides  of  window  and  door  frames  to  keep  them  steady  in  their 
places. 

Ledgers.  —The  horizontal  pieces  fastened  to  the  standard  poles 
or  timbers  of  scaffolding  raised  around  buildings  during  their  erec- 
tion. Those  which  rest  on  the  ledgers  are  called  putlogs,  and  on 
these  the  boards  are  laid. 

Lewis. — An  instrument  of  iron  used  for  raising  large  stones.  . 

Lining. — Covering  for  the  interior,  as  casing  is  covering  the  ex- 
terior surface  of  a  building;  also  such  as  linings  of  a  door  for  win- 
dows, shutters,  and  similar  work. 

LinteL — The  horizontal  piece  which  covers  the  opening  of  a 
door  or  window. 

List. — A  little  square  moulding,  to  crown  a  larger,  also  termed  a 

fillet. 


3IO  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Lobby.— An  open  space  surrounding  a  range  of  chambers,  or 
seats  in  a  theatre;  a  small  hall  or  waiting  room. 

Lodge, — A  small  house  in  a  park. 

Lombard  Architecture.— A  name  given  to  round-arched  archi- 
tecture of  Ital3%  introduced  by  the  conquering  Goths  and  Astro- 
goths,  and  which  superseded  the  Romanesque.  It  reigned  between 
the  eighth  and  twelfth  centuries. 

Loop. — A  small  narrow  window. 

Lorimer. — A  square  member  under,  or  forming  part  of  a  cornice, 
which  projects  and  has  a  groove  in  its  under  side. 

Lotus. — A  plant  of  great  celebrity  amongst  the  ancients,  the 
leaves  and  blossoms  of  which  generally  form  the  capitals  of  Egyptian 
columns. 

Louvre. — A  kind  of  vertical  window,  frequently  at  the  top  of 
roofs,  and  provided  with  horizontal  slats,  which  permit  ventilation 
and  exclude  rain. 

Luflfer-boardiMg. — Boards  nailed  on  the  sides  of  buildings  or 
lanterns,  or  across  apertures,  so  as  to  admit  air  but  exclude  rain. 

Lunette.  —Spherical  apertures  in  ceilings. 

Lying  panels. — Those  which  are  cut  out  with  the  grain  of  the 
wood  in  a  horizontal  direction. 

Mansard  Hoof.— Ourb  Bo(f, 

Marquetry.— Inlaid  work  of  fine  hard  pieces  of  wood  of  different 
colors,  fastened  to  the  leaves  on  a  ground.     See  Parquetry. 

Masonry.— Stone  work. 

Mauresque.  —The  style  of  building  peculiar  to  the  Moors  and 
Arabs. 

Mausoleum. — A  sumptuous  sepulchral  monument. 

Meandar. — An  ornament  composed  of  two  or  more  fillet  mould- 
ings, intertwined  in  various  ways. 

Medallion. — Any  circular  tablet  on  which  are  embossed  figures 
or  busts. 

Medianos. — The  middle  columns  in  a  portico  where  the  inter- 
columniation  is  enlarged. 

MediaBval  Architecture.— The  architecture  of  England,  France, 
Germany,  etc.,  during  the  middle  ages,  including  Norman  and 
early  Gothic  style.  It  comprises  also  the  Romanesque,  Byzantine 
and  Saracenic,  Lombard  and  other  styles. 

Members.— The  different  parts  of  a  building,  the  different  parts 
of  an  entablature,  the  different  mouldings  of  a  cornice,  etc. 

Meros. — A  triglyph  consists  of  six  parts,  two  and  a  half  of  which 
are  on  each  side,  and  the  meros  is  in  the  centre  and  constitutes  one 
part. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  311 

Metoche. — The  intervals  between  two  denticuli  in  the  Ionic  en- 
tablature. 

Metope. — The  interval  between  the  triglyphs  in  the  Doric  order. 

Mezzo-relievo. — Or  mean  relief,  in  comparison  with  alto-relievo 
or  high  relievo. 

Minaret.  —  Turkish.  A  circular  turret  rising  by  different  stages 
or  divisions,  each  of  which  has  a  balcony. 

Minute. — The  sixtieth  part  of  the  lower  diameter  of  a  column;  it 
is  the  measure  used  by  architects  to  determine  the  proportions  of 
an  order. 

Minster. — A  monastery,  a  cathedral  church. 

Modilliou.— A  projection  under  the  corona  of  the  richer  orders^ 
resembling  a  bracket.  The  Grecian  Ionic  has  no  modillion,  the- 
Roman  but  seldom.  The  ornament  is  principally  used  in  the- 
(.'orinthian  and  Composite  order. 

Modillion.-  An  enriched  bracket  used  under  the  corona  of  the- 
Corinthian  and  Composite  entablatures. 

Modnle. — The  semi-diameter  of  a  column,  equal  to  30  minutes, 
the  measure  by  which  architects  determine  the  proportions  of  an 
order. 

Monkey. ^A  name  given  to  a  block  of  iron  with  a  catch  used  in 
gins  for  driving  piles. 

Monotrifflyph.  —The  space  of  one  triglyph  and  two  metopes,  be- 
tween two  Doric  columns. 

Mosaic. — A  term  applied  to  pavements,  and  other  work  when 
formed  of  various  materials  of  different  shapes  and  colors,  laid  on 
a  kind  of  stucco  so  as  to  present  some  pattern  or  device.  The 
materials  used  by  the  ancients  were  composed  of  small  cubes  of 
glass,  stone,  wood,  etc. 

Mosque.— A  Mahometan  temple,  or  place  of  worship. 

Mouldings.  —Ornaments. 

M^nUious.— Gothic.  The  frame  work  of  a  window  with  upright 
bars  to  divide  the  lights. 

Multilateral.— Having  many  sides. 

Mutule. — A  projecting  ornament  of  the  Doric  cornice  which 
occupies  the  place  of  the  modillion  in  the  other  order  and  sup- 
posed to  represent  the  ends  of  rafters. 

Naked. —This  term  is  applied,  in  architecture,  to  a  plain  surface, 
or  that  which  is  uofinished;  as  the  naked  walls,  the  naked  flooring, 
that  is,  uncovered;  the  word  is  sometimes  applied  to  flat  surfaces- 
before  the  mouldings  and  other  ornaments  have  been  fixed. 

Nattes. — A  name  given  to  an  ornament  for  decorating  surfaces,, 
used  in  the  twelfth  century  from  its  resemblance  to  interlaced  withes 
of  matting. 


312  THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 

Natural  beds. — In  stratified  rocks  is  the  surface  of  a  stone  as  it 
lies  in  the  quarry.  If  not  laid  in  walls  in  their  natural  bed  the 
laminae  separate. 

Nave. — The  middle  part  of  the  church. 

Neck. — The  space  between  the  camelures  and  annulets  of  the 
Doric  capital,  in  Grecian  examples;  and  in  Roman  that  between 
the  astragal  and  annulet.     It  is  seldom  found  in  the  Ionic. 

Neck-mould. — In  Gothic  architecture.  The  moulding  which  sepa- 
rates the  capital  from  the  shaft,  or  that  under  the  finial  of  a  pinna- 
•cle  or  canopy. 

Nerves. — The  mouldings  of  the  ribs  of  Gothic  groins. 

Newel. — The  upright  cylinder  or  pillar,  around  which  winding 
stairs  turn. 

Niche. — A  cavity  or  hollow  in  a  wall  for  the  reception  of  a  statue, 
etc.  Niches  are  seldom  found  in  pure  Grecian  buildings,  and  in 
Roman  they  are  generally  ornamented,  but  in  the  Gothic  they  are 
highly  enriched — niches  are  made  to  partake  of  all  the  segments 
under  a  semi-circle. 

Norman  architecture.— A  style  imported  into  England  by  the 
Normans  at  the  time  of  the  conquest  and  used  until  the  end  of  the 
twelfth    century,   when  it  was  superseded  by  painted  or  Gothic. 

Nosing's. — The  rounded  and  projecting  edges  of  the  treads  of  a 
stair. 

Notch-Board. —A  board  which  is  grooved  or  notched  for  the  re- 
ception and  support  of  the  ends  of  a  staircase. 

Nymphaeum.  —A  name  given  by  the  ancients  to  picturesque  grot- 
toes and  woody  places. 

Obelisk. — Lofty  pillars  of  stone,  of  a  rectangular  form  diminish- 
ing towards  the  top  and  generallj^  ornamented  with  inscriptions 
and  hieroglyphics  amongst  the  ancient  Egyx)tians. 

Observatory. — A  building  erected  on  an  elevated  spot  of  ground 
for  making  astronomical  observations. 

Octostyle. — A  temple  with  eight  columns  on  its  principal  fa9ade. 

Odeum  or  Odeon.— A  species  of  theatre  among  the  Greeks  iu 
which  the  poets  and  musicians  submitted  their  works  to  the  ap- 
proval of  the  public. 

Offsets.— When  the  face  of  a  wall  is  not  one  continued  surface, 
but  formed  of  one  or  more  continued  surfaces  each  rising  Irom  the 
horizontal  base,  the  part  connecting  the  two  is  called  an  offset. 

Og^e. — A  moulding  the  same  as  the  cyma  reversa. 

O^ive. — Gothic.  Anarch  or  branch  of  a  vault,  which  instead  of 
being  circular,  passes  diagonally  from  one  angle  to  another,  form- 
ing a  cross  with  the  other  arches.  The  centre  where  the  ogives 
-cross  is  called  the  key,  and  is  cut  in  the  form  cf  a  rose.     The  mem- 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK. 


3^3 


t)ers   or  mouldings  of  the  ogives  are  called  nerves,  branches  or 
reins-,  and  the  arches  which  separate  them,  double  arches. 

Oratory, — 4>  closet  for  private  devotion  in  Roman  Catholic 
families  with  altar  and  crucifix. 

Orchestra. — In  ancient  theatres,  where  the  chorus  used  to  dance;, 
in  modern  theatres  where  the  musicians  sit. 

Order. — The  five  orders  of  architecture  as  transmitted  from  an- 
tiquity are,  the  Doric,  the  Ionic,  the  (Jorinthian,  the  Tuscan  and  the 
Composite. 

Oriel  Window.— (ro</iic.  A  projecting  angular  window  com- 
monly of  a  triagonal  or  pentagonal  form,  and  divided  by  mullions 
and  transoms  into  different  bays  and  compartments. 

Orle.  —A  band  or  fillet  under  the  ovolo  of  the  capital. 

Out  and  In  Bond. — An  alternate  header  and  stretcher  in  quoins 
and  window  and  door  jambs. 

Ova.— An  ornament  in  the  form  of  an  egg. 

Ovolo. — See  Echinus. 

Pagoda. — A  name  given  to  temples  in  India  and  China. 

Painting.— 5ee  Fresco. 

Palace.— The  dwelling  of  a  King,  Prince,  or  Bishop. 

Palaestra. — The  part  in  a  Grecian  Gymnasium,  appropriated  to 
wrestling. 

Palisades.  —Stakes  set  up  for  an  enclosure. 

Pallification,  or  Piling*.— The  art  of  piling  ground-work  or 
strengthening  it  with  piles. 

Panipre. — An  ornament  composed  of  vine  leaves  and  bunches 
of  grapes,  with  which  the  hollow  of  the  circumvolutions  of  twisted 
columns  are  sometimes  decorated. 

Pancarpi.— Garlands  and  festoons  of  fruit,  flowers  and  leaves, 
adorning  altars,  doors,  vestibules,  etc. 

Panel. — A  thin  board  having  all  its  edges  inserted  in  the  groove 
of  a  rounding  frame;  in  masonry  one  of  the  faces  of  a  hewn  stone. 

Parapet.— A  low  wall  of  masonry  or  earth  for  support  or  railing, 
to  a  quay,  bridge,  terrace,  etc. 

Pargetting.— Rough  plastering,  commonly  adopted  for  the  in- 
terior surface  of  chimneys. 

Parquetry  or  Marqnetry.— A  kind  of  inlaid  floor  composed  of 
small  pieces  of  wood  either  square  or  triangular  which  are  capable 
of  forming,  by  their  disposition,  various  combinations  of  figures; 
this  description  of  joinery  is  ve?  y  r.uitable  for  the  floors  of  libraries, 
halls  and  public  apartments. 

Party- walls.— Partitions  of  brick  between  buildings  in  several 
occupations. 


^14  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

Parvis,  —Formerly  a  room  over  the  church  porch;  where  schools 
used  to  be  held. 

Patera, — A  vessel  used  in  the  Roman  sacrifices. 

Paternosters. — Rows  of  beads  carved  on  mouldings. 

Pavement.  —  Tessellated,  a  pavement  of  mosaic  work,  used  by  the 
ancients,  made  of  square  pieces  of  stone,  etc.,  called  Tessera. 

Pavilion. — A  turret  or  small  insulated  building,  and  comprised 
beneath  a  single  roof;  also  the  projecting  part  in  front  of  a  build- 
ing which  marks  the  centre,  and  which  sometimes  flanks  a  corner, 
when  it  is  termed  an  angular  pavilion. 

Pedestal. — The  square  support  of  a  column,  statue,  etc.;  and  the 
base  or  lower  part  of  an  order  of  columns:  it  consists  of  a  plinth 
for  a  base;  the  die;  and  a  talon  crowned  for  a  cornice.  When  the 
height  and  width  are  equal,  it  is  termed  a  square  pedestal;  one 
which  supports  two  columns,  a  double  pedestal;  and  if  it  supports 
a  row  of  columns  without  any  break,  it  is  a  contiymed  pedestal.  The 
lowest  and  most  simple  kind  of  pedestal  is  the  Tuscan,  which  is 
about  three  modules  in  height  by  one  authority,  and  five  by  an- 
other. 

Pedicnlar. — In  the  middle  ages,  a  kind  of  prison  in  which  the  feet 
were  bound  in  chains. 

Pediment. — A  low  triangular  crowning  ornamented  in  front  of 
a  building,  and  over  doors  and  windows.  Pediments  are  some- 
times made  in  the  form  of  a  segment;  the  space  enclosed  within 
the  triangle  is  called  the  tympanum. 

Pend. — Gothic.     A  vaulted  roof  without  groining. 

Pendant. — Gothic.  A  hanging  ornament  in  very  rich  Gothic 
groined  roof. 

Pendent  Bridge. — A  wooden  bridge  with  butments  only  at  the 
ends,  and  supported  by  pillars. 

Pendative.— The  whole  body  of  a  vault,  suspended  out  of  the 
perpendicular  of  the  walls. 

Pendative  Bracketing,  or  Cove  Bracketing,  springing  from 
the  rectangular  walls  of  an  apartment  upwards  to  the  ceiling,  and 
forming  the  horizontal  part  of  the  ceiling  into  a  circle  or  ellipse. 

Pendative  Cradling.— The  timber  work  for  sustaining  the  lath 
and  plaster  in  vaulted  ceilings. 

Penetrale. — The  most  sacred  part  of  heathen  temples. 

Penetralia.— Small  chapels  in  the  innermost  part  of  the  Roman 
houses,  dedicated  to  the  penates  or  household  gods,  and  in  which 
they  deposited  whatever  was  held  most  valuable. 

Penitentiaries. — Amongst  the  Monks,  were  small  square  houses 
in  which  the  penitent  shut  himself  up. 

Pentafttyle.— Having  five  columns  in  front. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  315 

Perclose.  —  Gothic.     A  closet. 

Periaeti. — The  revolving  scenes  of  Roman  Theatre. 

Peribolos, — A  court  or  enclosure  within  a  wall,  sometimes  en- 
closing a  Grecian  temple. 

Peristyle.— A  range  of  columns  within  a  court  or  building. 

Perpendicular  style.  —The  third  and  last  of  the  pointed  or  Gothic 
-styles,  also  called  the  Flwid  style. 

Perpeiit  stone. — A  long  stone,  intended  to  reach  through  a  wall, 
so  as  to  be  visible  on  both  sides  and  therefore  wrought  and  smooth 
at  the  ends. 

Perron.— A  staircase  lying  open,  or  outside  the  building; 
more  properly  the  steps  in  front  of  a  building  which  lead  to  the  first 
«tory. 

Persian  Architecture  was  very  imperfect,  though  the  style  in 
massiveness  of  proportions,  absence  of  arches  and  pyramidal  in- 
-clination  of  many  of  the  buildings  bears  a  great  resemblance  to  the 
JEgyptians  and  Indians. 

Perticae. — Beams  in  the  ancient  churches,  behind  and  about  the 
altar,  and  ornamented  at  feasts  with  reliquaries. 

Pharos. — Amongst  the  ancients,  a  light  house. 

Piazza.— A  continued  arch-way,  or  vaulting,  supported  by  pillars; 
a  portico. 

Picturesque. — In  Architecture.  The  agreement  of  the  style  of 
the  building  with  the  situation  in  which  it  is  to  be  placed. 

Piedouche.— A  small  square  base,  smoothed  and  wrought  with 
mouldings,  which  serves  to  support  a  bust,  or  statue,  drawn  half- 
way, or  any  small  figure  in  relief. 

Piedroit. — A  square  pier,  partly  hid  in  the  wall;  differing  from 
a  pilaster  in  having  no  regular  base. 

Pier.  -A  mass  of  stone,  etc.,  opposed  to  the  face  of  the  sea;  a 
square  or  other  formed  mass  of  masonry  or  brick  used  to  strengthen 
or  support  a  building.  The  supports  between  the  arches  of  a  bridge 
from  which  they  spring  are  sometimes  called  a  pier.  The  term  is 
also  usually  employed  to  designate  the  doors  or  windows  of  a 
building. 

Pile. — A  term  given  to  buttresses  built  against  the  walls  of  a 
house. 

Pilaster. — A  kind  of  square  column  insulated  or  engaged  to  the 
wall,  which  has  its  proportions  and  ornaments,  such  as  flutings, 
etc.,  like  those  columns  of  the  order  from  which  it  is  named.  The 
pilaster  owes  its  origin  to  the  necessity  of  giving  more  solidity  to 
the  walls  of  temples  where  it  was  first  used  under  the  name  of 
entae. 

Pilaster. — Masses.  In  Gothic  architecturey  rectangular  pillars  or 
portions  of  walls  with  impost  mouldings. 


3i6 

Piles. — Large  timbers,  usually  shod  with  iron,  and  driven  into 
the  ground  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  sure  foundation. 

Pillar,— An  irregular  and  rude  column.  The  supports  in  Saxon, 
Norman  and  Gothic  architecture  are  pillars,  not  columns,  the  form 
and  dimensions  are  guided  by  no  rules;  they  generally  have  a  kind 
of  fort  or  base  and  a  sort  of  cornice  above,  but  are  sometimes  with- 
out either.  In  common  language  pillar  and  column  are  often  used 
as  synonymous.  Pillars  are  sometimes  isolated.  It  differs  from  a 
column  in  having  no  architectual  proportion,  being  either  too  mas- 
sive or  too  slender. 

Pinnacle* — A  small  spire  used  to  ornament  Gothic  buildings. 

Pit.— The  part  of  a  theatre  between  the  galleries  and  the  stage. 

Pitch  of  a  Roof.— The  proportion  obtained  by  dividing  the 
span  by  the  height,  thus  we  speak  of  its  being  one-half,  one-third, 
one  fourth.  When  the  length  of  the  rafters  are  equal  to  the  breadth 
of  the  building  it  is  denominated  Gothic. 

Place. — An  open  piece  of  ground  surrounded  by  buildings,  gen- 
erally decorated  with  a  statue,  column  or  other  ornament. 

Pitcliing-piece.— A  horizontal  timber,  with  one  of  its  ends 
wedged  into  the  wall  at  the  top  of  a  flight  of  stairs,  to  support  the 
upper  end  of  the  rough  strings. 

Pix. — A  box  or  shrine,  intended  to  contain  the  host  or  conse- 
crated wafer  suspended  under  the  canopy  of  the  altar,  used  in  the 
middle  ages. 

Plafond. — The  ceiling  of  a  room,  a  soffit. 

Plan.— The  draught  of  a  building  taken  on  the  ground  floor,  show- 
ing the  distribution,  form  and  extent  of  its  several  rooms,  passages, 
etc.  In  plans  of  buildings,  the  massive  parts,  as  walls,  etc.,  are  gen- 
erally distinguished  by  a  dark  shade,  or  shade  of  tints  approach- 
ing the  color  of  brick  or  stone.  In  a  geometrical  plan,  the  parts 
are  represented  in  their  natural  proportions.  The  raised  plan  of  a 
building  is  the  elevation. 

Plancere.  — The  underpart  of  the  roof  of  a  corona,  which  is  the 
superior  part  of  the  cornice  between  two  cymatia. 

Platband.— Any  square  moulding  with  little  projection;  the 
fascia  of  an  architrave;  the  list  between  the  flutings,  etc. 

Platband,  the  of  a  door  or  window,  is  the  lintel  when  it  is 
made  square  and  not  much  arched. 

Platform.— A  row  of  beams  which  support  the  timber  work  of  a. 
r.oof,  lying  at  the  top  of  a  wall;  a  terrace,  or  open  walk  on  the  top 
of  a  building. 

Plinth.— The  solid  support  or  base  of  a  column,  or  pedestal.  In 
a  wall,  the  term  plinth  is  applied  to  two  or  three  rows  of  bricks 
which  project  from  it  to  any  flat  moulding  in  a  front  wall,  to  make 
the  floors  sustain  the  eaves,  or  the  larmier  of  a  chimney. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  317 

Plug*  and  Feather.— A  mode  of  dividing  large  stone  by  means 
of  a  large  tapering  wedge,  or  key,  and  wedge-shaped  pieces  of  iron, 
called  feathers,  driven  into  holes,  previously  drilled,  into  the  rock 
to  forcibly  split  it. 

Piscina* — A  niche  in  the  south  side  of  the  altar  in  Roman  Catho- 
lic churches  containing  a  small  basin  and  water  drain,  through 
which  the  Priest  emptied  the  water  in  which  he  had  washed  his 
hands. 

Podium.  —A  continued  pedestal;  a  projection  from  a  wall,  form- 
ing a  kind  of  gallery. 

Polystyle.— A  building  with  an  indefinite  number  of  columns. 

Pole-plate. —A  horizontal  timber  resting  on  the  ends  of  the 
beams  of  roofs,  and  for  supporting  the  feet  of  the  common  jack 
rafters,  when  such  are  used. 

Poppy  Hesid.—  Gdhic.  An  ornament  carved  on  the  raised  ends 
of  seats,  benches,  and  pews  in  churches. 

Porcll.— An  arched  vestibule  at  the  entrance  of  a  church,  or 
other  building;  the  term  is  now  applied  to  all  kinds  of  vestibules. 

Portal.  — The  arch  over  a  door  or  gate ;  the  frame  work  of  a  gate ; 
the  lesser  gate,  when  there  are  two. 

Portico.— A  kind  of  covered  gallery  or  piazza,  erected  in  front  of 
large  buildings.  It  is  composed  either  of  vaults  supported  by 
arcades,  or  flat  roofs  supported  by  pillars,  the  sides  being  quite 
open. 

Post.— Square  timber  set  on  end.  The  term  is  especially  ap~ 
plied  to  those  which  support  the  corners  of  a  building,  and  are 
framed  into  bressummers  or  crossbeams  under  the  walls. 

Posticiim.  —The  porch  in  the  back  front  of  ancient  temple. 

Postique. — An  ornament,  etc.,  added  after  the  rest  of  the  work 
is  done. 

Powderings.— Devices  to  fill  up  vacant  spaces  in  carved  works. 

Praitoriuui. — A  name  given  to  any  building  where  causes  were 
judged  by  a  Roman  Praetor;  also  to  patrician's  seats;  there  were 
also  Prcetorian  camps. 

Preceptories. —Names  of  estates  of  the  Knight  Templars  on 
which  they  erected  churches  and  houses  for  themselves  and  their 
fraternity. 

Priming. — The  laying  on  of  the  first  shade  of  color. 

Principal  Brace. — A  brace  under  the  principal  rafters. 

Principal  Rafters.— The  two  inclined  timbers  which  support 
the  roof. 

Presbytery. —The  part  of  a  church  appropriated  to  officiating 
priests,  comprising  the  choir,  and  other  eastern  portions  of  the  edi- 
fice. 


3l8  THE    BUILDER'S    GUIDE, 

Priory.— A  buildiDg  of  the  same  nature  as  a  monastery,  or  an 
abbey,  whose  governor  was  denominated  a  prior. 

Profile.— The  outline;  the  contour  of  apart,  or  the  parts  com- 
passing an  order,  as  of  a  base,  cornice,  etc. ;  also  the  perpendicular 
section.  It  is  in  the  just  proportion  of  their  profiles  that  the  chief 
beauties  of  the  different  orders  of  architecture  depend.  The  an- 
■cients  were  most  careful  of  the  profiles  of  their  mouldings. 

Project  are.— The  prominence  of  the  mouldings  and  members 
beyond  the  naked  surface  of  a  column,  wall,  etc. 

Propylon. — A  vestibule. 

Proscenium.  —The  front  part  of  the  stage  of  ancient  theatres  on 
which  the  actors  performed. 

Prostas.— In  Grecian  houses,  the  passage  which  separated  the 
bed  chamber  from  the  ante-chamber. 

Prostyle.— Temples  with  columns  only  in  front. 

Prothyriim. — A  porch  at  the  outer  door  of  a  house;  a  rail  to 
defend  the  door  from  horses,  carts,  etc. 

Pug'giug. — A  coarse  kind  of  mortar  laid  on  the  boarding,  be- 
tween joists. 

Pulley  Mortise.— A  long  mortise,  parallel  to  the  under  side  of 
the  bonding  joists,  for  the  reception  of  the  ceiling  joists. 

Purfled. —Ornamented  with  carving,  resembling  embroidery, 
lace-work,  fringes  or  flowers — an  old  term. 

Purlins. — Those  pieces  of  timbers  which  lie  across  the  rafters  to 
prevent  them  from  sinking. 

Put-loff.— Horizontal  pieces  for  supporting  the  floor  of  a  scaffold, 
one  end  being  inserted  into  put-log  holes,  left  for  that  purpose  in 
the  masonry. 

Puzzolanna. — A  greyish  earth  used  for  building  under  water. 

Pyramid.— A  solid,  having  one  of  its  sides,  called  a  base,  a  plain 
figure,  and  the  other  sides  triangles,  these  points  joining  in  one 
point  at  the  top  called  the  vertex.  Pyramids  are  called  triangular, 
square,  etc.,  according  to  the  form  of  their  bases. 

Quarry. — A  pane  of  glass  cut  in  a  diamond,  or  lozenge  form. 

Quarters. —Slender  pieces  of  timber  placed  between  the  pun- 
-cheons  of  the  posts  to  nail  the  laths  in  partitions. 

^imtref oil,— Gothic.  Small  panel,  formed  by  cusps  or  foliations, 
into  four  leaves,  used  in  early  English  and  decorated  styles. 

Quirk. — A  piece  taken  out  of  any  regular  ground,  flat  or  floor. 

Quirk  Mouldings. —The  convex  part  of  Grecian  mouldings  when 
they  recede  at  the  top,  forming  a  re-entrant  angle,  with  the  sur- 
face which  covers  the  mouldings. 

Quoins. — Stones,  or  other  materials,  put  in  the  corners  of  build* 
ings  to  strengthen  them. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  319 

Rafters.— The  secondary  timbers  of  a  house  which  are  let  into 
the  great  beam. 

Rails. — In  framing,  the  horizontal  are  called  rails,  and  the  per- 
pendicular, stiles.     The  term  is  also  otherwise  applied. 

Raiser.  —The  upright  board  on  the  foreside  of  the  steps  of  a  flight 
of  stairs. 

Rakingf. — Mouldings  whose  arrises  are  inclined  to  the  horizon. 

Raking:  Courses.— Diagonal  courses  of  brick,  laid  in  the  heart 
of  a  thick  wall  between  tbe  outside  courses. 

Ramp. — A  concavity  on  the  upper  side  of  hand  railings  formed 
over  risers,  made  by  a  sudden  rise  of  the  steps  above. 

Rampant. — A  term  applied  to  an  arch  whose  abutments  spring 
from  an  inclined  plane. 

Rebate.  —A  groove  on  the  edges  of  a  board. 

Recess.  ~A  depth  of  some  inches  in  the  thickness  of  a  wall,  as  a 
niche,  etc. 

Refectory. — An  eating  room  in  convents  and  other  religious 
communities. 

Reglet.  — A  flat,  narrow  moulding,  used  to  separate  from  each 
other,  the  parts  or  members  of  compartments  and  panels,  to  form 
frets,  knots,  etc. 

Regrating. — Putting  a  new  surface  on  an  old  cut  stone. 

Regula. — A  band  below  the  toenia  of  the  Doric  epistylium. 

Rejointing'. — Filling  up  joints  again  of  stones  in  old  buildings. 

Relievo,  or  Relief.— The  projecture  of  an  architectural  orna- 
meDt.     See  Basso  Bdievo. 

Rendering".— ^ame  as  pargeting. 

Reredos,  or  Reredosse.— A  screen  or  division  wall  placed  be- 
hind an  altar,  rood-loft,  etc.,  in  old  churches. 

Reservoir.— An  artificial  pond  or  basin  to  collect  water  from 
mills,  canals,  etc. 

Reticulatum.— A  kind  of  masonry  among  the  Eomans  in  which 
the  stones  were  laid  diagonally. 

Return.— The  continuation  of  a  moulding,  projection,  etc.,  in 
an  opposite  direction. 

Return  Head. — One  that  appears  both  on  the  face  and  edge  of  a 
work. 

Revels,  or  Reveal. —The  two  vertical  sides  of  an  aperture,  be- 
tween the  front  of  a  wall  and  the  window  or  door  frame. 

Rhodiacum.— The  interior  of  an  ancient  Grecian  house,  occupied 
by  the  male  part  of  the  family. 

Rib.— An  arched  piece  of  timber,  sustaining  the  plaster  work  of 
a  vault,  etc. 


320  THE    BUILDER  S    GUIDE, 

Ribbet. — The  recess  in  a  wall  to  receive  a  door  or  window  shut- 
ter as  it  folds  back  when  opened. 

Ridge. — The  top  of  a  roof  which  rises  to  an  acute  angle. 

Ridge-pole,— The  highest  horizontal  timber  in  a  roof,  extending 
from  top  to  top  of  the  several  pair  of  rafters  of  the  trusses,  for  yup- 
porting  the  heads  of  the  jack  rafters. 

Riser. — The  vertical  board  under  the  tread  in  stairs. 

Rolls. — Gothic.     Mouldings  representing  bent  cylinders. 

Rood- Loft. — A  gallery  between  the  nave  and  choir  in  churches, 
in  front  of  which  stood  the  rood  (Saxon  for  a  cross)  and  images  of 
saints.  In  later  times  the  rood  lofts  of  English  cathedrals  have 
been  occupied  by  organs. 

Romanesque. — A  general  term  for  all  those  styles  of  architecture 
which,  commencing  with  the  Christian  era,  sprung  from  the  Roman, 
and  flourished  until  the  introduction  of  the  Gothic  style.  The 
styles  are  known  in  the  various  modifications  by  the  names  of 
Byzantium,  Lombard,  Saxon,  etc.  They  are  all  in  imitation  of 
classical  Roman  architecture,  altered  and  debased. 

Rood-Tower. — The  building  at  the  interception  of  the  nave  and 
transept  of  a  church,  which  covered  the  rood-loft,  etc. 

Rose^  or  Rosette. — An  ornament  sculptured  in  the  centre  of 
each  face  of  the  abacus  of  the  Corinthian  capital. 

Rose- Window. — A  circular  window  with  compartments  of  mul- 
lions  or  tracery,  branching  from  a  centre;  it  is  sometimes  also 
called  a   catherine-wheel  or  marigold-wheel. 

Rotunda. — A  building  which  is  round  both  within  and  without. 

Rough- Casting*  is  the  throwing  on  a  thin  coat  of  plaster  mixed 
with  coarse  sand  or  fine  gravel  over  another. 

Rudenture.— The  figure  of  a  rope  or  staff,  which  is  frequently 
used  to  fill  up  the  flutings  of  columns,  the  convexity  of  which  con- 
trasts with  the  concavity  of  the  flutings,  and  serves  to  strengthen 
the  edges.  Sometimes,  instead  of  a  convex  shape,  the  flutings  are 
filled  with  a  flat  surface.  Sometimes  they  are  ornamentally  carved, 
and  sometimes  on  pilasters,  etc.  Rudentures  are  used  m  relief 
without  flutings,  as  their  use  is  to  give  greater  solidity  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  shaft,  and  secure  the  edges.  They  are  generally  only 
used  in  columns  which  rise  from  the  ground  and  are  not  to  reach 
above  one-third  of  the  height  of  the  shaft. 

Rubble. —Masonry  of  rough,  undressed  stonos.  When  only  the 
roughest  irregularities  are  knocked  off,  it  is  called  Scahbled  nt66/e, 
and  when  the  stones  in  each  course  are  rudely  dressed  to  nearly  a 
uniform  height.  Banged  rubble. 

Rural  Architecture. — That  branch  of  architecture  which  relates 
to  the  construction  of  picturesque  and  rustic  dwelling  houses  in 
the  country. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  32 1 

Rustic  or  Rock  Work.— A  mode  of  building  in  imitation  of  na- 
ture. This  term  is  applied  to  those  courses  of  stone-work,  the  face 
of  which  is  jagged  or  picked  so  as  to  present  a  rough  surface.  That 
work  is  also  called  rustic  in  which  the  horizontal  and  vertical  chan- 
nels are  cut  in  the  joinings  of  stones,  so  that  when  placed  together, 
an  angular  channel  is  formed  at  each  joint.  Frosted  Rustic  Work, 
has  the  margins  of  the  stones  reduced  to  a  plane  parallel  to  the 
plane  of  the  wall,  the  intermediate  parts  having  an  irregular  surface. 
Ve7"micid(ited  Rustic  Work,  has  these  intermediate  parts  so  worked 
as  to  have  the  appearance  of  having  been  eaten  by  worms.  Rustic 
Chamfered  Work,  in  which  the  face  of  the  stones  being  smoothed, 
and  parallel  to  the  face  of  the  wall,  and  the  angles  bevelled  to  an 
angle  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  degrees  with  the  face  of  the 
stone,  when  they  come  together  on  the  wall,  the  bevelling  will 
form  an  internal  right  angle. 

Scabble,— To  dress  off  the  rougher  projections  of  stones  for  rub- 
Tile  masonry  with  a  stone  axe  or  scabbling  hammer. 

Sacelliiiii.— A  small  chapel  among  the  Romans,  without  a  roof, 
.sacred  to  the  gods.     In  old  church  Architecture,  a  small  burial  chapel. 

Sacrariiim.— A  kind  of  family  chapel  in  Roman  houses,  dedi- 
cated to  one  particular  deity. 

Saracenic  Architecture.  -That  Eastern  style  employed  by  the 
"Saracens,  and  which  distributed  itself  over  the  world  with  the  re- 
ligion of  Mahomet.  It  is  a  modification  and  combination  of  the  vari- 
ous styles  of  the  countries  which  they  conquered. 

Sacristy. — A  strong  room  attached  to  a  church,  in  which  the 
sacred  vestments  and  utensils  are  deposited. 

Sagging. — The  bending  of  a  body  in  the  middle  by  its  own 
weight. 

Saliant.— A  projecture. 

Saloon. — A  lofty  hall  usually  vaulted  at  the  sides  with  two  stages 
of  windows.     It  is  of  various  forms. 

Sanctuary,  or  Asylum.— A  place  privileged  by  a  sovereign; 
whence  such  offenders  or  debtors  as  fled  to  it  for  protection,  could 
not  forcibly  be  taken  without  sacrilege.  Among  the  Jews  the  most 
sacred  and  retired  place  in  the  temple,  called  the  Holy  of  Holies. 

Sarcophagus. — A  tomb  or  coffin  made  of  stone. 

Sash. — The  frame  work  which  holds  the  glass  in  a  window. 

Saxon  Architecture.— Comprehends  all  English  architecture 
previous  to  the  Gothic  style,  which  is  characterized  by  round-headed 
doors  and  windows,  and  constructed  between  the  conversion  of  the 
Saxons  in  597,  and  the  Norman  conquest  in  1066,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  short  reigns  of  three  Anglo-Danish  kings. 

Saxon  Architecture. — The  architecture  which  prevailed  in  Eng- 
land previous  to  the  Norman  conquest.  The  style  was  marked  by 
extreme  rudeness  and  simplicity. 


32  2  THE    BUILDERS    GUIDE, 

Scamillus. — A  small  j)lintli  below  the  bases  of  the  Ionic  and 
Corinthian  columns. 

Scantling.— The  dimensions  of  a  piece  of  timber  in  breadth  and 
thickness;  also,  quarterings  for  a  partition,  when  under  five  inches 
square,  also  applied  to  stone  in  a  cubical  form. 

Scarfing.— The  joining  and  bolting  of  two  pieces  of  timber  to- 
gether transversely,  so  that  the  two  appear  as  one. 

Scenography. — The  representation  of  solids  in  perspective. 

Scotia. — A  semi-circular  concave  moulding  in  the  bases  of  Ionic 
columns.  Also,  the  groove  or  channel  cut  in  the  projecting  angle 
of  the  Doric  corona. 

Scratch  Work. — A  kind  of  fresco  with  a  black  ground,  covered 
with  a  coat  of  white,  which  is  afterward  scratched  with  a  pointed 
instrument,  so  that  the  black  appears  through  the  scratches. 

Screeds. — Long  narrow  strips  of  plaster  put  on  horizontally  along; 
a  wall,  and  carefully  faced  out  of  wind,  to  serve  as  guides  for  plas- 
tering the  wide  intervals  between  them. 

Screen. — Partitions  generally  wrought  with  rich  tracery,  etc.,. 
placed  before  small  chapels  and  tombs,  or  behind  the  high  altar. 
Also  a  rectangular  frame  with  a  wire  bottom,  for  sifting  sand^ 
gravel,  etc. 

Scribing. — Fitting  woodwork  to  an  irregular  surface. 

Scribe. — To  trim  off  the  edge  of  a  board,  etc.,  so  as  to  make  it 
fit  close  to  an  irregular  surface. 

Scroll. — See  Volute. 

Scutcheon. — A  shield  for  armorial  bearings. 

Section. — In  architectural  drawings,  a  view  of  an  edifice,  as  cut 
down  the  middle,  showing  the  disposition  of  the  interior. 

Sedilia. — Recessed  niches  three  in  number,  for  the  use  of  the 
priest,  deacon,  and  sub-deacon  during  part  of  the  service  of  high 
mass. 

Sessj)00l  or  Cesspool. — A  well  sunk  under  the  mouth  of  a  drain 
to  receive  the  sediments  which  might  choke  its  passage. 

Set  off.— A  sloping  face  of  masonry,  marking  the  divisions  of  a 
buttress. 

Setting. — In  masonry,  fixing  stones  in  walls. 

Shaft. — The  body  of  a  column;  that  cylindrical  part  between 
the  base  and  the  capital. 

Shaft. — In  a  chimney  is  the  stone  or  brick  turret  above  the  roof. 

Shank.— The  space  between  the  channels  of  the  Doric  triglyph,„ 
which  is  sometimes  turned  the  leg  of  the  triylyph. 

Shore.— A  piece  of  timber  placed  in  an  oblique  direction  to  sup- 
port a  building  or  wall. 


AND    ESTIMATORS    PRICE    BOOK.  323 

Shoe. — The  part  at  the  bottom  of  a  leadeu  pipe,  or  water  trunk 
which  is  intended  to  turn  the  course  of  the  water. 

Shrine. — The  tomb  of  a  saint.  The  altar  is  sometimes  called 
the  shrine. 

Sill. — The  timber  or  stone  at  the  foot  of  a  door  etc. 

(Trroiiiid  sills. — Are  the  timbers  on  the  ground  which  support  the 
posts  and  superstructure  of  a  timber  building.  The  term  is  most 
frequently  applied  to  those  pieces  of  timber  or  stone  at  the  bottom 
of  doors  or  windows. 

Sipariiim. — A  curtain  which  was  often  employed  instead  of  a 
door  to  separate  one  room  from  another;  also  to  conceal  the  images 
of  the  deity  when  sacrifice  was  not  performing. 

Skewback. — The  inclined  stone  from  which  an  arch  springs. 

Skirtings. — The  narrow  boards  which  form  a  plinth  round  the- 
margin  of  a  floor. 

Skew. — Corbel.  A  stone  built  into  the  bottom  of  a  gable  to  form 
an  abutment  for  the  coping. 

Sleepers. —Timbers  laid  upon  dwarf  walls,  for  supporting  the 
ground  joists  of  floor;  cross  timber  for  fixing  the  flanking  where  it 
IS  necessary  to  pile  under  to  make  a  foundation. 

Soffit. — The  under  part  or  ceiling  of  a  cornice;  the  panneling^ 
over  head,  such  as  the  underside  of  tops  of  windows;  the  ceiling  of 
an  arch. 

Sound  Boarding. — Short  board  placed  between  joists,  for  pug- 
ging or  any  other  substance  for  preventing  the  transmission  of 
sound. 

Sounding"  Board. — A  concave  sound  board  of  pine-wood,  having 
the  form  resulting  from  half  a  revolution  of  one  branch  of  a  para- 
bola on  its  axis,  its  axis  should  be  inclined  forward  to  the  x^lane  of 
the  floor,  at  an  angle  of  about  ten  or  fifteen  degrees,  it  should  be 
elevated  so  that  the  speaker's  mouth  may  be  in  the  focus;  a  small 
curvilinear  piece  may  be  removed  on  each  side  from  beneath,  so  that 
the  view  of  the  preacher  from  the  side  galleries  may  not  be  inter- 
cepted. This  description  of  sounding  board  has  been  found  to 
completely  remedy  defective  acoustic  properties  in  churches  where 
it  has  been  tested. 

Spandril. — The  angle  formed  by  a  stairway. 

Spherical  Bracketing.— Brackets  of  such  a  form  that  the  sur- 
face of  lath  and  plaster  will  form  a  spherical  surface. 

Spiral. — A  curve  line  of  a  circular  kind  which  in  its  progress  re- 
cedes from  its  centre. 

Spire. —  V  steeple  diminishing  as  it  ascends. 

Splayed. — The  jamb  of  a  door  or  anything  else  of  which  one 
oide  makes  an  oblique  angle  with  the  other. 


524  THE    builder's    GUIDF, 

Springing. —Setting  the  boards  of  a  boarded  roof  together  with 
bevel  joints. 

Springing  course,— The  horizontal  course  of  stones  whence  an 
arch  rises. 

Stadium,— Among  the  Greeks,  the  open  space  where  the  athletae 
exercised  in  running  and  contested  for  the  prize;  also  a  Greek 
measure  containing  125  paces. 

Stalk,— A  kind  of  ornament  in  the  Corinthian  capital,  which  is 
sometimes  fluted,  and  resembles  a  stalk,  and  from  which  springs 
the  volute  and  helices. 

Stall, — An  elevated  seat  in  the  choir  or  chancel  of  a  church,  ap- 
propriated to  an  ecclesiastic,  as  the  prebendal  stalls  in  a  cathedral. 

Stanchion,— A  prop  or  support,  the  perpendicular  mullions  or 
upright  bars  of  a  window  or  open  screen. 

Steeple, — An  appendage  generally  erected  at  the  west  end  of  a 
church,  to  contain  the  bells,  and  rising  either  in  form  of  a  tower  or 
of  a  spire. 

Stereobate,— The  basis  or  foundation  from  which  a  wall,  column 
or  building  rises. 

Stiles, — The  vertical  parts  of  a  frame. 

Stilts,— Piles  driven  into  the  ground  to  support  the  piers  of  a 
bridge. 

Story  Posts. — Upright  timbers  used  in  sheds,  workshops,  etc., 
to  support  the  floors,  or  superincumbent  walls. 
Stoup. — A  basin  for  holy  water  in  a  niche  in  a  Catholic  Church. 

Stretcher  Course,  —A  course  of  masonry  all  stretchers  and  no 
headers. 

Stretcher.— A  brick  or  block  of  masonry  laid  lengthwise  of  & 
wall. 

Striking  a  Centre,  is  the  removal  of  the  workwork  after  the 
completion  of  the  arch. 

String"  Board, — A  board  placed  next  to  the  well  hole  in  wooden 
stairs,  terminating  the  ends  of  the  steps.  The  string  piece  is  the 
piece  of  board  put  under  the  flying  steps  for  a  support,  and  forming 
as  it  were  the  support  of  the  stair. 

String  Course, — A  narrow  moulding  continued  along  the  side 
of  a  building. 

Struts,— ^'ee  Boof.     They  are  sometimes  called  braces. 

Stylobate, — A  plane  surface  raised  either  upon  a  certain  number 
of  steps,  which  were  contained  all  round  or  upon  a  podium,  which 
afforded  no  approach  but  in  front. 

Summer, — The  large  piece  of  timber  placed  over  wide  door  and 
window  openings;  a  lintel;  a  beam  tenoned  into  a  girder  to  sup- 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  325 

port  the  ends  of  the  joists  on  both  sides  of  it.     When  it  supports  a 
wall  it  is  called  a  bressummer. 

Surbase.— The  mouldings  immediately  above  the  base  of  a 
room. 

Surmounted  Arches,  are  those  which  are  higher  than  a  semi- 
circle. 

Systyle.— That  kind  of  intercolumniation  which  has  two  diame- 
ters between  columns. 

Tabernacle.— The  temporary  edifice  used  by  the  Israelites  for 
the  performance  of  public  worship  until  the  erection  of  the  temple 
of  Jerusalem. 

Table, — A  flat  surface  generally  rectangular,  which  projects  from 
the  naked  wall,  charged  with  an  ornamental  figure.  A  Gurhel  table 
is  a  horizontal  ornament  used  for  a  cornice  in  Gothic  buildings. 

Tablets.— Projecting  mouldings  or  strings  are  sometimes  so 
termed,  as  well  as  shelves  in  libraries. 

Taenia. — The  fillet  separating  the  Doric  frieze  from  the  archi- 
trave. 

Tail-in. — To  fasten  anything  by  one  of  its  ends  into  a  wall. 

Tail  Trimmer.  —A  trimmer  next  to  the  wall,  into  which  the  ends 
of  joists  are  fastened  to  avoid  flues. 

Tailing.— The  part  of  a  projecting  brick  or  stone,  etc.,  which  is 
inserted  in  the  wall. 

Tambour. — The  naked  part  of  Corinthian  or  Composite  capitals; 
the  wall  of  a  circular  temple  which  is  surrounded  with  columns. 

Tapestry. — A  kind  of  woven  hangings  of  wool  or  silk,  orna- 
mented with  figures,  and  used  formerly  to  cover  and  adorn  the 
walls  of  rooms.  They  were  often  of  the  most  costly  materials  and 
beautifully  embroidered. 

Temple. — An  edifice,  destined  in  the  earliest  times  for  the  public 
exercise  of  religious  worship. 

Templet  or  Template.— A  mould  used  by  masons  for  cutting  or 
setting  work;  a  short  piece  of  timber  sometimes  laid  under  a  girder. 

Terra-Cotta.— Baked  earth.  Much  used  for  bas-reliefs  for  adorn- 
ing the  friezes  of  temples.  In  modern  times  employed  for  architec- 
tural ornaments,  statues,  vases,  etc. 

Terrace  Roofs.— Flat  roofs. 

Tetrastyle. — A  portico  consisting  of  four  columns. 

Throat. — A  channel  or  groove  made  on  the  under  side  of  a  string 
course,  coping,  etc.,  to  prevent  water  from  running  inwards  towards 
the  walls. 

Tie. — A  timber,  rod,  chain,  etc.,  binding  two  bodies  together, 
which  have  a  tendency  to  separate  or  diverge  from  each  other.     The 


326  THE    builder's    GUIDE, 

tie-beam  connects  the  bottom  of  a  pair  of  principal  rafters,  and 
prevents  them  from  bursting  out  the  wall. 

Tong'ue. — The  part  of  a  board  left  projecting  to  be  inserted  into 
a  groove. 

Tooth  Ornament.— One  of  the  peculiar  marks  of  the  early  Eng- 
lish period  of  Gothic  architecture,  generally  inserted  in  the  hollow 
mouldings  of  doorways,  windows,  etc. 

Torso. — A  mutilated  statue  of  which  nothing  remains  but  the 
trunk.  Columns  with  twisted  shafts  have  also  this  term.  Of  this 
kind  there  are  several  varieties. 

Torus. — A  large  semicircular  moulding  used  in  the  bases  of 
columns. 

Tower. — A  lofty  building  of  several  stones,  round,  square  and 
polygonal,  and  which  flanked  the  walks  of  a  city.  The  tower  of  a. 
church  is  that  part  which  rises  above  the  rest  of  the  building  and 
contains  the  bells. 

Tracery. — In  Gothic  Architecture.  The  intersection  in  various 
forms  of  the  mullions  in  the  head  of  a  window  or  screen. 

Transept. — An  open  passage  or  way  across  the  body  of  a  church 
in  the  direction  of  north  and  south,  either  on  the  eastern  or  western 
side  of  the  nave,  or  on  both  sides.  These  transepts  are  broader  than 
what  are  called  aisles,  and  there  is  generally  an  oratory  or  chantry 
at  their  extremity,  sometimes  denominated  the  north  and  south 
transepts. 

Transom. — A  beam  across  a  double  lighted  window;  if  the  win- 
dow have  no  transom,  it  is  named  a  clear-story  window. 

Tread. — The  horizontal  part  of  a  step  of  a  stair. 

Trefoil. — In  Gothic  Architecture.  An  ornament  consisting  of 
three  cusps  in  a  circle. 

Trellis. — Lattice  work  of  metal  or  wood  in  screens  or  doors. 

Triforium. — The  space  between  the  aisles  of  a  church  and  the 
clerestory,  often  containing  a  staircase. 

Triglyph. — An  ornament  on  ti-6  Ooric  frieze,  consisting  of  three 
square  projections,  or  parallel  nicks,  and  supposed  to  represent  the 
ends  of  beams.  They  are  placed  immediately  over  the  centre  of  a 
column  in  Roman  Doric.  In  Greek  examples  the  triglyph  is  sur- 
mounted by  the  mutule  inclined,  but  in  most  modern  profiles  it  is 
horizontal.  On  its  soflBt  are  represented  guttae  or  drops.  The 
spaces  between  the  triglyph  or  the  frieze,  are  called  metopes,  and 
in  modern  examples,  are  made  perfectly  square  and  generally  en- 
riched with  sculptures. 

Trimins. — Pieces  of  timber  framed  at  right  angles  to  the  joists 
for  chimneys,  and  the  well  holes  for  stairs,  when  several  joists  are 
framed  into  one  beam  it  is  called  a  trimmer  and  the  joists  trimming 
)oists. 


AND    estimator's    PRICE    BOOK.  327 

Triiiicated.— Cut  short. 

Truncated  roofs,  are  common  roofs  flat  at  the  top. 

Truss, — When  the  girders  are  very  long,  or  the  weight  that  the 
floors  are  destined  to  support  is  very  considerable,  they  are  trussed^ 
so  that  the  pressure  is  thrown  more  upon  the  walls. 

Tuck-pointiu^.— Marking  the  joints  of  brickwork  with  a  narrow 
parallel  ridge  ot*  fine  white  putty. 

Tudor  Flower, — A  trefoil  ornament,  much  used  in  Tudor  archie 
tecture. 

Tudor  Style,— The  architecture  which  prevailed  in  England 
during  the  reign  of  the  Tudors;  its  period  is  generally  restricted  to 
the  end  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 

Turkish  Architecture,  bears  a  great  similarity  to  the  Arabian 
style. 

Turret, — A  small  tower,  often  crowning  the  angle  of  a  wall. 

Tuscan  Order,  is  not  found  in  any  ancient  buildings;  the  order 
admits  of  no  ornaments,  and  the  columns  are  never  fluted. 

Tynipan  of  an  Arch, — A  triangular  tube  placed  in  its  corners,, 
usually  hollowed,  and  sometimes  ornamented  with  foliage,  etc. 

Tympanum, — The  space  inclosed  by  the  inclined  and  horizontal 
sides  of  a  pediment  on  the  principal  facade. 

Under-pinning:,— Bringing  a  wall  up  to  the  ground-sill. 

Unity, — When  an  architect  is  charged  with  the  construction  of 
an  edifice,  he  should  first  obtain  a  clear  and  definite  idea  of  its^ 
nature  and  destination.  By  these  means  he  will  be  enabled  to  in- 
vent and  arrange  the  different  parts,  so  that  the  tout-ensemble  shall 
display  unity.  This  cannot,  perhaps,  at  all  times  be  attained ;  in 
such  a  case  it  will  depend  chiefly  on  the  taste  and  experience  of 
the  artist,  to  supply  the  deficiency,  but  at  all  events,  whatever  plan, 
he  may  determine  to  adopt,  that  plan  must  be  kept  constantly  in 
view,  or  the  result,  instead  of  being  beautiful  and  harmonious,  will 
turn  out  to  be  unsightly  and  incongruous. 

University, — A  collection  of  buildings  for  the  education  of  youth. 

Valley, — The  internal  angle  of  two  sides  of  a  roof. 

Vane.-  A  plate  of  metal  shaped  like  a  banner  fixed  on  the  sum- 
mit of  a  tower  or  steeple  to  show  the  direction  of  the  wind. 

Vase, — A  name  given  to  the  bell,  or  naked  form  of  the  Corinthian, 
capital,  on  which  the  leaves  are  disposed. 

Vault,— Underground  buildings  with  arched  ceilings. 

Venetian  Blind.— 6'e6  blind. 

Venetian  Door, — A  door  which  is  lighted  on  each  side. 

Venetian  Window,— A  window  in  three  separate  apertures 

Vent.  —The  funnel  of  a  chimney. 


328  THE   builder's   GUIDE. 

Vcrmiculated.— Stones,  etc.,  worked  so  as  to  have  the  appear- 
iince  of  having  been  worked  by  worms. 

Vestibule. — The  place  before  the  entrance  to  Roman  houses;  it 
was  surrounded  by  a  wall.  In  modern  houses  the  small  ante-room 
which  leads  from  the  outside  to  the  principal  hall. 

Vestry.  — A  room  adjoining  a  church,  where  the  vestments  of  the 
minister  are  kept  and  parish  meetings  held. 

Villa. — A  country  house  for  the  retreat  of  the  rich. 

Vitriiviaii  Scroll. — A  name  given  to  a  peculiar  ornament  much 
used  in  classic  architecture. 

Volute. — A  spiral  scroll  which  forms  the  principal  characteristic 
of  the  Ionic  and  Composite  capitals. 

Wainscot.— The  wooden  lining  of  walls  generally  in  panels. 

Wall  Plates. — Pieces  of  timber  which  are  placed  as  to  form  the 
support  to  the  roof  of  a  building. 

Water  Table. — A  slight  projection  of  the  lower  masonry  or 
brickwork  on  the  outside  of  a  wall  a  few  feet  above  the  ground  as 
:a  protection  against  rain. 

Weather-Boarding". — Boards  lapped  over  each  other  to  prevent 
rain,  etc.,  from  passing  through. 

Withes.^-The  partition  between  two  chimney  flues  in  the  same 
stack. 


INDEX. 


AlMll-FRICTION  slide,  centre  round 
register,  86 
Arithmetical    signs    and    their   significa- 
tion, 190. 
A  glossary  of  architectural  terms,  271. 


i3UILDER'S  prices,  33. 

Excavator's  work,  33. 

Mason's  **      34  to  40. 

Bricklayer's     **      40. 

Prices  of  bricks,  43. 

Plasterer's  work,  44. 

Rough-casting,  stucco  work,  etc,  46. 

Carpenter's  and  joiner's  work,  47. 

Prices  of  doors  and  sashes,  49. 

Eight  and  twelve-lighted  sash,  52. 

Four,  twelve  and  two-lighted  sash,  56. 

Segment  sash,  hot-bed  sash,  57. 

Four-paneled  doors,  58. 

Moulded  doors,  raised  moulded  doors, 
62. 

Store  and  front  doors,  63. 

Blinds  and  mouldings,  66. 

Stairs,  balusters,  newels,  rails,  etc.,  68. 
Bathtubs,  88. 
Builder's  bookkeeping,  94. 

Balance  sheet,  97. 
Brick  work,  104. 
Bond  timbers,  105. 
Back  linings,  109. 
Boxing,  109. 
Balusters,  iii. 
Bricks  and  brick  piers,  167. 
Boston  terra-cotta  bricks,  170. 
Boiler  chimneys,  197. 

C CORRUGATED  sheet  iron,   price  of, 
)    8^4. 
Carpenter's  and  joiner's  work,  105. 
Cisterns,   112. 

Crushing  weight  of  brick  and  stone,  129. 
Common  bricks,  169. 


Dc 


/OUBLE-GLAZED  drain  pipes,  91. 
Door  frames,  107. 
Door  frames,  architraves,  etc.,  109. 
Drawing  paper,  193. 

Diameters,   circumferences    and  areas    of 
circles,  231. 


ELEMENTS  of  the  mechanics  of  archi- 
tecture, 116. 
Strength  of  materials,  118. 
Distinction    between    dead    and    live 

loads,   119. 
Elasticity  of  bodies,  119. 
Modulus  of  elasticity,  120. 
Strained  timbers,  121, 
Tenacity  or  resistance  to  tension,  122. 
Resistance  to  shearing,  125. 
Crushing  weight  of  brick  and  stone, 

129. 
Strength  of  pillars  and  columns,  130. 
Short  columns,  131. 
Tables  for  strength  of  materials,  145, 
Strength  of  iron  beams,  158. 
Tables  of  strength  of  various  building 
materials,    121,    122,  124,  125,  129, 
145,  146,  152,  155,  157. 
Rolled-iron  beams,  159. 
Effects  of  heat  on  various  bodies,  190. 
Expansion  and  contraction  of  bodies,  209. 


I  ^  LOORS,  106. 

Flooring,   107. 

Framed  grounds  and  architraves,  108. 

Fluxes  for  soldering,  185. 

Force  of  the  wind,  188. 

Form  of  contract  for  building,  269. 


G. 


ALVANIZED  iron. 
Glazier,   114. 
Gravel  roofing,  115. 
Gasfi Iter's  work,  116. 


Hi 


I  NTS  and  aids  in  estimating,  7. 
Method  of  noting  down  work,  8. 
General  memoranda,  9. 
Excavations,  foundation  walls,  9. 
Drains,  water  closets,  carpentry,  man- 
tels, baths,  etc.,  10. 
Kitchen,  roof,  fences,  etc.,  11. 
Cost  of  items,  1 1  to  32. 
Hardware,  72. 

Nails,  butts,  sash  weights,  72. 

Locks,  door  knobs,  72. 

Sash  fasts,  screws,  latches,  etc.,  73. 


.330 


INDEX. 


Hoisting  ropes,  88. 
Handrails,  iii. 
Hardness  of  woods,  206. 


L. 


JABOR  in  general,  loi. 
Loads  lor  bridges,  200. 
Lien  laws  in  various  States,  257, 
Leading  architectural  journals,  270. 

MEASUREMENT  of  artificer's  work, 
99. 
Allowance  for  slopes,  100. 
Shoring,  strutting,  etc.,  100. 
Pumping,  puddling,  pile  driving,  etc., 

100. 
Concrete,  ashler  work,  100. 
Mason's  and  stone  cutter's  work,  loi. 
Miscellaneous  tables  and  memoranda,  179. 
**  "  "  195, 

Measurenient  of  stone  and  brick  work,  199. 
Mensuration  of  superfices,  211. 
Measurement  of  solids,  215. 


N. 


i  AILS,  72. 

Prices  per  keg,  72. 

Clinch  nails,  per  keg,  72. 

Difference  in  sizes  and  price,  85. 

Odd  sizes  of  nails,  85. 
Notes  on  the  uses  of  wire  ropes,  89. 
Narrow  grounds,  107. 
Newels,  11  t. 

New  England  pressed  bricks,  169. 
Nails,  186. 


O 


UTSIDE  shutters,  109. 


r   REFACE,  6. 

Painting  and  glazing,  73. 

Costs  per  yard  superficial,  74. 

Flatted  work,  common  work,  74. 

Lineal  work,  numerical  work,  75. 

Repairing  old  woik,  76. 

Miscellaneous  work.  76. 

Grainmg  and  varnishing,  77. 

Prices  of  glass,  78. 

Prices  of  colors,  79. 
Pumps,  92, 
Plastering,  105. 
Partitions,  106. 
Plumber's  work,  112. 
Painter's,    glazier's    and    paperhanger's 

work,  113. 
Paint  required  per  yard,  198. 
Plank  measure,  246. 


R 


OOFING,  80. 

Prices,  materials,  flat  roofs,  80. 

Slate  roofs,  felt  and  composition  rods, 

gutters,  81. 
Tin  roofs,  price  of  tin,  etc.,  82. 


Russia  iron,  84. 
Remarks,  94. 
Roofs,  timbered,  106. 
Rough  boarding,  107. 
Roofing  in  slate  or  metal,  114. 
Rolled-iron  beams,  159. 


OTAIRS,  68. 

Fancy  turned  balusters,  68. 
Oak  and  Ash  "        68. 

Fluted  or  octagon  "         68. 
Fancy  turned  newel  posts,  69. 
Plain  octagon      "         "      69. 
Octagon  sunk  panel  newel  posts,  69. 
Veneered    "         "        **        "       69. 
Table  for  obtaining  risers  and  treads, 

71- 
Square  kitchen  sinks,  86. 
Soap-stone  tubs,  87. 
Sinks,  87. 
Skirtings,  107. 
Skylights,  circular  sashes,  and  windows, 

108. 
Sliding  shutters,  staircases,  109. 
String  boards,  no. 
Smith  and  founder's  work,  112. 
Strength  of  pillars  and  columns,  130. 
Strength  of  iron  beams,  158. 
Strength,  weight  and  dimensions  of  iron 

beams,  164. 
Strength  and  weight  of  channel  beams, 

166. 
Selenitic  cement  and  sand  brick,  171. 

"  "      and  coke  brick,  172. 

Safe  loads,  180. 
Solders,  185. 
Slates  and  slating,  197. 
Stair-cases,  198. 
Strength  of  woods,  199. 
Safe  loads,  weights  of  materials,  etc.,  201. 
Specific  gravities,  etc.,  202. 
Shrinkage  of  woods,  206. 
Shrinkage  of  cast  iroB,  209. 
Squares  and  cubes  of  numbers,  219. 
Scantling  reduced  to  board  measure,  240. 
Sizes  and  capacities  of  cribs  and  boxes,  256. 
Schedule  of  architect's  charges,  266. 

TENACITY  or  resistance  to  tension, 
122. 
Tables  for   obtaining  strength    of    mate- 
rials,   121. 
Resistance  of  materials  to  tension,  122. 
Round  iron  rods,  124. 
Resistance  to  shearing,  125. 
Crushing  resistance  of  materials,  129. 
Strength  of  rectangular  columns,  145. 
*'         *'      hollow  pillars,  146. 
**        **      wood  and   iron,   152. 
Resistance  to  pressure,  155. 
Strength  of  white  pine  beams,  157. 


INDEX. 


33^ 


Strength,  weight,  etc.,  of  iron  beams, 
164. 

Strength    and     weight    of     channel 
bea:ns,   166. 

Strength  of  brick,  173, 
Tests  of  brick  piers,  174. 
Table  of  mortar  for  piers,  178. 

Weight    of    copper,    lead,    iron    and 
brass,  179. 

Strength  of  round  ropes,  steel,  hemp, 
and  iron,  179. 

Safe  loads,  180. 

Weight  of  sheet  iron,  180. 

Weight  of  cast-iron  plates,  180. 
Tables,  181. 

Weight  of  boiler  iron,  181. 

Round  and  flat  wire  ropes,  182. 

Weights    of   hemp,    iron,    and    steel 
ropes,   182. 

Corrugated  iron  roofing,  183. 

For  lead  and  lead  piping,  184. 

Strength  of  cast-iron  columns,  185. 

Strength  of  materials,  186. 

Weights  and  measures,  187. 

Force  of  wind,  188. 

Strength  of  bodies  to  resist  torsion,  189. 

Surveyor's  measure,  189. 

Weight  of  cast-iron  pipes,  191. 

Interest,  192. 


Tables  of  Brickwork,  194. 
Tiles,   198. 

Contents  of  timbers,  204. 
Weight        "        *'      205. 
Transverse  strength  of  woods,  207. 
Weight   of  square   and    round    cast- 
iron,  208. 
Tensile  strength  of  materials,  210. 
Board  measure,  237. 

VERTICAL    wheel    registers,    prices, 
etc.,  86. 
Value,  comparative,  of  different  woods,  205. 


\Vc 


OOD  bricks,  106. 

Window  backs,  elbows  and  soffits,  108. 

Winders  for  stairs,  no. 

Water  closets,  in. 

Weight  which  floors  have  usually  to  sus- 
tain,  180. 

Weight  of  sheet  iron,  180. 
Weight  of  cast-iron  plates,  180. 
"       "      boiler  iron,  181. 

Wrought-iron  pipes,  181. 

Wire  ropes,  182. 

Weight  of  iron,    steel   and  hemp   ropes, 
182. 

Wages  table,  253. 


THE  PRICE   OF  THE 


Builder  and  Wood- Worker 


ONE    DOLLAR    A    YEAR, 

STRICTL,Y  IN  ABVANCE. 

The  '•  Builder  and  Wood-Woekek  "  is  an  old  established  journal, 
and  has  been  held  in  great  favor  by  the  building  fraternity  for  more 
than  fifteen  years. 

It  is  a  purely  practical  journal. 

It  is  the  best  building  journal  published. 

It  contains  eight  full  page  illustrations. 

It  is  published  on  the  first  of  every  month. 

No  better  journal  exists  for  operative  workmen  in  bricks,  stone, 
mortar,  paint,  or  wood. 

All  enterprising  builders  take  it. 

Architects  keep  it  on  file,  and  consult  it  regularly.  Why? 
Because  it  is  artistic,  reliable,  thorough,  full  of  good  practical 
matter,  and  up  to  the  times  in  everything  relating  to  the  "  Building 
Trades.' 

Tlje  best  business  firms  in  America   advertise  their  goods  in  it, 
and  get  ample  returns  for  their  Investments. 
ADDRESS 

^^BUILDER  AND  WOOD-WORKER," 

Broadivay^  New  York,  N.  Y. 

FRV:i>.   A.   HODC^SOIV,  Iflana^er. 

fe^  Sanii>le    Copies    Sent    KTee. 


r^^ 


AN    ILLUSTRATED    MONTHLY. 
Devoted  to  all  branches  of  the 


Wood- Working:  and  Buildinof  Trades 

TERMS  OF  SUBSCRIPTION: 

Postpaid  to  any  addj-ess  in  this  Coinitry  or  Dovmiioit 

o/  Canada. 

One  Year, -        -$ioo 

Six  Months,   -.--...-  50 

Three  Months, 25 

Single  Numbers, 10  cents. 

In  paper,  printing  and  engraving,  Carpenlr}j 
and  Building  is  first-class,  and  in  all  \  espects  a 
handsome  publication,  at  a  price  so  low  as  to 
put  it  within  the  reach  of  all. 

It  is  eminently  practical,  treating  only  of 
those  subjects  which  interest  the  trades  ad- 
dressed, and  giving  inlbrmation  which  every 
one  connected  with  the  building  industries  can 
make  useful  in  his  daily  work. 

The  subjects  discussed  include  Carpentry  and 
Joinery,  Framing  and  Construction,  Masonry, 
Plastering,  Roofs  and  Cornices,  Heating  and 
Ventilation,  Plumbing,  Cabinet  Work  Paint 
ing  and  Decoration,  Architectural  Design  anJ^ 
Drafting. 

Its  Department  of  Correspondence  being  t 
convenient  means  of  communication  between 
mechanics  in  different  sections  of  the  country, 
and  presenting  a  record  of  experience  of  the 
ablest  mechanics,  has  become  a  leading  feature 
of  the  publication,  and  one  of  the  greatest  use- 
fulness and  interest.  This  department,  as  Avell 
as  the  paper  throughout,  is  amply  illustrated. 

Its  illustrations,  which  are  line  engravings, 
are  everywhere  admired  for  their  clearness  and 
beauty,  and  are  certainly  better  suited  to  the 
purpose  than  any  ever  before  given  to  the  Car- 
pentry and  Building  trades. 

DAVID  WII.I.IAMS,  Publisher, 

83  Reade  St.,  New  York. 
BRANCH  OFFICES: 
FHILADKLPHIA,  320  South  Fourth  Street. 
PITTSBURGH,  -  -  77  Fourth  Avenue. 
CHICAGO,  -  36  and  38  Clark  St.,  cor.  Lake. 
CINCINNATI,  -  -  Builders'  Exchange. 
CHATTANOOGA,  Eighth  and  Market  Streets. 


The  two  books  described  below  are  in  a  forward  state 
of  preparation,  and  will  be  issued  at  an  early  day. 


COMMON  SENSE 

THE  POULTRY  YARD. 

A  STORY  OF  FAILURES  AND  SUCCESSES. 

INCLUDING    A    FULL    ACCOUNT    OF 

1000  HENS  AND  WHAT  THEY  DID. 

WITH    A    COMPLETE    DESCRIPTION    OF 

The   Houses,  Coops,  Fences,  lUms,  Methods   of  Feeding, 

Breeding,  Marketing,  etc.,  etc.     And  Many  New 

Wrinkles  and  Economical  Dodges, 

By  J.  P.  HAIG. 

AVitli    Nixmeroris    lUixstraiions. 

Written  in  the  form  of  a  story,  and  embodyin<f  the  actual  experience  of 
many  years  in  the  keeping  of  poultry  in  large  and  small  numbers. 

IT  WILL  BE  Issued  neatly  bound  in  cloth,  price  $loo. 

GOOD      VS/ATER. 

WHA.T  ]T  IS  AND  HOW  TO  GET  IT. 

BEIN(;  A  POPULAR  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  IMPURITIES  GENERALLY  FOUND 
IN  DRINKING  WATER,  WITH  THE  BEST  METHODS  OF  DETECT- 
ING AND  REMOVING  THEM. 
Illustrated  with   Over  One  Hundred   Carefully  Executed  Engravings, 

Author  of  ''How  to  Use  the  Microscope,"  etc. 


It  is  intended  in  this  work  to  jrive  information  which  Avill  be  at  once  thor- 
oughly  sound  and  scientific,  and  at  the  same  time  easily  understood  and  acted 
upon  by.  persons  of  ordinary  education.  The  engravings  of  the  microscopic 
plants  and  animals  which  inhabit  ordinary  river  and  pond  water  cannot  ftii I  to 
greatly  interest  every  intelligent  person,  and  a  study  of  their  habits  and  pecul- 
iarities is  almost  like  a  new^  revelation  to  those  who  are  not  already  ftimiliar 
with  the  subject. 

It  will  be  issued  Neatly  Bound  in  Cloth,  Price  50  cents. 

INDUSTRIAL  PUBLI3ATI0N  CO.    294  Broadway,  New  York. 


ESTABLISHED     1H4.':. 


¥.  k  L.  E.  GURLEY,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  U.  S.  A., 

MANUFACTURERS    OP 

CM  Enpeers'  anJ  Surveyors'  IflstruiDeiits. 

Will  send  an  Illustrated  Price  List  on  application,  or  will  mail  their 
Manual  of  Civil  Enojineers'  and  Surveyors'  Instruments,  a  book  of  more 
than  300  pages,  on  receipt  of  50c. 


THE  mPKOVED  ARCHITECTS'  LEVEL.     PRICE,  $45. 


The  figure  represents  the  level  introduced  by  us  nine  years  ago,  and 
which  has  since  been  very  largely  used  by  architects,  builders,  and  mill- 
Wrights  in  all  sections  of  the  country. 

It  has  a  telescope  of  11  inches,  mounted  in  wyes  as  usual ;  furnished 
with  the  accessories  of  the  larger  instruments,  and  adjusted  in  the  same 
manner. 

The  leveling-head  has  the  ordinary  screws  and  a  clamp  to  the  spindle, 
but  no  tangent  movement ;  it  has  "also  a  horizontal  circle  of  3  inches 
diameter,  fitted  to  the  upper  end  of  the  socket  and  turning  readily  upon 
it ;  the  circle  is  graduated  to  degrees,  figured  fi'om  0  to  90  each  way,  and 
is  read  to  five  minutes  by  a  vernier  which  is  fixed  to  the  spindle. 

The  telescope  is  directed  to  any  object  by  hand,  the  spindle  turning 
readily  in  its  socket,  but  can  be  clamped  in  any  position  by  the  clamp- 
screw  shown  under  the  circle. 

The  instrument  is  placed  either  upon  a  light  tripod  as  in  the  figure,  or 
a  small  triangular  platg  termed  a  '^trivet,"  having  three  sharp  iron 
points  by  which  it  is  firmly  set  upon  any  surface  of  wood  or  stone  ;  both 
tripod  and  trivet  are  furnished  with  the' level. 

A  short  piece  of  tube  called  a  shade  is  also  supplied,  to  be  put  on  over 
the  object-glass  to  protect  it  from  the  glare  of  the  sun  when  the  telescope 
is  directed  towards  it. 


JOSEPH  R  GOGiGTN, 

CARPENTER  AND  BUILDER, 

35  EAST  12th  ST.,  NEW  YORK. 

Residence,  S3  East  lOth  St. 

JOBBING   IN   ALL   ITS   BRANCHES  ATTENDED  TO. 

Estimates  and  JPlans  furnished  for  all  hinds  of  Buildings, 


WM.    ROBERTS' 

Designing  and  Engraving  Office, 

36  BEEKMAN  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 
!!•    R.    ^W^HITE,    Proprietor. 


ENGRAVING    IN  ALL  ITS  BRANCHES. 


Catalogues,   Views  of  Buildings^  Portraits 

Plans ^    Shipping    and    Machinery, 

Show  Cards 9  etc.    All  kinds  of 

Inventions  Illustrated. 

SEND  TO  ME  FOR  YOUR  ESTIMATE. 


Two  New  Books.         Price  $1.00  Each. 

STAIR-BUlLDINUVirDE  EASY. 

BEING  A  FULL  AND  CLEAR  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE 

ART   OF   BUILDING  THE    BODIES,    CARRIAGES,   AND  CASES 
FOR  ALL  KINDS  OF  STAIRS   AND  STEPS. 

Tosretlier  witli  Illustra^tions    Mbowini^   tlie   Iflanner   ol* 

luaying:   Out;   IS  tapirs.    Forming:    Treads    and   Risers, 

Building:   Cylinders,  Preparing:    Strings, 

l¥itli  Instructions  for  Iflalcing:  Carriages  tor  Common, 
Platform,  l>og:-L.eg:g:ed,  and  ^Vinding  Stairs. 

To  which  is  added  an  Illustrated  Glossary  of  Terms  used  ia  Stair-Build- 

iDg,  and    Designs    for    Newels,    Balusters.  Brackets,  Sta?r 

Mouldings,  and  Sections  of  Hand-Ralls. 


By   FRED.  T.    HODGSON. 


This  work  takes  hold  at  the  very  beginning  of  the  subject,  and 
carries  the  student  along  by  easy  stages,  until  the  entire  subject  of  Stair- 
Building  has  been  unfolded,  so  far  as  ordinary  practice  can  ever  require. 
This  book,  and  the  one  on  Hand-Railing,  described  below,  cover  nearly 
the  whole  subject  of  Stair-Building. 

A  NEW  SYSTEM  OF 

HAND-RAILING, 

Or,  How  to  Cut  Hand-B/ailing  for  Circular  and  other 

Stairs,  Square  from  the  Plank,   without  th*^. 

aid   of  a   Falling   Mould. 

THE    SYSTEIfl   IS  NEW,    NOVEL.,    ECONOMIC,    AND 
EASIEir    EEARNED. 

JRuleSj  Instructions f    and     Working   Drawings  for   Building   Rails  for 
Seven  Different  Kinds  of  Stairs  are  given, 

•-^•-» 

BY   AN   OLD   STAIR-BUILDER. 
♦-♦-* 


Edited     and    Corrected    by    1^^K-1G13.    TL\    MOI^G^SOJS". 


BROOKS,   SHOOBRIDCE  &   CO., 


PORTLAND  CEMENT. 


Works  :  Grays,  Essex,  England. 


NEW  YORK  OFFICE,  - 


-    7  BOWLING  GREEN. 


CHENEY  &  HEWLETT, 

ARCHITECTURAL  IRON  WORKS. 

A(\^ronP:lit  and  Cast  Iron  "W^ork 


for  Building  [Purposes. 


i;^.  Cheney,     ? 
C.  Hewlett,    5 


OFFICE  : 


S  so  1    BRO  AU  WA  Y^ 

^  NeAv    "VTork. 

WORKS:     GREEXPOINT,  L,  I. 


Deafening. 


MINERAL  WOOL 


Insulating. 


is  a  buil«lin<^  inatorial  made  from  the  slag  of  blast  furuaces.  Tliere  is  no  . 
organic  matter  in  it,  hence  there  is  nothing  that  can  burn,  rot,  or  help  to. 
generate  insects.  It  is  used  dry,  and  requires  no  additional  carpenter 
work.  In  the  walls,  floors  and  partitions  of  dwellings,  flats,  hospital*, 
etc.,  it  is  of  permanent  value  in  lessening  the  cost  of  heating;  reducing 
the  danger  from  fire  (and  thereby  lowering  insurance  rates);  in  deaden- 
ing all  sounds  and  doing  away  with  rats  and  mice.  Approximate  cost  at 
dock  in  New  York  City  of  100  square  feet  of  filling  one  inch  thick,  in 
small  lots,  $2.50;  in  lots  of  40,000  lbs.,  $1.96;  in  lots  of  100,000  lbs.,  $1.76. 

Prices  subject  to  cliang^e  without  notice.     Sample  and  Circular 
Free  by  mail. 

U.  S.  MINERAL.  WOOL  COMPANY, 


FIRE 
PROOFING. 


22  Cortlandt  Street, 
NEW  YORK. 


VERMIN 
PROOFING. 


N.  H.  EGLESTON,  JR., 

59  Murray  Street,  263  Fifth  Ave. 

NE^\^    YORK    CITY. 


MANUFACTURER    OF 


Stained  (Leaded)  Glass  Windows 

FOR  CHITRCHES,    PUISLIC    »Ij1I.1>I]^<]}5$, 


MEMORIAL  WINDOWS,  VESTIBULE  DOOR- 
LIGHTS,  TRANSOMS,  SKY-LIGHTS. 

In   Aitti«iiie,    Opa^lesceiil;    Olass,   and   JeTvels. 

ESTIMATES    AND    DESIGNS    FURNISHED  PROMPTLY. 

BAII^El'S    PATENT   ADJUI§XABL.£    PL.AJVES. 

Thirty  Different  Styles. 

Smooth  Planes,  Jack  Planes,  Fore 
Planes,  Jointer  Planes,  Block  Planes, 
Rabbet  Planes,  Circular  Planes. 

250,000  Already  in   Use. 

Carpenters,  Cabinet  Makers,  Car 
Builders,  Carriage  Makers,  Mill- 
wrights, Wheelwrights,  all  use  them. 

MANUFACTURED    BY 

STANLEY  RULE  AND  LEVEL  CO.,  < 

New  Britain,  Conn. 

Warerooms,  29  Chambers  Street,  New  York. 
FOR    SALE    BY    ALL    HARDWARE    DEALERS. 

The  Carpenter's  Steel  Square 

AND  ITS  USES. 

SECOND  EDITION,  GREATLY  ENLARGED, 

NEARLY   THRfY    ADDITIONAL    AND    NEW   ILLUSTRATIONS. 

CLOTH  OILX,  -  -  #1.00. 

Sent  by  Mail  on  Receipt  of  Price. 

INDUSTRIAL  PUBLICATION  COMPANY, 
49  Maiden  Lane^  New  York. 


0 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


RENEWED  BOOKS  ARE  SUBJECT  TO  IMMEDIATE 
RECALL 


NOV  0  7  1989 
RECEIVED 

NOV     :^  REC'D 

PHYS  SCI  LIBRA 


REFILED 

JAN    3 


1992 


m 


LIBRARY,  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  DAVIS 

BookSlip-50m-5,'70(N6725s8)458— A-31/5 


3  1175  01430  3583 


Call  Number: 


_i80058 

Hodgson,  F.T.  .^g 

The  builder  s  guxde, 
J  estimator's  prxce 


THU35 
H55 


N? 

780058 

THii35 

Hodgson, 

F.T. 

H55 

The  builder" 

s  guide, 

and  estimator' 

's  price 

book. 

PHYSICAL 

■:§f^ 

SCIENCES 

LIBRARY 

LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

DAVIS 

- 

